Pub Date : 2015-05-05DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2015.10.16
W. Whalen, Edward Cook, N. Chakraborty
There are several reasons why understanding the role of vitamin D in the immune system is worthy of widespread attention. Our knowledge of the immune system is crucial for understanding human health and disease. New ideas for vitamin D and life style in the twenty-first century build directly on our understanding of immunology-from the development of new immune-based cancer drugs to advancing treatments for common diseases, such as autoimmunity and allergies. The scientists and physicians must be inspired to tackle the vast array of unmet immunological needs and the application of old theories-the effectiveness of vaccines, for example-can benefit largely from our understanding of Vitamin D and its role in immunology. The role of immune system is to seek out and destroy dangerous bacteria, viruses, fungi and uncontrolled tumor (cancer) growth. Its activities connect with other body systems and influences, our metabolism and hormone levels and controls how well we feel. Nutrition and our mental health are all connected to our ability to fight infections and abnormal cell growth. In this article we will mainly focus on Vitamin D and its immunological effects on pulmonary disease, tuberculosis and cancer.
{"title":"Vitamin D: The Immunologic Role and its Effect on Human Pathophysiology","authors":"W. Whalen, Edward Cook, N. Chakraborty","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2015.10.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2015.10.16","url":null,"abstract":"There are several reasons why understanding the role of vitamin D in the immune system is worthy of widespread attention. Our knowledge of the immune system is crucial for understanding human health and disease. New ideas for vitamin D and life style in the twenty-first century build directly on our understanding of immunology-from the development of new immune-based cancer drugs to advancing treatments for common diseases, such as autoimmunity and allergies. The scientists and physicians must be inspired to tackle the vast array of unmet immunological needs and the application of old theories-the effectiveness of vaccines, for example-can benefit largely from our understanding of Vitamin D and its role in immunology. The role of immune system is to seek out and destroy dangerous bacteria, viruses, fungi and uncontrolled tumor (cancer) growth. Its activities connect with other body systems and influences, our metabolism and hormone levels and controls how well we feel. Nutrition and our mental health are all connected to our ability to fight infections and abnormal cell growth. In this article we will mainly focus on Vitamin D and its immunological effects on pulmonary disease, tuberculosis and cancer.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"11 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2015.10.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asthma is characterized by alterations in the immune system, including regulatory T cells (Treg). Further alterations in Treg numbers and/or function caused by stress hormones may be a contributing factor in asthma pathogenesis. We compared Treg populations and the effects of Dexamethasone (DEX, a laboratory analog of cortisol) on Treg cell number and function in patients with asthma and a control group. We isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from asthma patients (n = 7) and normal controls (n = 8) and quantified CD4+, CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T cells by flow cytometry. To determine the effects of in vitro stress hormones on Treg number and function, we incubated PBMC with 10-9 M, 10-8 M and 10-7 M DEX for 24 h and then CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ Treg were quantified by flow cytometry. To assess function, CD4+CD25+ were separated and added to cultures of bead-stimulated CD4+CD25- cells and proliferation was measured and compared to the CD4+CD25- cultures incubated with beads alone. The asthma group had significantly fewer CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ cells than the control group. DEX significantly decreased Treg number in the control group but not in the asthma group. DEX had no effect on CD4+CD25+ function in either group and the suppressive capacity of the CD4+CD25+ cells was no different between the asthma group and the normal control group. These data suggest that while asthmatics have fewer Treg than normal controls, their function does not differ. These data also suggest that Treg from asthmatics may be less susceptible to the effects of stress hormones.
{"title":"Effects of Short Term in vitro Stress Hormone Exposure on Regulatory T Cell Number and Function in Asthma","authors":"K. Rehm, G. Marshall","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2015.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2015.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Asthma is characterized by alterations in the immune system, including regulatory T cells (Treg). Further alterations in Treg numbers and/or function caused by stress hormones may be a contributing factor in asthma pathogenesis. We compared Treg populations and the effects of Dexamethasone (DEX, a laboratory analog of cortisol) on Treg cell number and function in patients with asthma and a control group. We isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) from asthma patients (n = 7) and normal controls (n = 8) and quantified CD4+, CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ T cells by flow cytometry. To determine the effects of in vitro stress hormones on Treg number and function, we incubated PBMC with 10-9 M, 10-8 M and 10-7 M DEX for 24 h and then CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ Treg were quantified by flow cytometry. To assess function, CD4+CD25+ were separated and added to cultures of bead-stimulated CD4+CD25- cells and proliferation was measured and compared to the CD4+CD25- cultures incubated with beads alone. The asthma group had significantly fewer CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ cells than the control group. DEX significantly decreased Treg number in the control group but not in the asthma group. DEX had no effect on CD4+CD25+ function in either group and the suppressive capacity of the CD4+CD25+ cells was no different between the asthma group and the normal control group. These data suggest that while asthmatics have fewer Treg than normal controls, their function does not differ. These data also suggest that Treg from asthmatics may be less susceptible to the effects of stress hormones.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2015.1.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-24DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.166.172
R. Josef, V. Vaclav, Král Vlastimil, Svozil Vladimir, Pohořská Jitka, S. Ivana, S. Hana, Rajnohova Dobiasova Lucie
In our paper we decided to evaluate the hypothesis about the relation between living conditions, infection with Helicobacter pylori and development of allergic problems. Two groups of children, one from the Roma population and one from the majority population, were chosen for this study. Comparing the levels of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies, IgA and IgG Helicobacter pylori antibodies in both populations, we found significant differences in all tested aspects. We conclude that changes in lifestyle together with changes in improvements in living conditions and reduction of risk factors can significantly influence the health conditions of thepopulation and overall quality of life.
{"title":"HELICOBACTER INFECTION AND ALLERGY IN MAJORITY AND ROMA POPULATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC","authors":"R. Josef, V. Vaclav, Král Vlastimil, Svozil Vladimir, Pohořská Jitka, S. Ivana, S. Hana, Rajnohova Dobiasova Lucie","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.166.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.166.172","url":null,"abstract":"In our paper we decided to evaluate the hypothesis about the relation between living conditions, infection with Helicobacter pylori and development of allergic problems. Two groups of children, one from the Roma population and one from the majority population, were chosen for this study. Comparing the levels of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies, IgA and IgG Helicobacter pylori antibodies in both populations, we found significant differences in all tested aspects. We conclude that changes in lifestyle together with changes in improvements in living conditions and reduction of risk factors can significantly influence the health conditions of thepopulation and overall quality of life.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.166.172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-03DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.174.175
J. Jablonska
{"title":"To NET or not to NET","authors":"J. Jablonska","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.174.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.174.175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"174-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.174.175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70190030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.156.165
Gregory Lee, Cheng-Yuan Huang, S. Liu, C. Chien, S. Chow
While the expression of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors on cancer cells has been well-established for decades, the potential roles and mechanisms of action of these cancerous antigen receptors have not been fully elucidated. A monoclonal antibody designated as RP215, which reacts specifically with the carbohydrate-associated epitope located on the heavy chain region of cancerous immunoglobulins and T cell receptors, was used as a unique probe to study the roles of antigen receptors in the immunology of cancer cells. Through extensive cell-based biological and immunological studies, it was found that both anti-antigen receptors and RP215 demonstrated similar actions on the gene regulations involved in the growth/proliferation of cancer cells, as well as on toll-like receptors involved in innate immunity. In addition, RP215-specific cancerous immunoglobulins are believed to capture or neutralize circulating antigen/antibodies which may be harmful to cancer cells within the human body. In contrast to normal B and T cells and their respective receptors in the conventional immune system, cancer cells co-express both immunoglobulins and T cell receptors and immune protection is exercised by unique mechanisms. For example, these cancer cell-expressed antigen receptors display a lack of class switching, limited hyper-mutation, aberrant glycosylations and a strong influence on the toll-like receptors of cancer cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that both normal and cancerous immune systems may co-exist and operate simultaneously within the human body. The balance of these two immune factors for respective surveillance and protection may be relevant to the outcome of cancer immunotherapy in humans. A potential therapeutic strategy is being developed by using RP215 as a drug candidate to target cancer cells based on these observations.
{"title":"DUAL ROLES OF CANCER CELL-EXPRESSED IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN CANCER IMMUNOLOGY","authors":"Gregory Lee, Cheng-Yuan Huang, S. Liu, C. Chien, S. Chow","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.156.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.156.165","url":null,"abstract":"While the expression of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors on cancer cells has been well-established for decades, the potential roles and mechanisms of action of these cancerous antigen receptors have not been fully elucidated. A monoclonal antibody designated as RP215, which reacts specifically with the carbohydrate-associated epitope located on the heavy chain region of cancerous immunoglobulins and T cell receptors, was used as a unique probe to study the roles of antigen receptors in the immunology of cancer cells. Through extensive cell-based biological and immunological studies, it was found that both anti-antigen receptors and RP215 demonstrated similar actions on the gene regulations involved in the growth/proliferation of cancer cells, as well as on toll-like receptors involved in innate immunity. In addition, RP215-specific cancerous immunoglobulins are believed to capture or neutralize circulating antigen/antibodies which may be harmful to cancer cells within the human body. In contrast to normal B and T cells and their respective receptors in the conventional immune system, cancer cells co-express both immunoglobulins and T cell receptors and immune protection is exercised by unique mechanisms. For example, these cancer cell-expressed antigen receptors display a lack of class switching, limited hyper-mutation, aberrant glycosylations and a strong influence on the toll-like receptors of cancer cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that both normal and cancerous immune systems may co-exist and operate simultaneously within the human body. The balance of these two immune factors for respective surveillance and protection may be relevant to the outcome of cancer immunotherapy in humans. A potential therapeutic strategy is being developed by using RP215 as a drug candidate to target cancer cells based on these observations.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"156-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.156.165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-26DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.173.173
C. Panis
{"title":"IMMUNOLOGY IN BRAZIL: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS","authors":"C. Panis","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.173.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.173.173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"173-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.173.173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-18DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.144.155
L.M. Navarta, C. Espul, N. Acosta-Rivero
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been associated with development of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations in children. Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) is particularly aggressive in children/adolescents with a more severe outcome. Thus, studying the mechanisms of virus-related autoimmune disorders in children is a relevant topic of research. We aimed to study the prevalence of autoantibodies in plasma of children infected with either HAV or HIV comparing to healthy children. The relationship bet ween the presence of autoantibodies and biochemical markers of hepatic damage was also investigated. De tection of autoantibodies (SMA) was associated with HAV infection with a prevalence of 35%. Similar levels of hepatic enzymes were observed in sera of HAV-infected patients with reactivity against autoa ntigens as compared to those without autoantibodies . On the other hand, HIV infection showed broader aut oantibodies reactivities than HAV-infected patients and was associated with SMA (18%), ANCA (20%), ANCA-PR3 (15%) and ANCA-MPO (13%). Moreover, either RF or ANA was detected in 8% of HIV-infected children. Prevalence of autoantibodies was not associated with either gender or age of inf ected children. A high prevalence of SMA was observed in HAV- and HIV-infected patients. As HAV and SMA may persit in some patients and AIH can develop in susceptible children, it is recommen ded a follow up of virus infected patients. Since ANCA-PR3 and ANCA-MPO have been shown to be pathogenic, proinflammatory and associated with symptomatic HIV infection, further studies are requ ired to determine the role of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis associated with viral infection in children.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES REVEALS A PREDOMINANT SMA AND ANCA-PR3/MPO PATTERN IN HIV INFECTION AND SMA IN HAV-INFECTED CHILDREN","authors":"L.M. Navarta, C. Espul, N. Acosta-Rivero","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.144.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.144.155","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been associated with development of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations in children. Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) is particularly aggressive in children/adolescents with a more severe outcome. Thus, studying the mechanisms of virus-related autoimmune disorders in children is a relevant topic of research. We aimed to study the prevalence of autoantibodies in plasma of children infected with either HAV or HIV comparing to healthy children. The relationship bet ween the presence of autoantibodies and biochemical markers of hepatic damage was also investigated. De tection of autoantibodies (SMA) was associated with HAV infection with a prevalence of 35%. Similar levels of hepatic enzymes were observed in sera of HAV-infected patients with reactivity against autoa ntigens as compared to those without autoantibodies . On the other hand, HIV infection showed broader aut oantibodies reactivities than HAV-infected patients and was associated with SMA (18%), ANCA (20%), ANCA-PR3 (15%) and ANCA-MPO (13%). Moreover, either RF or ANA was detected in 8% of HIV-infected children. Prevalence of autoantibodies was not associated with either gender or age of inf ected children. A high prevalence of SMA was observed in HAV- and HIV-infected patients. As HAV and SMA may persit in some patients and AIH can develop in susceptible children, it is recommen ded a follow up of virus infected patients. Since ANCA-PR3 and ANCA-MPO have been shown to be pathogenic, proinflammatory and associated with symptomatic HIV infection, further studies are requ ired to determine the role of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis associated with viral infection in children.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"144-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.144.155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-10DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.116.130
Somaya M. El Sheikh, M. Shalaby, R. Hafez, Wafaa S. Metwally, Yassin El-Ayoty
Allergic diseases represent major health burden. An allergic reaction is characterized by a disrupted Thelper 1⁄T-helper 2 balance toward a preferential allergen specifically induced TH2 cytokine profile, causing allergic inflammation Probiotic bacteria ha ve various benificial effects in many pathologic situation. Studies have shown that the bacteria pre sent in the intestinal micro flora play a role in t he TH1/TH2 balance and its modulation can promote the control of infectious and immune processes. Testing the effects of probiotic bacteria on TH1/TH2 cytoki ne production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic patients and control subjects. This study included 24 patients allergic to date pollen and 16 healthy control subjects. PBMC of both groups were separated and cultured for 72 h with date pollen allergen (home-made) in the presence or absence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 (Living and dead) and Cphycocyanin (extracted from Spirulina platensi s). The cell culture supernatants were collected to measure Interlukin 4 and Interferon gamma by quantitative E LISA. Incubation of PBMCs of allergic patients with living Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 showed marked reduction in IL4 production (median IL4 concentarion = 3.9 pg.) compared to PBMCs callenged with pollen alone (mediam IL4 conentration = 52.6 pg). When PBMC were incubated with living Lactobacillus rhamnosus in absence of allergen significant increase in and IFN γ (median concentration = 42.75 pg.) was obtained, c ompared to PBMC challenged with allergen alone (median = 22.8 pg). When PBMCs incubated with heat killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus either in presence or absence of the offending allergen, m arked reduction in IL4 production was obtained (median = 10.6, 3.6 pg respectively) compared to PBMC incubated with allergen alone (median = 52.6 pg). When PBMCs incubated with dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus , marked increase in IFN γ production was obtained (median = 49 pg) when compared to IFN γ production by PBMC challenged with allergen (median 22.8 pg). PBMCs challenged with PC in the presence or absence of al lergen showed marked decrease of IL4 production (median = 19.8, 17 pg respectively) when compared to PBMC incubated with the offending allergen alone (median = 52.6 pg). PBMCs incubated with PC showed significant increase of and IFN γ production (median= 319.6 pg) when compared to PBMC incubated with the offending allergen alone (median = 22.8 pg). Conclusion Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and C-phycocyanin (extracted from Spirulina platensi s) inversed the TH1: TH2 polarization in allergic patients and could be a pr omissing line of treatmen.
{"title":"THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF ALLERGIC PATIENTS","authors":"Somaya M. El Sheikh, M. Shalaby, R. Hafez, Wafaa S. Metwally, Yassin El-Ayoty","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.116.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.116.130","url":null,"abstract":"Allergic diseases represent major health burden. An allergic reaction is characterized by a disrupted Thelper 1⁄T-helper 2 balance toward a preferential allergen specifically induced TH2 cytokine profile, causing allergic inflammation Probiotic bacteria ha ve various benificial effects in many pathologic situation. Studies have shown that the bacteria pre sent in the intestinal micro flora play a role in t he TH1/TH2 balance and its modulation can promote the control of infectious and immune processes. Testing the effects of probiotic bacteria on TH1/TH2 cytoki ne production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic patients and control subjects. This study included 24 patients allergic to date pollen and 16 healthy control subjects. PBMC of both groups were separated and cultured for 72 h with date pollen allergen (home-made) in the presence or absence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 (Living and dead) and Cphycocyanin (extracted from Spirulina platensi s). The cell culture supernatants were collected to measure Interlukin 4 and Interferon gamma by quantitative E LISA. Incubation of PBMCs of allergic patients with living Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 showed marked reduction in IL4 production (median IL4 concentarion = 3.9 pg.) compared to PBMCs callenged with pollen alone (mediam IL4 conentration = 52.6 pg). When PBMC were incubated with living Lactobacillus rhamnosus in absence of allergen significant increase in and IFN γ (median concentration = 42.75 pg.) was obtained, c ompared to PBMC challenged with allergen alone (median = 22.8 pg). When PBMCs incubated with heat killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus either in presence or absence of the offending allergen, m arked reduction in IL4 production was obtained (median = 10.6, 3.6 pg respectively) compared to PBMC incubated with allergen alone (median = 52.6 pg). When PBMCs incubated with dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus , marked increase in IFN γ production was obtained (median = 49 pg) when compared to IFN γ production by PBMC challenged with allergen (median 22.8 pg). PBMCs challenged with PC in the presence or absence of al lergen showed marked decrease of IL4 production (median = 19.8, 17 pg respectively) when compared to PBMC incubated with the offending allergen alone (median = 52.6 pg). PBMCs incubated with PC showed significant increase of and IFN γ production (median= 319.6 pg) when compared to PBMC incubated with the offending allergen alone (median = 22.8 pg). Conclusion Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and C-phycocyanin (extracted from Spirulina platensi s) inversed the TH1: TH2 polarization in allergic patients and could be a pr omissing line of treatmen.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"116-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.116.130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-03DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.114.115
D. Shah, S. Nath
{"title":"Glutathione: A possible link to autophagy in systemic lupus erythematosus","authors":"D. Shah, S. Nath","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2014.114.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2014.114.115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"10 1","pages":"114-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2014.114.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70189800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-03DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2014.131.143
S. Jenny, V. Vaclav, A. Michael
β1,3-glucans from fungi, cereals, seaweeds and bacte ria have been shown to possess favourable biologica l and anti-carcinogenic activities including upregula tion of phagocytosis, cytokine production enhanceme nt, superoxide and nitrite production; antibody secreti on and stimulation of signalling pathways associate d with proto-oncogene expression. However, human dietary supplements containing β1,3-glucans vary in efficacy due to glucan source, the lifecycle stage of the so urce at extraction, extraction methods, purity, concentration and combination with other immunomodulators. A review of efficacy of some commercially available β1,3-glucan products is presented. Three apparently efficacious products in which β1,3-glucan was the only immunomodulator were identified: Glucan #300®, Maitake Gold 404® (diluted Yukiguni Maitake MD Fraction®) and Betamune®. A trial of Maitake Gold 404® produced evidence of standardisation problems. It is recommended that Yu kiguni Maitake MD Fraction® (a more standardised alternative), Glucan #300® and Betamune® be comparatively trialled at optimal doses across immunological measures and tumor reduction. β1,3-glucans have been shown to be synergistic with conventional cancer therapies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as immunomodulators including vitamin C, transresveratrol, humic acids and Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ). Trialled commercially available products containing immunomodulator combinations have been shown to be inefficacious, apart from RVB300®, a β1,3-glucan/transresveratrol/vitamin C combination. The efficacies of various combinations of β1,3-glucans with other immunomodulators and the details of specific β1,3-glucan/monoclonal antibody synergies in treating particular cancer cell lines, require systematic elucidation.
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