β-D-glucans are diverse polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls, fungi and bacteria. β-D-glucans are composed of D-glucose monomers linked by (1-3) β-glycosidic bonds with varying amounts of (1-6) or (1-4) linked side chains that bind cell surface receptors ultimately triggering changes in intracellular pathways and gene transcription. β-D-glucans have anti-viral, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. This article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs. β-D-glucans increase the expression of numerous cytokines and immunomodulatory factors and their receptors in dendritic cells. Pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular responses to β-glucans are summarized.
{"title":"Regulation of Gene Expression by β-Glucans","authors":"M. Huff, C. Klinge","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"β-D-glucans are diverse polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls, fungi and bacteria. β-D-glucans are composed of D-glucose monomers linked by (1-3) β-glycosidic bonds with varying amounts of (1-6) or (1-4) linked side chains that bind cell surface receptors ultimately triggering changes in intracellular pathways and gene transcription. β-D-glucans have anti-viral, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. This article reviews the current identity and putative function of genes regulated by β-glucans purified from various sources in human cancer and immune cells and in murine dendritic, macrophage cells and lungs. β-D-glucans increase the expression of numerous cytokines and immunomodulatory factors and their receptors in dendritic cells. Pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular responses to β-glucans are summarized.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.1.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42255383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-12DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61
L. Vannucci, P. Šíma, V. Vetvicka, J. Křížan
The effects of β-glucan in cancer are the most studied biological effects of β-glucan. From all available β-glucans, the most data are available on lentinan, mostly because it is used in clinical practice for over 20 years. Current review represent a state-of-the-art comprehensive review of knowledge obtained in last twelve years.
{"title":"Lentinan Properties in Anticancer Therapy: A Review on the Last 12-Year Literature","authors":"L. Vannucci, P. Šíma, V. Vetvicka, J. Křížan","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of β-glucan in cancer are the most studied biological effects of β-glucan. From all available β-glucans, the most data are available on lentinan, mostly because it is used in clinical practice for over 20 years. Current review represent a state-of-the-art comprehensive review of knowledge obtained in last twelve years.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.50.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41584848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-12DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44
M. Arena, G. Spano, D. Fiocco
In the recent decades, several health-promoting features have been ascribed to β-glucans. Biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity have been claimed for these polysaccharides. Moreover, when β-glucans were used in association with probiotic bacteria, prebiotic effects have been demonstrated, due to their ability to enhance growth, metabolism and/or beneficial activities of probiotics. This review shall present an overview of those studies, which have documented the diverse health-benefits of β-glucans and their association with probiotics.
{"title":"β-glucans and probiotics","authors":"M. Arena, G. Spano, D. Fiocco","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent decades, several health-promoting features have been ascribed to β-glucans. Biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity have been claimed for these polysaccharides. Moreover, when β-glucans were used in association with probiotic bacteria, prebiotic effects have been demonstrated, due to their ability to enhance growth, metabolism and/or beneficial activities of probiotics. This review shall present an overview of those studies, which have documented the diverse health-benefits of β-glucans and their association with probiotics.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"34-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.34.44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41657755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-30DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80
Sima Petr, V. Vaclav
Multiple effects of β-glucan are well established. Together with the effects on antibacterial and anticancer immunity, glucan has been shown to stimulate bone marrow cells, lower cholesterol and to protects against stress and some kinds of poisoning. However, despite literally thousands of papers describing biological effects of β-glucan, only limited attention has been focused on the role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Our review is focused on evaluating the current knowledge of the possible role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Most of published studies concur that based on the improved Th1/Th2 balance, β-glucan showed a potential for development as an adjunct to the standard treatment of in patients with allergies.
{"title":"β-Glucan in Allergies","authors":"Sima Petr, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple effects of β-glucan are well established. Together with the effects on antibacterial and anticancer immunity, glucan has been shown to stimulate bone marrow cells, lower cholesterol and to protects against stress and some kinds of poisoning. However, despite literally thousands of papers describing biological effects of β-glucan, only limited attention has been focused on the role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Our review is focused on evaluating the current knowledge of the possible role of β-glucan in allergic reactions. Most of published studies concur that based on the improved Th1/Th2 balance, β-glucan showed a potential for development as an adjunct to the standard treatment of in patients with allergies.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.73.80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42272698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-30DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85
R. Josef, S. Ivana, Král Vlastimil, Svozil Vladimir, V. Vaclav, Rajnohova Dobiasova Lucie
Sixty-six children were supplemented with beta glucan and dietary nucleotides, another 63 children served as negative control. We evaluated the effects of these supplements on several aspects of secretory immunity such as levels of secretory IgA (SIgA), albumin and SIgA/albumin ratio. In addition, in order to monitor effects of physical challenges and compensatory treatments on stress and reparation of immunity, we measured levels of salivary cortisol. We found significant effects of supplementation with beta glucan on secretory IgA in children with increased physical challenge. To fully explain these findings, we will need to add additional indicators of stress and salivary immunity.
{"title":"Glucan Supplementation Regulates Secretory Immunity and Stress","authors":"R. Josef, S. Ivana, Král Vlastimil, Svozil Vladimir, V. Vaclav, Rajnohova Dobiasova Lucie","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","url":null,"abstract":"Sixty-six children were supplemented with beta glucan and dietary nucleotides, another 63 children served as negative control. We evaluated the effects of these supplements on several aspects of secretory immunity such as levels of secretory IgA (SIgA), albumin and SIgA/albumin ratio. In addition, in order to monitor effects of physical challenges and compensatory treatments on stress and reparation of immunity, we measured levels of salivary cortisol. We found significant effects of supplementation with beta glucan on secretory IgA in children with increased physical challenge. To fully explain these findings, we will need to add additional indicators of stress and salivary immunity.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.81.85","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46072427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-30DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18
N. Miroslav, V. Vaclav
Natural polysaccharides remain overlooked as part of naturally occurring bioactive molecules. The current knowledge results in numerous clinical trials, from first observations of their effects on various diseases to precise chemical characterization and decades of biological evaluation. The aim of this report is to summarize historical perspective of the route from the first anecdotical observation to the current position, with emphasis on some crucial turning points.
{"title":"From Hyperthermia to Immunomodulating Polysaccharides","authors":"N. Miroslav, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","url":null,"abstract":"Natural polysaccharides remain overlooked as part of naturally occurring bioactive molecules. The current knowledge results in numerous clinical trials, from first observations of their effects on various diseases to precise chemical characterization and decades of biological evaluation. The aim of this report is to summarize historical perspective of the route from the first anecdotical observation to the current position, with emphasis on some crucial turning points.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.11.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-29DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33
T. V. Theis, Gabrielle Cristina Calegari, V. Q. Santos, H. E. Z. Junior, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. Dekker, M. A. Cunha
β-Glucans are biomacromolecules of industrial interest for its biological and technological properties, including ability to modify the rheology of food systems and different biological functionalities. In this study, lasiodiplodan an exocellular polysaccharide of the (1→6)-β-D-glucan type produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was obtained in a bench-scale bioreactor operated in discontinuous mode. Lasiodiplodan produced was derivatized by carboxymethylation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential also was assessed. Two strong absorption bands in the regions of 1422 to 1598 cm-1, resulting from symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of the -COO- group respectively, were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of the derivatized sample and indicated the carboxymethylation of the macromolecule. TG-DTA curves indicated that native (LAS-N) and carboxymethylated (LAS-C) lasiodiplodan did not suffer significant changes in relation to the heating rates. Native and carboxymethylated lasiodiplodan demonstrated high thermal stability considering the usual standards of the pharmaceutical industry. The final temperature of thermal decomposition increased when the heating rate was increased and less number of steps for thermal decomposition was observed when air was substituted for nitrogen. XRD analysis showed the LAS-N and LAS-C have no crystalline structure, but carboxymethylation led to the arising of regions with certain molecular orientation in biopolymer structure. SEM analysis showed that the carboxymethylation promoted changes in biopolymer macrostructure, including breaking of the polymeric structure and arising of bubbles on the surface area. Carboxymethylation contributed to improving the polysaccharide's antioxidant capacity and LAS-C demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Candida tropicalis.
β-葡聚糖是一种具有工业价值的生物大分子，其生物学和技术特性，包括改变食品系统流变学和不同的生物功能的能力。本研究在不连续模式下的实验反应器中获得了由真菌Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI产生的(1→6)-β- d -葡聚糖型的细胞外多糖lasiodiplodan。采用羧甲基化衍生法对所制得的龙脑进行了表征，并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重和差热分析(TG-DTA)、x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对其进行了表征，并对其抗氧化和抗菌性能进行了评价。在衍生化样品的FT-IR光谱中观察到1422 ~ 1598 cm-1区域分别由- coo -基团的对称和不对称拉伸振动产生的两条强吸收带，表明大分子发生了羧甲基化。TG-DTA曲线显示，原生(LAS-N)和羧甲基化(LAS-C)的lasiodiploda随升温速率的变化不显著。考虑到制药工业的通常标准，天然和羧甲基化的雷公龙表现出很高的热稳定性。随着升温速率的增加，热分解的最终温度升高，以空气代替氮气时，热分解的步骤减少。XRD分析表明，LAS-N和LAS-C没有结晶结构，但羧基甲基化导致生物聚合物结构中出现具有一定分子取向的区域。SEM分析表明，羧甲基化促进了生物聚合物宏观结构的变化，包括聚合物结构的断裂和表面气泡的产生。羧甲基化有助于提高多糖的抗氧化能力，LAS-C对热带念珠菌具有抗菌活性。
{"title":"Exocellular (1→6)-β-D-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan): Carboxymethylation, Thermal Behavior, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity","authors":"T. V. Theis, Gabrielle Cristina Calegari, V. Q. Santos, H. E. Z. Junior, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. Dekker, M. A. Cunha","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","url":null,"abstract":"β-Glucans are biomacromolecules of industrial interest for its biological and technological properties, including ability to modify the rheology of food systems and different biological functionalities. In this study, lasiodiplodan an exocellular polysaccharide of the (1→6)-β-D-glucan type produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was obtained in a bench-scale bioreactor operated in discontinuous mode. Lasiodiplodan produced was derivatized by carboxymethylation and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscopy (SEM) and their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential also was assessed. Two strong absorption bands in the regions of 1422 to 1598 cm-1, resulting from symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of the -COO- group respectively, were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of the derivatized sample and indicated the carboxymethylation of the macromolecule. TG-DTA curves indicated that native (LAS-N) and carboxymethylated (LAS-C) lasiodiplodan did not suffer significant changes in relation to the heating rates. Native and carboxymethylated lasiodiplodan demonstrated high thermal stability considering the usual standards of the pharmaceutical industry. The final temperature of thermal decomposition increased when the heating rate was increased and less number of steps for thermal decomposition was observed when air was substituted for nitrogen. XRD analysis showed the LAS-N and LAS-C have no crystalline structure, but carboxymethylation led to the arising of regions with certain molecular orientation in biopolymer structure. SEM analysis showed that the carboxymethylation promoted changes in biopolymer macrostructure, including breaking of the polymeric structure and arising of bubbles on the surface area. Carboxymethylation contributed to improving the polysaccharide's antioxidant capacity and LAS-C demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Candida tropicalis.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"19-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.19.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41957896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-29DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72
V. O. Silva, Natália Oliveira de Moura, L. Oliveira, A. P. Peconick, L. Pereira
A public health issue, Diabetes mellitus, affects millions of people around the globe. Ingestion of foods with a low glycemic index - fiber-rich meals-such as beta-glucans, is increasing as an important alternative for diabetes control. These compounds act reducing parameters such as blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, by decreasing the absorption of glucose and lipids by enterocytes and eventually promote weight loss. Beta-glucans are also described as immunomodulatory agents by stimulating phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing host resistance to viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections; or production of anti-inflammatory cytokinesto return homeostasis after an immune response. Besides, some studies are also evidencing anti-tumoral activity. Beta-glucans main effect depends on their origin-yeast, plants or bacteria. Reports of collateral effects and/or toxicity associated with the use of beta-glucans are rare, which contribute to consider this compound for inclusion in a range of therapies. This review aims to evaluate the most different effects of beta-glucans in metabolic and immune systems, discussing its advantages and limitations.
{"title":"Promising Effects of Beta-Glucans on Metabolism and on the Immune Responses: Review Article","authors":"V. O. Silva, Natália Oliveira de Moura, L. Oliveira, A. P. Peconick, L. Pereira","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","url":null,"abstract":"A public health issue, Diabetes mellitus, affects millions of people around the globe. Ingestion of foods with a low glycemic index - fiber-rich meals-such as beta-glucans, is increasing as an important alternative for diabetes control. These compounds act reducing parameters such as blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, by decreasing the absorption of glucose and lipids by enterocytes and eventually promote weight loss. Beta-glucans are also described as immunomodulatory agents by stimulating phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing host resistance to viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections; or production of anti-inflammatory cytokinesto return homeostasis after an immune response. Besides, some studies are also evidencing anti-tumoral activity. Beta-glucans main effect depends on their origin-yeast, plants or bacteria. Reports of collateral effects and/or toxicity associated with the use of beta-glucans are rare, which contribute to consider this compound for inclusion in a range of therapies. This review aims to evaluate the most different effects of beta-glucans in metabolic and immune systems, discussing its advantages and limitations.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"62-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.62.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47754632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-12DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130
K. Ccaron, ková Milena, V. Vaclav
Endometriosis is a serious health problem characterized by the persistence and growth of vascularized tissue at various ectopic sites such as ovaries, bowel, or bladder. Despite decades of intensive research, we are not making significant progress toward the etiology or treatment of this disease. The question of risk factor is similarly unclear, with one possible factor being diet-particularly the intake of vitamin D. In addition, as endometriosis has some similarities and clear connections to cancer, where vitamin D is heavily studied, this relation started to be a subject of intensive research in this field, too. The overall aim of this study is to review possible links between vitamin D intake and endometriosis.
{"title":"Connection between Endometriosis and Vitamin D – True or False?","authors":"K. Ccaron, ková Milena, V. Vaclav","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","url":null,"abstract":"Endometriosis is a serious health problem characterized by the persistence and growth of vascularized tissue at various ectopic sites such as ovaries, bowel, or bladder. Despite decades of intensive research, we are not making significant progress toward the etiology or treatment of this disease. The question of risk factor is similarly unclear, with one possible factor being diet-particularly the intake of vitamin D. In addition, as endometriosis has some similarities and clear connections to cancer, where vitamin D is heavily studied, this relation started to be a subject of intensive research in this field, too. The overall aim of this study is to review possible links between vitamin D intake and endometriosis.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.127.130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49178450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-08DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126
Dietrich K. Klinghardt, M. Ruggiero
Here we describe the Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol that is based on integration of Autonomic Response Testing (ART) with diagnostic ultrasonography and on application of therapeutic ultrasounds; the latter are used as a provocation tool and as an instrument to optimize drug uptake and utilization in specific areas of the body. This protocol consists of a precise sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with the ultimate goal of improving sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis at the same time evaluating and optimizing efficacy of treatments in chronic conditions including, but not limited to, persistent Lyme disease. The RK Protocol represents a paradigm shift in diagnostics and therapeutics: Thus, compartmentalized microbes, transformed cells, toxins and metabolites could be detected using a safe and non-invasive method. In addition, the RK Protocol allows optimization of efficacy of drugs and other therapeutic interventions. Although the RK Protocol was initially developed for persistent Lyme disease, it shows significant potential in conditions ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases and autism. In oncology, the RK Protocol may serve to facilitate early diagnosis and to increase sensitivity of cancer cells to the killing effects of a variety of remedies ranging from conventional radio- and chemotherapy to more recent forms of immunotherapy. Thus, the 1st goal of the RK Protocol is diagnostic: That is, to make pathogens, toxins, transformed cells and cells infected by viruses that are inaccessible to conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools, "visible" to the therapist who can detect them with laboratory methods and deal with them with appropriate interventions; and also to make them "visible" to the immune system that can fight them in a physiological manner. The 2nd goal is to optimize drug uptake and utilization in the organs and tissues studied and targeted with these procedures.
{"title":"The Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Conditions with Particular Focus on Lyme Disease","authors":"Dietrich K. Klinghardt, M. Ruggiero","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","url":null,"abstract":"Here we describe the Ruggiero-Klinghardt (RK) Protocol that is based on integration of Autonomic Response Testing (ART) with diagnostic ultrasonography and on application of therapeutic ultrasounds; the latter are used as a provocation tool and as an instrument to optimize drug uptake and utilization in specific areas of the body. This protocol consists of a precise sequence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures with the ultimate goal of improving sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis at the same time evaluating and optimizing efficacy of treatments in chronic conditions including, but not limited to, persistent Lyme disease. The RK Protocol represents a paradigm shift in diagnostics and therapeutics: Thus, compartmentalized microbes, transformed cells, toxins and metabolites could be detected using a safe and non-invasive method. In addition, the RK Protocol allows optimization of efficacy of drugs and other therapeutic interventions. Although the RK Protocol was initially developed for persistent Lyme disease, it shows significant potential in conditions ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases and autism. In oncology, the RK Protocol may serve to facilitate early diagnosis and to increase sensitivity of cancer cells to the killing effects of a variety of remedies ranging from conventional radio- and chemotherapy to more recent forms of immunotherapy. Thus, the 1st goal of the RK Protocol is diagnostic: That is, to make pathogens, toxins, transformed cells and cells infected by viruses that are inaccessible to conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools, \"visible\" to the therapist who can detect them with laboratory methods and deal with them with appropriate interventions; and also to make them \"visible\" to the immune system that can fight them in a physiological manner. The 2nd goal is to optimize drug uptake and utilization in the organs and tissues studied and targeted with these procedures.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"114-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.114.126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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