Objectives: Atherosclerosis is influenced by hemodynamic forces and arterial stiffness. Vector flow imaging (VFI) provides assessment of wall shear stress (WSS) and turbulence, while radiofrequency-based quantitative analysis (RVQS) measures hardness coefficient (HC) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). To date, these techniques have not been applied together in a well-characterised healthy cohort. This study aimed to evaluate segmental age and sex-related differences in the carotid artery using VFI and RVQS.
Methods: Sixty healthy volunteers (30 women, 30 men; aged 20-59 years) underwent carotid ultrasonography. The common carotid artery (CCA), the bifurcation (BIF), and the internal carotid artery (ICA) segments were examined. WSS, turbulence, HC, PWV, and distension parameters were measured in each segment. Non-parametric tests were used.
Results: Significant segmental variation was found (p < 0.001). The BIF showed the lowest mean WSS (median = 0.84 Pa, < 0.001), the highest turbulence 3.87 (< 0.001), and the highest stiffness (HC: 3.22 < 0.001, PWV: 6.04, < 0.001). ICA had greatest distension (866 μm, < 0.001) and lowest stiffness (HC = 1.25, < 0.001, PWV: 3,83 < 0.001). Older participants had markedly stiffer arteries. PWV was higher in the older vs. younger group at both CCA (6.1 m/s vs. 4.6 m/s, p < 0.001) and BIF (7.2 vs. 4.96 m/s, p < 0.001). HC was also significantly higher in CCA and BIF (3.3 vs. 1.8, p < 0.001, 1.3 vs. 2.3, p < 0.001). Distension decreased with age in CCA and BIF (CCA: 364 vs. 560 μm, p < 0.001, BIF: 547 vs. 355 μm, p < 0.001). In contrast, WSS and turbulence did not differ significantly by age. Women exhibited higher mean WSS in the ICA (1.3 vs. 1.1 Pa, p = 0.018) and BIF (0.94 vs. 0.74 Pa, p = 0.045). Men showed slightly higher turbulence in the ICA (TAT = 1.1 vs. 0.5, p = 0.020).
Conclusion: The study revealed marked segmental and demographic differences in atherosclerosis parameters. RVQS parameters showed significant age-related differences, whereas WSS did not vary with age in this healthy group (20-59 years), suggesting RVQS may be more sensitive for detecting subclinical early vascular change. The combined application of VFI and RVQS may provide a physiologic reference framework for assessing the carotid arteries.
{"title":"How do age, sex, and carotid segment influence carotid ultrasonography based on vector flow imaging and radiofrequency analysis in healthy subjects?","authors":"Atiye Cenay Karabörk Kılıç, Nezih Yaylı, Burak Kalafat, Halit Nahit Şendur, Mahi Nur Cerit, Cansu Özbaş, Sevcihan Kesen Özbek, Taylan Altıparmak, Suna Özhan Oktar","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02067-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02067-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Atherosclerosis is influenced by hemodynamic forces and arterial stiffness. Vector flow imaging (VFI) provides assessment of wall shear stress (WSS) and turbulence, while radiofrequency-based quantitative analysis (RVQS) measures hardness coefficient (HC) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). To date, these techniques have not been applied together in a well-characterised healthy cohort. This study aimed to evaluate segmental age and sex-related differences in the carotid artery using VFI and RVQS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty healthy volunteers (30 women, 30 men; aged 20-59 years) underwent carotid ultrasonography. The common carotid artery (CCA), the bifurcation (BIF), and the internal carotid artery (ICA) segments were examined. WSS, turbulence, HC, PWV, and distension parameters were measured in each segment. Non-parametric tests were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant segmental variation was found (p < 0.001). The BIF showed the lowest mean WSS (median = 0.84 Pa, < 0.001), the highest turbulence 3.87 (< 0.001), and the highest stiffness (HC: 3.22 < 0.001, PWV: 6.04, < 0.001). ICA had greatest distension (866 μm, < 0.001) and lowest stiffness (HC = 1.25, < 0.001, PWV: 3,83 < 0.001). Older participants had markedly stiffer arteries. PWV was higher in the older vs. younger group at both CCA (6.1 m/s vs. 4.6 m/s, p < 0.001) and BIF (7.2 vs. 4.96 m/s, p < 0.001). HC was also significantly higher in CCA and BIF (3.3 vs. 1.8, p < 0.001, 1.3 vs. 2.3, p < 0.001). Distension decreased with age in CCA and BIF (CCA: 364 vs. 560 μm, p < 0.001, BIF: 547 vs. 355 μm, p < 0.001). In contrast, WSS and turbulence did not differ significantly by age. Women exhibited higher mean WSS in the ICA (1.3 vs. 1.1 Pa, p = 0.018) and BIF (0.94 vs. 0.74 Pa, p = 0.045). Men showed slightly higher turbulence in the ICA (TAT = 1.1 vs. 0.5, p = 0.020).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed marked segmental and demographic differences in atherosclerosis parameters. RVQS parameters showed significant age-related differences, whereas WSS did not vary with age in this healthy group (20-59 years), suggesting RVQS may be more sensitive for detecting subclinical early vascular change. The combined application of VFI and RVQS may provide a physiologic reference framework for assessing the carotid arteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":"26 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12763856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-02140-y
Yu Han, Jin Zhang, Yi-Bin Xi, Si-Jie Xiu, Yang Yang, Yu-Yao Wang
{"title":"IDH mutation prediction in non-enhancing gliomas with relaxed T2-FLAIR mismatch and fractal dimension: a two-center study.","authors":"Yu Han, Jin Zhang, Yi-Bin Xi, Si-Jie Xiu, Yang Yang, Yu-Yao Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02140-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02140-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":" ","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-02131-z
Wei Wei, Qianqian Chen, Nan Meng, Xinyu Wang, Yue Liu, Jingwen Zhang, Yaping Wu, Jiayin Pan, Zhun Huang, Yang Yang, Zhe Wang, Qiuyu Liu, Fangfang Fu, Meiyun Wang
{"title":"Prediction of lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer and its correlation with Ki-67 expression: a comparative study between intravoxel incoherent motion imaging and <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET.","authors":"Wei Wei, Qianqian Chen, Nan Meng, Xinyu Wang, Yue Liu, Jingwen Zhang, Yaping Wu, Jiayin Pan, Zhun Huang, Yang Yang, Zhe Wang, Qiuyu Liu, Fangfang Fu, Meiyun Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02131-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02131-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":" ","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866322/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-02141-x
Milad Taleb, Sanaz Alibabaei
{"title":"Hybrid 2D/3D CNN and radiomics model for brain tumor classification using EfficientNetb0 and ResNet-18.","authors":"Milad Taleb, Sanaz Alibabaei","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02141-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02141-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":" ","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-02128-8
Litong He, Zhiqiang Liu, Lingqiao Yang, Yanjin Qin, Zhendong Luo, Yunfei Zhang, Xiaopeng Song, Wei Mao, Dan Wu, Tao Ai
{"title":"Integrating time-dependent diffusion MRI and intravoxel incoherent motion for predicting NPI and molecular subtypes in breast cancer.","authors":"Litong He, Zhiqiang Liu, Lingqiao Yang, Yanjin Qin, Zhendong Luo, Yunfei Zhang, Xiaopeng Song, Wei Mao, Dan Wu, Tao Ai","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02128-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02128-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":" ","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-02138-6
Patrick Ghibes, Reza Dehdab, Jan Michael Brendel, Saif Afat, Arne Estler, Christoph Artzner, Konstantin Nikolaou, Andreas Brendlin
{"title":"AI-based denoising improves image quality in HCC volume perfusion CT without affecting Milan classification.","authors":"Patrick Ghibes, Reza Dehdab, Jan Michael Brendel, Saif Afat, Arne Estler, Christoph Artzner, Konstantin Nikolaou, Andreas Brendlin","doi":"10.1186/s12880-025-02138-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12880-025-02138-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9020,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Imaging","volume":" ","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12849736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145896250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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