Background: In mammals, birds, and amphibians, the B lineage of lymphoid cells first arise during embryogenesis and are distinguished by their capacity to produce immunoglobulin. For the purpose of researching the development of the B-cell repertoire and the development of self-tolerance, these early B-cell precursors are of utmost importance. The genetic and/or microenvironmental variables that control the beginning of immunoglobulin synthesis in embryonic haemopoietic cells are, however, poorly understood. Purpose: The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day three of incubation was examined in this work. Research methods: The terms "ontogeny, B-cell, precursors, chicken embryos, incubation" were used in a thorough literature search in the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases. After all articles were picked based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 papers that satisfied the criteria for inclusion were collected. Result: The study's findings show that clglarge basophilic hemopoietic stem cells and cIg+ small lymphoid B-cell precursors are two types of migrant cells that appear to enter the embryonic bursa of Fabricius. Hence, B lymphopoiesis does not only take place in the bursa of Fabricius in the avian embryo. Although the yolk sac and the hemopoietic tissues around the dorsal aorta are strong candidates, the identity of the extra-bursal location remains unknown. Conclusion: Hence, general haemopoietic organs may serve as the initial site of B lymphopoiesis in both birds and mammals. Only later in the course of avian development do the bursal follicles become accessible and take over.
{"title":"Analysis of the Development of B-Cell Precursors in Day Three Incubated Chicken Embryos","authors":"Maslichah Mafruchati, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2735","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In mammals, birds, and amphibians, the B lineage of lymphoid cells first arise during embryogenesis and are distinguished by their capacity to produce immunoglobulin. For the purpose of researching the development of the B-cell repertoire and the development of self-tolerance, these early B-cell precursors are of utmost importance. The genetic and/or microenvironmental variables that control the beginning of immunoglobulin synthesis in embryonic haemopoietic cells are, however, poorly understood. Purpose: The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day three of incubation was examined in this work. Research methods: The terms \"ontogeny, B-cell, precursors, chicken embryos, incubation\" were used in a thorough literature search in the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases. After all articles were picked based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 papers that satisfied the criteria for inclusion were collected. Result: The study's findings show that clglarge basophilic hemopoietic stem cells and cIg+ small lymphoid B-cell precursors are two types of migrant cells that appear to enter the embryonic bursa of Fabricius. Hence, B lymphopoiesis does not only take place in the bursa of Fabricius in the avian embryo. Although the yolk sac and the hemopoietic tissues around the dorsal aorta are strong candidates, the identity of the extra-bursal location remains unknown. Conclusion: Hence, general haemopoietic organs may serve as the initial site of B lymphopoiesis in both birds and mammals. Only later in the course of avian development do the bursal follicles become accessible and take over.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In modern healthcare systems, medical devices are playing a major role which involves personalized medical devices which improve the patient’s lifestyle as they can be remotely monitored and their data are transmissible. Due to these data transmissions, the number of connections to the existing computer networks is increased. Being interoperable and interconnected these personalized medical devices provide great benefits like improved sensing capabilities and actuating capabilities. But the problem with high connectivity computer networks is that it exposes medical device to high cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The main targets are the pacemakers and institutions like hospitals and clinics. Hackers can easily hack medical devices and change prescriptions. So a cybersecurity breach can leak a patient’s sensitive and confidential data and risk the patient’s life. To prevent these multifaceted problems from happening these problems must be viewed from a systematic perspective and requires governance, technical controls, regulation, and standards.
{"title":"A Review of the Impact of Cybersecurity in High-risk Medical Devices And In-vitro Medical Devices All Over The World","authors":"D. Nagasamy Venkatesh, Muthupranesh. K","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2707","url":null,"abstract":"In modern healthcare systems, medical devices are playing a major role which involves personalized medical devices which improve the patient’s lifestyle as they can be remotely monitored and their data are transmissible. Due to these data transmissions, the number of connections to the existing computer networks is increased. Being interoperable and interconnected these personalized medical devices provide great benefits like improved sensing capabilities and actuating capabilities. But the problem with high connectivity computer networks is that it exposes medical device to high cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The main targets are the pacemakers and institutions like hospitals and clinics. Hackers can easily hack medical devices and change prescriptions. So a cybersecurity breach can leak a patient’s sensitive and confidential data and risk the patient’s life. To prevent these multifaceted problems from happening these problems must be viewed from a systematic perspective and requires governance, technical controls, regulation, and standards.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Impaired thrombolysis is one of the causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The synthetic thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase and antistreplase have their own side effects. Plants are always considered as safe and cost-effective therapeutic agents. Dietary therapeutics is an emerging branch for the prevention and treatment of several ailments. The present article compiles 43 edible plants which have shown in vitro thrombolytic potential and are also employed in the diets of several ethnic communities in India. Among these, Bauhinia purpurea and Baccaurea ramiflora are two plants having more than 70% in vitro clot lysis potential; Coccinia grandis, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha domingensis have 50-70% thrombolytic activity; and the rest of the plants have 11-49% thrombolytic activity. These 43 plants also include spices and condiments such as Turmeric, Black pepper, Indian Bayleaf, Coriander and Ginger, which affirms the traditional saying of using food as medicine. Besides, these edible plants also possess various phyto-constituents and health-beneficial pharmacological activities. If these plants could be incorporated into a routine diet, it might be possible to prevent or delay the onset of CVD. However, detailed studies are required to evaluate the pattern of CVD in ethnic communities consuming such plants, as well as systematic clinical trials are warranted to investigate the thrombolytic efficacy of these plants.
{"title":"A Review on Thrombolysis Enhancing Indian Edible Plants","authors":"Vartika Jain, Bhavika Kunwar, S. K. Verma","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2709","url":null,"abstract":"Impaired thrombolysis is one of the causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The synthetic thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase and antistreplase have their own side effects. Plants are always considered as safe and cost-effective therapeutic agents. Dietary therapeutics is an emerging branch for the prevention and treatment of several ailments. The present article compiles 43 edible plants which have shown in vitro thrombolytic potential and are also employed in the diets of several ethnic communities in India. Among these, Bauhinia purpurea and Baccaurea ramiflora are two plants having more than 70% in vitro clot lysis potential; Coccinia grandis, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha domingensis have 50-70% thrombolytic activity; and the rest of the plants have 11-49% thrombolytic activity. These 43 plants also include spices and condiments such as Turmeric, Black pepper, Indian Bayleaf, Coriander and Ginger, which affirms the traditional saying of using food as medicine. Besides, these edible plants also possess various phyto-constituents and health-beneficial pharmacological activities. If these plants could be incorporated into a routine diet, it might be possible to prevent or delay the onset of CVD. However, detailed studies are required to evaluate the pattern of CVD in ethnic communities consuming such plants, as well as systematic clinical trials are warranted to investigate the thrombolytic efficacy of these plants.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monkeypox has recently garnered significant attention as a result of its rapid and simultaneous global dissemination. The objective of this study is to present a succinct overview of the existing literature, while also elucidating the development of the disease in respect to contemporary instances, possible therapeutic approaches, and strategies for preventing infection. To date, a total of 12,261 occurrences have been recorded over a wide range of 76 nations. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that has previously been limited to endemic areas in Western and Central Africa. However, there have been isolated outbreaks in other countries, including the United States, that have been linked to the importation of wild animals from Ghana and other affected areas. The current outbreak has seen a significant shift, with human-to-human transmission surpassing all other modes of transmission. This development has raised concerns regarding the potential extension of the outbreak within communities, particularly in cases that may have gone unreported. The observed results may be attributed to the increase in human-to-human transmission subsequent to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided partial immunity against monkeypox. The occurrence of outbreaks beyond the African continent underscores the worldwide importance of the illness. The demographic that exhibits the highest vulnerability to infection is young males who engage in sexual activity with other males. While the existing understanding suggests that the clinical progression of the disease is very moderate, there remain several unresolved inquiries that necessitate additional investigation. These include the possibility of a genital reservoir of the virus in humans and the possibility of airborne transmission.
{"title":"Monkeypox Disease: An Updated Review","authors":"Md. Mofazzal Hossain, Bidduth Kumar Sarkar, Arghya Prosun Sarkar, Maimuna Hasan, Mst. Sarmin Afroz","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2712","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox has recently garnered significant attention as a result of its rapid and simultaneous global dissemination. The objective of this study is to present a succinct overview of the existing literature, while also elucidating the development of the disease in respect to contemporary instances, possible therapeutic approaches, and strategies for preventing infection. To date, a total of 12,261 occurrences have been recorded over a wide range of 76 nations. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that has previously been limited to endemic areas in Western and Central Africa. However, there have been isolated outbreaks in other countries, including the United States, that have been linked to the importation of wild animals from Ghana and other affected areas. The current outbreak has seen a significant shift, with human-to-human transmission surpassing all other modes of transmission. This development has raised concerns regarding the potential extension of the outbreak within communities, particularly in cases that may have gone unreported. The observed results may be attributed to the increase in human-to-human transmission subsequent to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided partial immunity against monkeypox. The occurrence of outbreaks beyond the African continent underscores the worldwide importance of the illness. The demographic that exhibits the highest vulnerability to infection is young males who engage in sexual activity with other males. While the existing understanding suggests that the clinical progression of the disease is very moderate, there remain several unresolved inquiries that necessitate additional investigation. These include the possibility of a genital reservoir of the virus in humans and the possibility of airborne transmission.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thiri Wai Linn, Chaw Su Hlaing, Ma Saung Oo, Zakaria AR, Khin Than Yee, Thin Thin Aung, Aniruddha Bhattacharjee, Minn Han, Mya Thanda Sein, Mya Mya Thwin
Central adiposity presents an important risk factor for advancing insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Betatrophin, a liver or adipocyte-derived hormone, was assumed to improve islet insulin secretion and compensate insulin resistance but its level during obesity is still conflicted. This study aimed to explore serum betatrophin level in centrally-obese middle-aged men with diabetic potentials compared with age-matched non-obese ones. Sixty-eight male subjects of 40-60 years of age, residing in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar, were recruited and classified into centrally-obese group (n=34) and non-obese group (n=34). Fasting blood samples were obtained to quantify plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin and betatrophin levels by ELISA. Plasma glucose levels were comparable between the two groups, while insulin concentration of obese group was significantly greater than that of non-obese group. Therefore, HOMA-IR was markedly increased in obese subjects when compared to non-obese ones (4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14, p<0.001) and so did HOMA-β (310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83, p<0.001). Interestingly, betatrophin hormone level was significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01). Moreover, betatrophin had a strong negative correlation with glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) as well as with the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference (p<0.05), among the subjects. However, significant correlation between betatrophin and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was not observed in both groups (p=0.14 and 0.20 respectively). Taken together, betatrophin hormone has been found to decrease in adult central obesity, which is noticeably associated with insulin resistance and compensatory beta-cell hyperfunction. Betatrophin, previously regarded as beta-cell mitogen, has been denied in this study, owing to lack of correlation with HOMA indexes of diabetes.
中心性肥胖是推进胰岛素不敏感和2型糖尿病的重要危险因素。Betatrophin是一种肝脏或脂肪细胞衍生的激素，被认为可以改善胰岛胰岛素分泌并补偿胰岛素抵抗，但其在肥胖期间的水平仍然存在争议。本研究旨在探讨中肥胖中年男性糖尿病潜在性患者血清betatrophin水平与年龄匹配的非肥胖男性的比较。选取居住在缅甸仰光北奥卡拉帕镇的男性受试者68名，年龄40 ~ 60岁，分为中心肥胖组(n=34)和非肥胖组(n=34)。取空腹血，葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血糖，ELISA法测定血清胰岛素和β - atrophin水平。两组血糖水平相当，肥胖组胰岛素浓度明显高于非肥胖组。因此，肥胖受试者的HOMA- ir与非肥胖受试者相比显著升高(4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14,p<0.001)， HOMA-β也显著升高(310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83,p<0.001)。肥胖组β萎缩素水平明显低于非肥胖组(1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01)。此外，betatrophin与受试者的血糖、胰岛素水平(p<0.05)以及中心性肥胖指标腰围(p<0.05)呈较强的负相关。然而，在两组中，betatrophin与HOMA- ir和HOMA-β之间没有显著相关性(p分别=0.14和0.20)。综上所述，betatrophin激素已被发现在成人中心性肥胖中减少，这与胰岛素抵抗和代偿性β细胞功能亢进明显相关。Betatrophin先前被认为是β细胞有丝分裂原，由于缺乏与糖尿病HOMA指标的相关性，在本研究中被否定。
{"title":"Central Obesity Diminishes Circulating Betatrophin Level in Middle-aged Male Subjects","authors":"Thiri Wai Linn, Chaw Su Hlaing, Ma Saung Oo, Zakaria AR, Khin Than Yee, Thin Thin Aung, Aniruddha Bhattacharjee, Minn Han, Mya Thanda Sein, Mya Mya Thwin","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2764","url":null,"abstract":"Central adiposity presents an important risk factor for advancing insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Betatrophin, a liver or adipocyte-derived hormone, was assumed to improve islet insulin secretion and compensate insulin resistance but its level during obesity is still conflicted. This study aimed to explore serum betatrophin level in centrally-obese middle-aged men with diabetic potentials compared with age-matched non-obese ones. Sixty-eight male subjects of 40-60 years of age, residing in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar, were recruited and classified into centrally-obese group (n=34) and non-obese group (n=34). Fasting blood samples were obtained to quantify plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin and betatrophin levels by ELISA. Plasma glucose levels were comparable between the two groups, while insulin concentration of obese group was significantly greater than that of non-obese group. Therefore, HOMA-IR was markedly increased in obese subjects when compared to non-obese ones (4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14, p<0.001) and so did HOMA-β (310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83, p<0.001). Interestingly, betatrophin hormone level was significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01). Moreover, betatrophin had a strong negative correlation with glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) as well as with the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference (p<0.05), among the subjects. However, significant correlation between betatrophin and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was not observed in both groups (p=0.14 and 0.20 respectively). Taken together, betatrophin hormone has been found to decrease in adult central obesity, which is noticeably associated with insulin resistance and compensatory beta-cell hyperfunction. Betatrophin, previously regarded as beta-cell mitogen, has been denied in this study, owing to lack of correlation with HOMA indexes of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Amin Mir, Kim Andrews, Syed M Hasnain, Nidal Abu-Libdeh, Abid Iqbal, Shama Sehar, Adnan Younis
The cat food samples viz Canned Food, Pouched Food, Raw Food, Lightly Cooked Food, Dry Food were analysed for the presence of essential and non-essential metal ions in addition to fungal infection determination. All the food samples were found to have adequate amount of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and folic acid. The concentration of essential elements in all the analysed samples are within the intake range of cats for their normal growth and development. Although the presence of heavy metals makes some concern about the quality of the food samples, but all these heavy metals are below the toxic level. All the food samples showed the presence of microbial fungi to some extent, but the release of micro-toxin from these fungal species are below the level of their profound health related issues among the cats. Among all the samples analysed the best food samples with very good health quality seems the dry food, followed by pouched food.
{"title":"Determination of Metals, Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cat Meal Samples used in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Amin Mir, Kim Andrews, Syed M Hasnain, Nidal Abu-Libdeh, Abid Iqbal, Shama Sehar, Adnan Younis","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2754","url":null,"abstract":"The cat food samples viz Canned Food, Pouched Food, Raw Food, Lightly Cooked Food, Dry Food were analysed for the presence of essential and non-essential metal ions in addition to fungal infection determination. All the food samples were found to have adequate amount of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and folic acid. The concentration of essential elements in all the analysed samples are within the intake range of cats for their normal growth and development. Although the presence of heavy metals makes some concern about the quality of the food samples, but all these heavy metals are below the toxic level. All the food samples showed the presence of microbial fungi to some extent, but the release of micro-toxin from these fungal species are below the level of their profound health related issues among the cats. Among all the samples analysed the best food samples with very good health quality seems the dry food, followed by pouched food.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anwar M. M. Ezz, Omar N. ALheeti, Ahmed F. Hasan, Somaia Zaki, Ghada A. Tabl
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a far reaching ongoing metabolic problem portrayed by hyperglycemia and related with a few intricacies like hyperlipidemia. The current study aimed to study the anti-diabetic efficacy of pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. A total of 70 male rats were divided into 7 groups (normal rats treated with the pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine; rats given a high-fat diet to cause hyperlipidemia, this rats given low-dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections to cause type II diabetes; diabetic rats given PPE and L-carnitine orally every day for 12 weeks. Measurements of body mass, blood sugar, lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were made.Results: The treatment group that received PPE + L-carnitine showed a significant decrease in weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were significantly reduced, while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased. Superoxide dismutase levels were increased, catalase and Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2 (Nfe2) in diabetic rats treated with PPE and L-carnitine, while Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly. According to the results of the study, PPE and L-carnitine had significant anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant benefits after 12 weeks of treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
{"title":"Anti-Diabetic Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract and L-Carnitine on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes In Rats","authors":"Anwar M. M. Ezz, Omar N. ALheeti, Ahmed F. Hasan, Somaia Zaki, Ghada A. Tabl","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2762","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a far reaching ongoing metabolic problem portrayed by hyperglycemia and related with a few intricacies like hyperlipidemia. The current study aimed to study the anti-diabetic efficacy of pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. A total of 70 male rats were divided into 7 groups (normal rats treated with the pomegranate peel extract and L-carnitine; rats given a high-fat diet to cause hyperlipidemia, this rats given low-dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections to cause type II diabetes; diabetic rats given PPE and L-carnitine orally every day for 12 weeks. Measurements of body mass, blood sugar, lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were made.Results: The treatment group that received PPE + L-carnitine showed a significant decrease in weight, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were significantly reduced, while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased. Superoxide dismutase levels were increased, catalase and Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2 (Nfe2) in diabetic rats treated with PPE and L-carnitine, while Malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly. According to the results of the study, PPE and L-carnitine had significant anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant benefits after 12 weeks of treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akhter Ahmed Ahmed, Pakhshan Abdulla Hassan, Abdulilah Saleh Ismaeil, Shahnaz Burhan Ali
Objective(s): Salmonella typhi, is a serious global health threat because it causes typhoid fever, a severe systemic infection. According to the World Health Organization, millions of cases of typhoid are recorded annually, and thousands of people die from it. To combat this pathogen, new medications are required. The current study aims to study the ability of medicinal plants (thyme and cinnamon) to modulate the properties of Salmonella typhi isolates instead of killing them. Materials and Methods: The plants were extracted with the help of solvents (ethanol and ethyl acetate) and to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration, the different concentrations were used. The biofilm and expression of genes (invA & fliC) of the bacterium were studied when exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the plant extracts. Results: MIC values ranging between 20-25 mg/ml and 10-15 mg/ml for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Thyme respectively. While the MIC values of cinnamon were 18-25 and 10-15 mg/ml for both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The examinations revealed a significant decrease in the composition of biofilms by isolates when treated with SICs from plant extracts. The transcription expression profile of invasion (invA) and flagellar (fliC) genes were downregulated when treated with the plant extracts. Conclusion: The findings indicate that both thyme and cinnamon extracts may have promising activity against the biofilm and virulence of S. typhi. Thus, they could be used as potential as an antibacterial drug.
{"title":"Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts","authors":"Akhter Ahmed Ahmed, Pakhshan Abdulla Hassan, Abdulilah Saleh Ismaeil, Shahnaz Burhan Ali","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2740","url":null,"abstract":"Objective(s): Salmonella typhi, is a serious global health threat because it causes typhoid fever, a severe systemic infection. According to the World Health Organization, millions of cases of typhoid are recorded annually, and thousands of people die from it. To combat this pathogen, new medications are required. The current study aims to study the ability of medicinal plants (thyme and cinnamon) to modulate the properties of Salmonella typhi isolates instead of killing them. Materials and Methods: The plants were extracted with the help of solvents (ethanol and ethyl acetate) and to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration, the different concentrations were used. The biofilm and expression of genes (invA & fliC) of the bacterium were studied when exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the plant extracts. Results: MIC values ranging between 20-25 mg/ml and 10-15 mg/ml for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Thyme respectively. While the MIC values of cinnamon were 18-25 and 10-15 mg/ml for both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The examinations revealed a significant decrease in the composition of biofilms by isolates when treated with SICs from plant extracts. The transcription expression profile of invasion (invA) and flagellar (fliC) genes were downregulated when treated with the plant extracts. Conclusion: The findings indicate that both thyme and cinnamon extracts may have promising activity against the biofilm and virulence of S. typhi. Thus, they could be used as potential as an antibacterial drug.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arnica F Lal, Pushpraj S Gupta, Pramod Kumar Yadav
Immunocompromised patients get Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. P. aeruginosa's harmful effect is linked to quorum sensing (QS), which causes bacterial biofilm. Targeting QS is a promising novel method to treat P. aeruginosa infections, which are antibiotic-resistant. The Las system has garnered great interest due to LasR, the expedited gene during QS that regulates other virulence-associated genes. We used high-throughput virtual screening (VS) of Phenol Explorer to uncover a new category of LasR inhibitors that might be used as antagonists. Molecular docking-based VS against LasR (PDB: 2UV0) resulted in six best-scored compounds: Chrysin, Galangin, Coumestrol, 3',4',7- Trihydroxyisoflavanone, Dihydrodaidzein, Dihydroformononetin with docking score of -11.0 kcal/mol and a suitable ADMET profile. Six compounds were chosen for their lack of carcinogenicity in mice and rats, low molecular weight of 270 Da, and moderate to total solubility. Our current work shows that these six chemicals could block P. aeruginosa quorum sensing. Molecular dynamics investigations of a prospective therapeutic candidate (Chrysin) using Gromacs version 2022.2 demonstrated system stability; nonetheless, the antibiofilm assay showed a positive reaction against our in silico finding, suggesting a disturbance in quorum sensing regulating pathogenicity, i.e., biofilm formation. This study is the first to describe chrysin as a disruptor of quorum sensing signaling by inhibiting biofilm formation.
免疫功能低下的患者会感染铜绿假单胞菌。铜绿假单胞菌的有害影响与群体感应(QS)有关，它会导致细菌生物膜。靶向QS是治疗耐药铜绿假单胞菌感染的一种很有前景的新方法。LasR是QS过程中的加速基因，可以调节其他毒力相关基因，因此LasR系统引起了人们的极大兴趣。我们利用苯酚探索者的高通量虚拟筛选(VS)发现了一类可能用作拮抗剂的新型激光受体抑制剂。基于分子对接的LasR VS (PDB: 2UV0)得到6个得分最高的化合物:黄菊花素、高良姜素、库美斯特罗、3′，4′，7-三羟基异黄酮酮、二氢大豆苷元、二氢formononatin，对接得分为-11.0 kcal/mol，符合ADMET谱。选择的6种化合物对小鼠和大鼠没有致癌性，低分子量为270 Da，溶解度中等至全溶解度。我们目前的工作表明，这六种化学物质可以阻断铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应。使用Gromacs version 2022.2对一种前瞻性候选治疗药物(Chrysin)进行分子动力学研究，证明了系统的稳定性;尽管如此，抗生物膜实验显示出对我们的硅发现的阳性反应，这表明群体感应的干扰调节致病性，即生物膜的形成。这项研究是第一个描述菊素作为群体感应信号的干扰物通过抑制生物膜的形成。
{"title":"In silico Study of Phenol Explorer Database as Potential Inhibitors of Quorum-Sensing Regulated Pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Arnica F Lal, Pushpraj S Gupta, Pramod Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2736","url":null,"abstract":"Immunocompromised patients get Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. P. aeruginosa's harmful effect is linked to quorum sensing (QS), which causes bacterial biofilm. Targeting QS is a promising novel method to treat P. aeruginosa infections, which are antibiotic-resistant. The Las system has garnered great interest due to LasR, the expedited gene during QS that regulates other virulence-associated genes. We used high-throughput virtual screening (VS) of Phenol Explorer to uncover a new category of LasR inhibitors that might be used as antagonists. Molecular docking-based VS against LasR (PDB: 2UV0) resulted in six best-scored compounds: Chrysin, Galangin, Coumestrol, 3',4',7- Trihydroxyisoflavanone, Dihydrodaidzein, Dihydroformononetin with docking score of -11.0 kcal/mol and a suitable ADMET profile. Six compounds were chosen for their lack of carcinogenicity in mice and rats, low molecular weight of 270 Da, and moderate to total solubility. Our current work shows that these six chemicals could block P. aeruginosa quorum sensing. Molecular dynamics investigations of a prospective therapeutic candidate (Chrysin) using Gromacs version 2022.2 demonstrated system stability; nonetheless, the antibiofilm assay showed a positive reaction against our in silico finding, suggesting a disturbance in quorum sensing regulating pathogenicity, i.e., biofilm formation. This study is the first to describe chrysin as a disruptor of quorum sensing signaling by inhibiting biofilm formation.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmaceutical analysis plays a significant role in pharmaceutical formulation quality assurance and control. Due to the pharmaceutical industries' rapid expansion and the production of pharmaceuticals all over the world, there is a greater need for novel analytical procedures in this sector. Establishing the identification, purity, physical properties, and potency of medications as well as the medication's bioavailability and stability is the goal of analytical method development. A few new drug applications were recently given regulatory flexibility by the Food and Drug Administration for an analytical method based on quality by design. With Quality by design, product design and development are performed methodically. Analytical methodologies have similar opportunities for implementing Quality by design as production procedures do. It consequently enhances formulation design, development efficiency, and capacity. The underpinnings of the QbD approach have been explored in this article due to their use in the creation and validation of analytical procedures. Additionally, a summary of experimental studies reporting the application of the QbD methodology to method development is included.
{"title":"Quality by Design Approach: Progress in Pharmaceutical method Development and Validation","authors":"Avinash V. Chavan, R. Gandhimathi","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2745","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical analysis plays a significant role in pharmaceutical formulation quality assurance and control. Due to the pharmaceutical industries' rapid expansion and the production of pharmaceuticals all over the world, there is a greater need for novel analytical procedures in this sector. Establishing the identification, purity, physical properties, and potency of medications as well as the medication's bioavailability and stability is the goal of analytical method development. A few new drug applications were recently given regulatory flexibility by the Food and Drug Administration for an analytical method based on quality by design. With Quality by design, product design and development are performed methodically. Analytical methodologies have similar opportunities for implementing Quality by design as production procedures do. It consequently enhances formulation design, development efficiency, and capacity. The underpinnings of the QbD approach have been explored in this article due to their use in the creation and validation of analytical procedures. Additionally, a summary of experimental studies reporting the application of the QbD methodology to method development is included.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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