Background: In mammals, birds, and amphibians, the B lineage of lymphoid cells first arise during embryogenesis and are distinguished by their capacity to produce immunoglobulin. For the purpose of researching the development of the B-cell repertoire and the development of self-tolerance, these early B-cell precursors are of utmost importance. The genetic and/or microenvironmental variables that control the beginning of immunoglobulin synthesis in embryonic haemopoietic cells are, however, poorly understood. Purpose: The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day three of incubation was examined in this work. Research methods: The terms "ontogeny, B-cell, precursors, chicken embryos, incubation" were used in a thorough literature search in the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases. After all articles were picked based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 papers that satisfied the criteria for inclusion were collected. Result: The study's findings show that clglarge basophilic hemopoietic stem cells and cIg+ small lymphoid B-cell precursors are two types of migrant cells that appear to enter the embryonic bursa of Fabricius. Hence, B lymphopoiesis does not only take place in the bursa of Fabricius in the avian embryo. Although the yolk sac and the hemopoietic tissues around the dorsal aorta are strong candidates, the identity of the extra-bursal location remains unknown. Conclusion: Hence, general haemopoietic organs may serve as the initial site of B lymphopoiesis in both birds and mammals. Only later in the course of avian development do the bursal follicles become accessible and take over.
{"title":"Analysis of the Development of B-Cell Precursors in Day Three Incubated Chicken Embryos","authors":"Maslichah Mafruchati, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2735","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In mammals, birds, and amphibians, the B lineage of lymphoid cells first arise during embryogenesis and are distinguished by their capacity to produce immunoglobulin. For the purpose of researching the development of the B-cell repertoire and the development of self-tolerance, these early B-cell precursors are of utmost importance. The genetic and/or microenvironmental variables that control the beginning of immunoglobulin synthesis in embryonic haemopoietic cells are, however, poorly understood. Purpose: The ontogeny of B-cell precursors in chicken embryos from day three of incubation was examined in this work. Research methods: The terms \"ontogeny, B-cell, precursors, chicken embryos, incubation\" were used in a thorough literature search in the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases. After all articles were picked based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 papers that satisfied the criteria for inclusion were collected. Result: The study's findings show that clglarge basophilic hemopoietic stem cells and cIg+ small lymphoid B-cell precursors are two types of migrant cells that appear to enter the embryonic bursa of Fabricius. Hence, B lymphopoiesis does not only take place in the bursa of Fabricius in the avian embryo. Although the yolk sac and the hemopoietic tissues around the dorsal aorta are strong candidates, the identity of the extra-bursal location remains unknown. Conclusion: Hence, general haemopoietic organs may serve as the initial site of B lymphopoiesis in both birds and mammals. Only later in the course of avian development do the bursal follicles become accessible and take over.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In modern healthcare systems, medical devices are playing a major role which involves personalized medical devices which improve the patient’s lifestyle as they can be remotely monitored and their data are transmissible. Due to these data transmissions, the number of connections to the existing computer networks is increased. Being interoperable and interconnected these personalized medical devices provide great benefits like improved sensing capabilities and actuating capabilities. But the problem with high connectivity computer networks is that it exposes medical device to high cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The main targets are the pacemakers and institutions like hospitals and clinics. Hackers can easily hack medical devices and change prescriptions. So a cybersecurity breach can leak a patient’s sensitive and confidential data and risk the patient’s life. To prevent these multifaceted problems from happening these problems must be viewed from a systematic perspective and requires governance, technical controls, regulation, and standards.
{"title":"A Review of the Impact of Cybersecurity in High-risk Medical Devices And In-vitro Medical Devices All Over The World","authors":"D. Nagasamy Venkatesh, Muthupranesh. K","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2707","url":null,"abstract":"In modern healthcare systems, medical devices are playing a major role which involves personalized medical devices which improve the patient’s lifestyle as they can be remotely monitored and their data are transmissible. Due to these data transmissions, the number of connections to the existing computer networks is increased. Being interoperable and interconnected these personalized medical devices provide great benefits like improved sensing capabilities and actuating capabilities. But the problem with high connectivity computer networks is that it exposes medical device to high cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The main targets are the pacemakers and institutions like hospitals and clinics. Hackers can easily hack medical devices and change prescriptions. So a cybersecurity breach can leak a patient’s sensitive and confidential data and risk the patient’s life. To prevent these multifaceted problems from happening these problems must be viewed from a systematic perspective and requires governance, technical controls, regulation, and standards.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Impaired thrombolysis is one of the causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The synthetic thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase and antistreplase have their own side effects. Plants are always considered as safe and cost-effective therapeutic agents. Dietary therapeutics is an emerging branch for the prevention and treatment of several ailments. The present article compiles 43 edible plants which have shown in vitro thrombolytic potential and are also employed in the diets of several ethnic communities in India. Among these, Bauhinia purpurea and Baccaurea ramiflora are two plants having more than 70% in vitro clot lysis potential; Coccinia grandis, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha domingensis have 50-70% thrombolytic activity; and the rest of the plants have 11-49% thrombolytic activity. These 43 plants also include spices and condiments such as Turmeric, Black pepper, Indian Bayleaf, Coriander and Ginger, which affirms the traditional saying of using food as medicine. Besides, these edible plants also possess various phyto-constituents and health-beneficial pharmacological activities. If these plants could be incorporated into a routine diet, it might be possible to prevent or delay the onset of CVD. However, detailed studies are required to evaluate the pattern of CVD in ethnic communities consuming such plants, as well as systematic clinical trials are warranted to investigate the thrombolytic efficacy of these plants.
{"title":"A Review on Thrombolysis Enhancing Indian Edible Plants","authors":"Vartika Jain, Bhavika Kunwar, S. K. Verma","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2709","url":null,"abstract":"Impaired thrombolysis is one of the causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The synthetic thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase and antistreplase have their own side effects. Plants are always considered as safe and cost-effective therapeutic agents. Dietary therapeutics is an emerging branch for the prevention and treatment of several ailments. The present article compiles 43 edible plants which have shown in vitro thrombolytic potential and are also employed in the diets of several ethnic communities in India. Among these, Bauhinia purpurea and Baccaurea ramiflora are two plants having more than 70% in vitro clot lysis potential; Coccinia grandis, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, and Typha domingensis have 50-70% thrombolytic activity; and the rest of the plants have 11-49% thrombolytic activity. These 43 plants also include spices and condiments such as Turmeric, Black pepper, Indian Bayleaf, Coriander and Ginger, which affirms the traditional saying of using food as medicine. Besides, these edible plants also possess various phyto-constituents and health-beneficial pharmacological activities. If these plants could be incorporated into a routine diet, it might be possible to prevent or delay the onset of CVD. However, detailed studies are required to evaluate the pattern of CVD in ethnic communities consuming such plants, as well as systematic clinical trials are warranted to investigate the thrombolytic efficacy of these plants.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monkeypox has recently garnered significant attention as a result of its rapid and simultaneous global dissemination. The objective of this study is to present a succinct overview of the existing literature, while also elucidating the development of the disease in respect to contemporary instances, possible therapeutic approaches, and strategies for preventing infection. To date, a total of 12,261 occurrences have been recorded over a wide range of 76 nations. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that has previously been limited to endemic areas in Western and Central Africa. However, there have been isolated outbreaks in other countries, including the United States, that have been linked to the importation of wild animals from Ghana and other affected areas. The current outbreak has seen a significant shift, with human-to-human transmission surpassing all other modes of transmission. This development has raised concerns regarding the potential extension of the outbreak within communities, particularly in cases that may have gone unreported. The observed results may be attributed to the increase in human-to-human transmission subsequent to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided partial immunity against monkeypox. The occurrence of outbreaks beyond the African continent underscores the worldwide importance of the illness. The demographic that exhibits the highest vulnerability to infection is young males who engage in sexual activity with other males. While the existing understanding suggests that the clinical progression of the disease is very moderate, there remain several unresolved inquiries that necessitate additional investigation. These include the possibility of a genital reservoir of the virus in humans and the possibility of airborne transmission.
{"title":"Monkeypox Disease: An Updated Review","authors":"Md. Mofazzal Hossain, Bidduth Kumar Sarkar, Arghya Prosun Sarkar, Maimuna Hasan, Mst. Sarmin Afroz","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2712","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox has recently garnered significant attention as a result of its rapid and simultaneous global dissemination. The objective of this study is to present a succinct overview of the existing literature, while also elucidating the development of the disease in respect to contemporary instances, possible therapeutic approaches, and strategies for preventing infection. To date, a total of 12,261 occurrences have been recorded over a wide range of 76 nations. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that has previously been limited to endemic areas in Western and Central Africa. However, there have been isolated outbreaks in other countries, including the United States, that have been linked to the importation of wild animals from Ghana and other affected areas. The current outbreak has seen a significant shift, with human-to-human transmission surpassing all other modes of transmission. This development has raised concerns regarding the potential extension of the outbreak within communities, particularly in cases that may have gone unreported. The observed results may be attributed to the increase in human-to-human transmission subsequent to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided partial immunity against monkeypox. The occurrence of outbreaks beyond the African continent underscores the worldwide importance of the illness. The demographic that exhibits the highest vulnerability to infection is young males who engage in sexual activity with other males. While the existing understanding suggests that the clinical progression of the disease is very moderate, there remain several unresolved inquiries that necessitate additional investigation. These include the possibility of a genital reservoir of the virus in humans and the possibility of airborne transmission.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thiri Wai Linn, Chaw Su Hlaing, Ma Saung Oo, Zakaria AR, Khin Than Yee, Thin Thin Aung, Aniruddha Bhattacharjee, Minn Han, Mya Thanda Sein, Mya Mya Thwin
Central adiposity presents an important risk factor for advancing insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Betatrophin, a liver or adipocyte-derived hormone, was assumed to improve islet insulin secretion and compensate insulin resistance but its level during obesity is still conflicted. This study aimed to explore serum betatrophin level in centrally-obese middle-aged men with diabetic potentials compared with age-matched non-obese ones. Sixty-eight male subjects of 40-60 years of age, residing in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar, were recruited and classified into centrally-obese group (n=34) and non-obese group (n=34). Fasting blood samples were obtained to quantify plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin and betatrophin levels by ELISA. Plasma glucose levels were comparable between the two groups, while insulin concentration of obese group was significantly greater than that of non-obese group. Therefore, HOMA-IR was markedly increased in obese subjects when compared to non-obese ones (4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14, p<0.001) and so did HOMA-β (310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83, p<0.001). Interestingly, betatrophin hormone level was significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01). Moreover, betatrophin had a strong negative correlation with glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) as well as with the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference (p<0.05), among the subjects. However, significant correlation between betatrophin and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was not observed in both groups (p=0.14 and 0.20 respectively). Taken together, betatrophin hormone has been found to decrease in adult central obesity, which is noticeably associated with insulin resistance and compensatory beta-cell hyperfunction. Betatrophin, previously regarded as beta-cell mitogen, has been denied in this study, owing to lack of correlation with HOMA indexes of diabetes.
中心性肥胖是推进胰岛素不敏感和2型糖尿病的重要危险因素。Betatrophin是一种肝脏或脂肪细胞衍生的激素，被认为可以改善胰岛胰岛素分泌并补偿胰岛素抵抗，但其在肥胖期间的水平仍然存在争议。本研究旨在探讨中肥胖中年男性糖尿病潜在性患者血清betatrophin水平与年龄匹配的非肥胖男性的比较。选取居住在缅甸仰光北奥卡拉帕镇的男性受试者68名，年龄40 ~ 60岁，分为中心肥胖组(n=34)和非肥胖组(n=34)。取空腹血，葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血糖，ELISA法测定血清胰岛素和β - atrophin水平。两组血糖水平相当，肥胖组胰岛素浓度明显高于非肥胖组。因此，肥胖受试者的HOMA- ir与非肥胖受试者相比显著升高(4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14,p<0.001)， HOMA-β也显著升高(310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83,p<0.001)。肥胖组β萎缩素水平明显低于非肥胖组(1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01)。此外，betatrophin与受试者的血糖、胰岛素水平(p<0.05)以及中心性肥胖指标腰围(p<0.05)呈较强的负相关。然而，在两组中，betatrophin与HOMA- ir和HOMA-β之间没有显著相关性(p分别=0.14和0.20)。综上所述，betatrophin激素已被发现在成人中心性肥胖中减少，这与胰岛素抵抗和代偿性β细胞功能亢进明显相关。Betatrophin先前被认为是β细胞有丝分裂原，由于缺乏与糖尿病HOMA指标的相关性，在本研究中被否定。
{"title":"Central Obesity Diminishes Circulating Betatrophin Level in Middle-aged Male Subjects","authors":"Thiri Wai Linn, Chaw Su Hlaing, Ma Saung Oo, Zakaria AR, Khin Than Yee, Thin Thin Aung, Aniruddha Bhattacharjee, Minn Han, Mya Thanda Sein, Mya Mya Thwin","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2764","url":null,"abstract":"Central adiposity presents an important risk factor for advancing insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Betatrophin, a liver or adipocyte-derived hormone, was assumed to improve islet insulin secretion and compensate insulin resistance but its level during obesity is still conflicted. This study aimed to explore serum betatrophin level in centrally-obese middle-aged men with diabetic potentials compared with age-matched non-obese ones. Sixty-eight male subjects of 40-60 years of age, residing in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar, were recruited and classified into centrally-obese group (n=34) and non-obese group (n=34). Fasting blood samples were obtained to quantify plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin and betatrophin levels by ELISA. Plasma glucose levels were comparable between the two groups, while insulin concentration of obese group was significantly greater than that of non-obese group. Therefore, HOMA-IR was markedly increased in obese subjects when compared to non-obese ones (4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14, p<0.001) and so did HOMA-β (310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83, p<0.001). Interestingly, betatrophin hormone level was significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p<0.01). Moreover, betatrophin had a strong negative correlation with glucose and insulin levels (p<0.05) as well as with the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference (p<0.05), among the subjects. However, significant correlation between betatrophin and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was not observed in both groups (p=0.14 and 0.20 respectively). Taken together, betatrophin hormone has been found to decrease in adult central obesity, which is noticeably associated with insulin resistance and compensatory beta-cell hyperfunction. Betatrophin, previously regarded as beta-cell mitogen, has been denied in this study, owing to lack of correlation with HOMA indexes of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative brain disease that kills neurons. The global prevalence of the disease is gradually growing. In all leading countries, it is one of the senior citizens' leading causes of death. So, much research shows that early detection of illness is the most critical factor in improving patient care and treatment outcomes. Currently, AD is diagnosed by the manual study of magnetic resonance imaging, biomarker tests, and cognitive tests. Machine learning algorithms are used for automatic diagnosis. However, they have certain limits in terms of accuracy. Another issue is that models trained on class-unbalanced datasets often have poor results. Therefore, the main objective of the proposed work is to include a pre-processing method before the hybrid model to improve classification accuracy. This research presents a hybrid model based on a deep learning approach to detect Alzheimer’s disease. Which, we are using the SMOTE method to equally distribute the classes to prevent the issue of class imbalance. The hybrid model uses Inception V3 and Resnet50 to detect characteristics of Alzheimer's disease from magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, a dense layer of convolution neural network is used for classification. The hybrid approach achieves 99% accuracy in classifying MRI datasets, which is better than the old work. These results are better than existing approaches based on accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and other characteristics.
{"title":"Hybrid Model: Deep Learning method for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s disease from MRI images","authors":"Anuradha Vashishtha, Anuja Kumar Acharya, Sujata Swain","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2739","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative brain disease that kills neurons. The global prevalence of the disease is gradually growing. In all leading countries, it is one of the senior citizens' leading causes of death. So, much research shows that early detection of illness is the most critical factor in improving patient care and treatment outcomes. Currently, AD is diagnosed by the manual study of magnetic resonance imaging, biomarker tests, and cognitive tests. Machine learning algorithms are used for automatic diagnosis. However, they have certain limits in terms of accuracy. Another issue is that models trained on class-unbalanced datasets often have poor results. Therefore, the main objective of the proposed work is to include a pre-processing method before the hybrid model to improve classification accuracy. This research presents a hybrid model based on a deep learning approach to detect Alzheimer’s disease. Which, we are using the SMOTE method to equally distribute the classes to prevent the issue of class imbalance. The hybrid model uses Inception V3 and Resnet50 to detect characteristics of Alzheimer's disease from magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, a dense layer of convolution neural network is used for classification. The hybrid approach achieves 99% accuracy in classifying MRI datasets, which is better than the old work. These results are better than existing approaches based on accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and other characteristics.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeba Siddiqui, Mohammad Irfan Khan, Badruddeen Badruddeen, Juber Akhtar, Mohammad Ahmed
Background: For safe and efficacious use of natural products, quality control of the crude drug is of paramount importance. Due to lack of scientific investigations pertaining to quality control phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, the present study was undertaken. Objective: The aim of the study is to establish various pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters, including both macro and microscopic studies, along with HPTLC and FTIR fingerprinting analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid content of stem bark of Phyllanthus acidus, followed by exploring its anti-oxidant potential. Method: The determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was done by various colorimetric assays. DPPH assay was used to establish antioxidant activity. Physiochemical analysis was carried out and presence of various functional groups was determined using various techniques like HPTLC, FTIR analysis and colorimetric assays. Result: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents like phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoid, tannins and terpenoids. in various solvent systems. Total phenolic was established as 189.74±0.52mg GAE/g and flavonoid content was found to be38.92±0.47 mg QE/g. Concentration of heavy metal was within acceptable limits. The stem bark showed comparable antioxidant activity in methanolic and aqueous extract showed IC50 values of 26.92 and 26.52 respectively compared to ascorbic acid having IC50 value of 31.82. HPTLC fingerprinting envisaged the presence of several phytoconstituents in Phyllanthus acidus. The FTIR analysis established the presence of phenolic functional groups. Conclusion: The referential information provided by this study will be useful to determine and manage adulterations in raw material. The study also provides insight into antioxidant property of this plant validating its ethno pharmacological use as a natural antioxidant.
{"title":"In Vitro Antioxidant Activity, Pharmacognostical Evaluation, HPTLC and FTIR Fingerprinting of Phyllanthus Acidus L. Stem Bark Extract for Better Application in Phytotherapy","authors":"Zeba Siddiqui, Mohammad Irfan Khan, Badruddeen Badruddeen, Juber Akhtar, Mohammad Ahmed","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2716","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For safe and efficacious use of natural products, quality control of the crude drug is of paramount importance. Due to lack of scientific investigations pertaining to quality control phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, the present study was undertaken. Objective: The aim of the study is to establish various pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters, including both macro and microscopic studies, along with HPTLC and FTIR fingerprinting analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid content of stem bark of Phyllanthus acidus, followed by exploring its anti-oxidant potential. Method: The determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content was done by various colorimetric assays. DPPH assay was used to establish antioxidant activity. Physiochemical analysis was carried out and presence of various functional groups was determined using various techniques like HPTLC, FTIR analysis and colorimetric assays. Result: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents like phenols, carbohydrates, flavonoid, tannins and terpenoids. in various solvent systems. Total phenolic was established as 189.74±0.52mg GAE/g and flavonoid content was found to be38.92±0.47 mg QE/g. Concentration of heavy metal was within acceptable limits. The stem bark showed comparable antioxidant activity in methanolic and aqueous extract showed IC50 values of 26.92 and 26.52 respectively compared to ascorbic acid having IC50 value of 31.82. HPTLC fingerprinting envisaged the presence of several phytoconstituents in Phyllanthus acidus. The FTIR analysis established the presence of phenolic functional groups. Conclusion: The referential information provided by this study will be useful to determine and manage adulterations in raw material. The study also provides insight into antioxidant property of this plant validating its ethno pharmacological use as a natural antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135031936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sri Rahayu Santi, I Made Sukadana, I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa, Novi Tamauli Herawati Simalango
This study aimed to screen the antibacterial compounds of S. aureus and E. coli on the stem bark of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb. Extraction of active antibacterial compounds by maceration and partitioning, antibacterial tests were carried out by diffusion method, separation of compounds by column chromatography method, and identification of active fractions using LSMS/MS. The results of maceration of 350 g of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb stem bark produced 22.97 g of methanol viscous extract which was able to strongly inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria (14.75mm) and medium inhibit (8.50 mm) towards E. coli. The partition results of the methanol concentrated extract respectively with n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water yielded 0.01; 0.01; 2.75, and 0.07 g extracts. Based on extract weight only n-butanol extract allows further separation. The result of antibacterial activity has shown a strong inhibition zone toward S. aureus and E. coli (16.50 mm) and with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5%. The result of separation n-butanol extract by gradient column chromatography (silica gel 60; methanol: chloroform (5:5; 6:4; 7:3; 8:4; 9:1; and 10:0)) yielded 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC, and FD) with FC the most active antibacterial toward S. aureus and E. coli with an inhibition zone 7.25 mm and 6.25 mm respectively at 5%. The results of LCMS/MS show 5 identified compounds known are maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, L-proline, and 2,3-diamino propionic acid, as well as one unidentified compound with a molecular weight of 95.8066 g/mol. Maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, and L-proline are compounds potents to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.
{"title":"Antibacterial Compounds Towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the Stem Bark of Inocarpus Fagigerus FoSB","authors":"Sri Rahayu Santi, I Made Sukadana, I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa, Novi Tamauli Herawati Simalango","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2743","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to screen the antibacterial compounds of S. aureus and E. coli on the stem bark of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb. Extraction of active antibacterial compounds by maceration and partitioning, antibacterial tests were carried out by diffusion method, separation of compounds by column chromatography method, and identification of active fractions using LSMS/MS. The results of maceration of 350 g of Inocarpus fagiferus Fosb stem bark produced 22.97 g of methanol viscous extract which was able to strongly inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria (14.75mm) and medium inhibit (8.50 mm) towards E. coli. The partition results of the methanol concentrated extract respectively with n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water yielded 0.01; 0.01; 2.75, and 0.07 g extracts. Based on extract weight only n-butanol extract allows further separation. The result of antibacterial activity has shown a strong inhibition zone toward S. aureus and E. coli (16.50 mm) and with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5%. The result of separation n-butanol extract by gradient column chromatography (silica gel 60; methanol: chloroform (5:5; 6:4; 7:3; 8:4; 9:1; and 10:0)) yielded 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC, and FD) with FC the most active antibacterial toward S. aureus and E. coli with an inhibition zone 7.25 mm and 6.25 mm respectively at 5%. The results of LCMS/MS show 5 identified compounds known are maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, L-proline, and 2,3-diamino propionic acid, as well as one unidentified compound with a molecular weight of 95.8066 g/mol. Maltol, nicotinamide, bioachanin A, and L-proline are compounds potents to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Amin Mir, Kim Andrews, Syed M Hasnain, Nidal Abu-Libdeh, Abid Iqbal, Shama Sehar, Adnan Younis
The cat food samples viz Canned Food, Pouched Food, Raw Food, Lightly Cooked Food, Dry Food were analysed for the presence of essential and non-essential metal ions in addition to fungal infection determination. All the food samples were found to have adequate amount of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and folic acid. The concentration of essential elements in all the analysed samples are within the intake range of cats for their normal growth and development. Although the presence of heavy metals makes some concern about the quality of the food samples, but all these heavy metals are below the toxic level. All the food samples showed the presence of microbial fungi to some extent, but the release of micro-toxin from these fungal species are below the level of their profound health related issues among the cats. Among all the samples analysed the best food samples with very good health quality seems the dry food, followed by pouched food.
{"title":"Determination of Metals, Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cat Meal Samples used in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Amin Mir, Kim Andrews, Syed M Hasnain, Nidal Abu-Libdeh, Abid Iqbal, Shama Sehar, Adnan Younis","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2754","url":null,"abstract":"The cat food samples viz Canned Food, Pouched Food, Raw Food, Lightly Cooked Food, Dry Food were analysed for the presence of essential and non-essential metal ions in addition to fungal infection determination. All the food samples were found to have adequate amount of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and folic acid. The concentration of essential elements in all the analysed samples are within the intake range of cats for their normal growth and development. Although the presence of heavy metals makes some concern about the quality of the food samples, but all these heavy metals are below the toxic level. All the food samples showed the presence of microbial fungi to some extent, but the release of micro-toxin from these fungal species are below the level of their profound health related issues among the cats. Among all the samples analysed the best food samples with very good health quality seems the dry food, followed by pouched food.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Manoharan, Shreya Srinivasan, Vignesh NR, Aswin Senthilvel
The most frequently prescribed antibiotic class in dermatology is the tetracycline family, which has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has been accepted for the therapeutic use of various conditions in dermatology like Acne, Rosacea, Syphilis, Immuno-bullous dermatoses, Pyoderma gangrenosum and Hidradenitis Suppurativa to name a few. However, the use and efficacy of newly discovered tetracyclines like Sarecycline, Omadacycline and Tigecycline are still yet to be documented and researched. In this study, a short summary of the utilization of various tetracycline are being documented for their use in dermatology.
{"title":"Tetracyclines: The Old, the New and the Improved - A Short Review","authors":"D. Manoharan, Shreya Srinivasan, Vignesh NR, Aswin Senthilvel","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2722","url":null,"abstract":"The most frequently prescribed antibiotic class in dermatology is the tetracycline family, which has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has been accepted for the therapeutic use of various conditions in dermatology like Acne, Rosacea, Syphilis, Immuno-bullous dermatoses, Pyoderma gangrenosum and Hidradenitis Suppurativa to name a few. However, the use and efficacy of newly discovered tetracyclines like Sarecycline, Omadacycline and Tigecycline are still yet to be documented and researched. In this study, a short summary of the utilization of various tetracycline are being documented for their use in dermatology.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135032370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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