S. Semenenko, Igor Semenenko, B. Burlaka, I. Samura, N. Bukhtiyarova, V. Ryzhenko, O. Khromylova
Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) modeling in rats led to a significant, by 3 times, decrease in the total activity of animals, a decrease in the distance traveled by 2 times, a significant increase in inactivity when moving from the dark field to the illuminated part by 2 times, indicating a decrease in locomotor and search activity. SAH did not affect the number of unsupported rearing, but led to an increase in supported rearing against the wall, and a decrease in the number of short grooming acts against the background of an unchanged amount of long grooming. This behavior also testified to increased anxiety, excitability, irritability of animals, discomfort, and depression. The intranasal introduction of Ademol-gel at a dose of 2 mg/kg (a developed original intranasal form) to animals with SAH contributed to the positive emotional status and behavior of rats in the open field test, as evidenced by a decrease in anxiety, aggressiveness, and depressive behavior against the background of increased comfort and empathy in animals. Against the background of the intranasal introduction of Ademol-gel, the processes of restoring general motor and exploratory activity in animals after SAH were also accelerated. Nimodipine (30 μg/kg) was inferior to Ademol in terms of the degree of influence on the studied parameters of animal behavior. The results are an experimental justification for further study of a new dosage form – Ademol intranasal gel.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Cerebroprotective Properties of Ademol-gel in the Analysis of Specific Indicators in the Open Field Test","authors":"S. Semenenko, Igor Semenenko, B. Burlaka, I. Samura, N. Bukhtiyarova, V. Ryzhenko, O. Khromylova","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2702","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) modeling in rats led to a significant, by 3 times, decrease in the total activity of animals, a decrease in the distance traveled by 2 times, a significant increase in inactivity when moving from the dark field to the illuminated part by 2 times, indicating a decrease in locomotor and search activity. SAH did not affect the number of unsupported rearing, but led to an increase in supported rearing against the wall, and a decrease in the number of short grooming acts against the background of an unchanged amount of long grooming. This behavior also testified to increased anxiety, excitability, irritability of animals, discomfort, and depression. The intranasal introduction of Ademol-gel at a dose of 2 mg/kg (a developed original intranasal form) to animals with SAH contributed to the positive emotional status and behavior of rats in the open field test, as evidenced by a decrease in anxiety, aggressiveness, and depressive behavior against the background of increased comfort and empathy in animals. Against the background of the intranasal introduction of Ademol-gel, the processes of restoring general motor and exploratory activity in animals after SAH were also accelerated. Nimodipine (30 μg/kg) was inferior to Ademol in terms of the degree of influence on the studied parameters of animal behavior. The results are an experimental justification for further study of a new dosage form – Ademol intranasal gel.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89313965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Shivakumar, A. Tegginamani, N. Zain, Avita Rath, A. Zamzuri
Introduction: Dental caries is a frequent chronic infectious condition in the general population. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus play a significant part in the cause of dental caries. Various antimicrobials have been tried to prevent these microorganisms. Traditional herbal medicine extracted from plants has been employed as a remedy. Among them, tea leaf extract showed promising antimicrobial properties against infections. Aims: The current study was designed to assess the antibacterial activity of various types of tea extract against cariogenic microorganisms. Methods: S. mutans and L. acidophilus were grown in this in-vitro experimental study and maintained in their respective agars. Three different concentrations of 250 mg/ml aqueous, 250 mg/ml ethanolic, and 250 mg/ml aqueous with sugar solutions were prepared from Japanese green tea, Oolong Chinese tea, and Sabah black tea. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of tea extracts. As positive and negative control groups, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% DMSO were employed. The zone of inhibition was determined in millimetres following a 24-hour incubation period at 37 °C. Results: Japanese green tea at its three different concentrations exhibited significantly higher mean zones of inhibition of 18.33 mm, 27.70 mm, and 18.96 mm, respectively, against S. mutans at p<0.001 compared to L. acidophilus. In contrast, chlorhexidine showed 27.53 mm and 19.39 mm for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. Conclusion: Japanese green tea demonstrated superior antibacterial activity at its ethanolic concentration compared to other concentrations and the other two types of tea.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Efficiency of Different forms of Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) against Cariogenic Pathogens","authors":"V. Shivakumar, A. Tegginamani, N. Zain, Avita Rath, A. Zamzuri","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2678","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dental caries is a frequent chronic infectious condition in the general population. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus play a significant part in the cause of dental caries. Various antimicrobials have been tried to prevent these microorganisms. Traditional herbal medicine extracted from plants has been employed as a remedy. Among them, tea leaf extract showed promising antimicrobial properties against infections. Aims: The current study was designed to assess the antibacterial activity of various types of tea extract against cariogenic microorganisms. Methods: S. mutans and L. acidophilus were grown in this in-vitro experimental study and maintained in their respective agars. Three different concentrations of 250 mg/ml aqueous, 250 mg/ml ethanolic, and 250 mg/ml aqueous with sugar solutions were prepared from Japanese green tea, Oolong Chinese tea, and Sabah black tea. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of tea extracts. As positive and negative control groups, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% DMSO were employed. The zone of inhibition was determined in millimetres following a 24-hour incubation period at 37 °C. Results: Japanese green tea at its three different concentrations exhibited significantly higher mean zones of inhibition of 18.33 mm, 27.70 mm, and 18.96 mm, respectively, against S. mutans at p<0.001 compared to L. acidophilus. In contrast, chlorhexidine showed 27.53 mm and 19.39 mm for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. Conclusion: Japanese green tea demonstrated superior antibacterial activity at its ethanolic concentration compared to other concentrations and the other two types of tea.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87178685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Oxidative stress is a major cause of many disorders. However, the benefits of antioxidant-rich diet on the situation of oxidative stress and overall health remains under continuous investigations. Saudi Dietary Guidelines (The Healthy Food Palm) recommend the highest servings of fruits and vegetables for the middle-aged Saudi men (19-50 Years). We investigated the association between antioxidant-rich diet and levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, 8-OH-dG, lipid profile and HbA1c in Saudi men. Method: One hundred and fourteen healthy Saudi men were enrolled. The study group was categorized into Normal diet and Antioxidant-rich diet groups. Oxidized LDL, 8-OH dG, Lipid profile, and HbA1c were measured, and statistical methods were used for correlations and comparison between the two groups. Results: Decreased levels of 8-OH-dG was observed in the antioxidant rich diet group compared to the other group; p= 0.001. Similarly, the levels of Ox-LDL were lower in the antioxidant rich diet group compared to normal group; p=0.004. Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, and LDL were found to be significantly elevated in normal group compared to antioxidant rich diet group; p>0.001. HbA1c was higher in the normal group; p>0.001. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study suggests that antioxidant rich diet may have a positive impact on decreasing oxidized low-density lipoproteins and 8-OH-dG. Additionally, using an antioxidant rich diet may enhance the lipid profile and decrease HbA1c. Larger studies to validate these findings and explore the benefits of healthy diet are recommended.
{"title":"Impact of Antioxidant-rich Diet on Decreasing Oxidized Low-density Lipoproteins, 8-hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine and HbA1c in Saudi Men","authors":"A. Babakr, M. Althubiti","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2655","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Oxidative stress is a major cause of many disorders. However, the benefits of antioxidant-rich diet on the situation of oxidative stress and overall health remains under continuous investigations. Saudi Dietary Guidelines (The Healthy Food Palm) recommend the highest servings of fruits and vegetables for the middle-aged Saudi men (19-50 Years). We investigated the association between antioxidant-rich diet and levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, 8-OH-dG, lipid profile and HbA1c in Saudi men. Method: One hundred and fourteen healthy Saudi men were enrolled. The study group was categorized into Normal diet and Antioxidant-rich diet groups. Oxidized LDL, 8-OH dG, Lipid profile, and HbA1c were measured, and statistical methods were used for correlations and comparison between the two groups. Results: Decreased levels of 8-OH-dG was observed in the antioxidant rich diet group compared to the other group; p= 0.001. Similarly, the levels of Ox-LDL were lower in the antioxidant rich diet group compared to normal group; p=0.004. Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, and LDL were found to be significantly elevated in normal group compared to antioxidant rich diet group; p>0.001. HbA1c was higher in the normal group; p>0.001. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study suggests that antioxidant rich diet may have a positive impact on decreasing oxidized low-density lipoproteins and 8-OH-dG. Additionally, using an antioxidant rich diet may enhance the lipid profile and decrease HbA1c. Larger studies to validate these findings and explore the benefits of healthy diet are recommended.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80827724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene and, thus, plays an important role in cell cycle, cell senescence, DNA repair, and cell death. Since testicular tissues go through a continuous and complex process of spermatogenesis, p53 is likely to play a significant role in the regulation of germ cell proliferation and spermiogenesis. In the present study, the specific localization of p53 in testicular tissues was determined by comparing it with BPA induced toxicity. Four groups containing 10 albino rats each were designated as Group I: Control, Group II: 10 mg/kg BPA, Group III: 50 mg/kg BPA, and Group IV: 100 mg/kg BPA. Daily administration of BPA was carried out through oral gavage for 6 weeks by dissolving the assigned weight of BPA in olive oil. Testicular tissues were investigated for expression of p53 by immunohistochemistry, and testicular sperms were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that p53 was exclusively expressed in the spermatogonia of animals exposed to 10 mg/kg BPA. The highest expression of p53 was present in animals exposed to 50 mg/kg BPA; besides spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids also indicated positive expression. However, relatively lower expression was evident in animals exposed to 100 mg/kg BPA, as most cellular architecture was already distorted significantly, and germ cells appeared to have fallen into the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The ultrastructure of testicular sperm indicated specific damage to the perforatorium, plasma membrane, and connecting pieces around the neck, and tail. Damages occurring in the head cap segment of the perforatorium indicated an alteration during spermiogenesis. In conclusion, it is highly likely that a BPA induced alteration in the expression of p53 may have affected spermiogenesis through spermatogenesis.
{"title":"Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Evaluation of Spermatogenic Alteration by P53 under the Influence of Bisphenol-A","authors":"Seema Srivastava, Raksha Sharma, Manish Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2657","url":null,"abstract":"The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene and, thus, plays an important role in cell cycle, cell senescence, DNA repair, and cell death. Since testicular tissues go through a continuous and complex process of spermatogenesis, p53 is likely to play a significant role in the regulation of germ cell proliferation and spermiogenesis. In the present study, the specific localization of p53 in testicular tissues was determined by comparing it with BPA induced toxicity. Four groups containing 10 albino rats each were designated as Group I: Control, Group II: 10 mg/kg BPA, Group III: 50 mg/kg BPA, and Group IV: 100 mg/kg BPA. Daily administration of BPA was carried out through oral gavage for 6 weeks by dissolving the assigned weight of BPA in olive oil. Testicular tissues were investigated for expression of p53 by immunohistochemistry, and testicular sperms were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that p53 was exclusively expressed in the spermatogonia of animals exposed to 10 mg/kg BPA. The highest expression of p53 was present in animals exposed to 50 mg/kg BPA; besides spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids also indicated positive expression. However, relatively lower expression was evident in animals exposed to 100 mg/kg BPA, as most cellular architecture was already distorted significantly, and germ cells appeared to have fallen into the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The ultrastructure of testicular sperm indicated specific damage to the perforatorium, plasma membrane, and connecting pieces around the neck, and tail. Damages occurring in the head cap segment of the perforatorium indicated an alteration during spermiogenesis. In conclusion, it is highly likely that a BPA induced alteration in the expression of p53 may have affected spermiogenesis through spermatogenesis.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85785156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rawnaq A. Aladhab, Abdulkareem H. Abd, Haider A. Alidrisi, M. Alabbood
Objectives: This study aims to detect the association of the OCT1 genetic polymorphism with the efficacy and gastrointestinal side effects of metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and drug naïve patients in Basrah/Southern Iraq. Methods: This was a prospective cohort population-based study of (102) newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics from February 2022 to December 2022. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, drug naïve patients with an HbA1c range of (6.5-9.9) were included in the study. All the participants received immediate-release metformin. Metformin responders were patients whose HbA1c levels decreased by ≥1% after three months of treatment. Patients were genotyped for one of the most common SNPs in the OCT1 gene (SLC22A1): M420del (rs72552763) of axon 7, using ARMS- PCR genotyping assays. Results: Gastrointestinal side effects were observed in 15% of the patients. Out of the total of 102 participants, 69 were responders and 33 were non-responders. The homozygous genotype (AA) “reference type” of the SLC22A1 (rs72552763) gene polymorphism was significantly found in the responders' group; p-value = 0.0001. The homozygous genotypes (deletion/deletion) of the SLC22A1 (rs72552763) gene were more common among the non-responders' group; p-value = 0.0001. About 87% of those with gastrointestinal side effects carried the AA genotype. All the patients without gastrointestinal side effects carried the homozygous del/del genotype; P-value 0.005. Conclusions There was a significant association between the rs72552763 gene polymorphism and metformin efficacy and GI side effects.
{"title":"Genetic Polymorphism in the Organic Cation Transporters 1 (OCT1) Gene and its Effect on Therapeutic Efficacy and Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Basrah/ Southern Iraq.","authors":"Rawnaq A. Aladhab, Abdulkareem H. Abd, Haider A. Alidrisi, M. Alabbood","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2699","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aims to detect the association of the OCT1 genetic polymorphism with the efficacy and gastrointestinal side effects of metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and drug naïve patients in Basrah/Southern Iraq. Methods: This was a prospective cohort population-based study of (102) newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics from February 2022 to December 2022. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, drug naïve patients with an HbA1c range of (6.5-9.9) were included in the study. All the participants received immediate-release metformin. Metformin responders were patients whose HbA1c levels decreased by ≥1% after three months of treatment. Patients were genotyped for one of the most common SNPs in the OCT1 gene (SLC22A1): M420del (rs72552763) of axon 7, using ARMS- PCR genotyping assays. Results: Gastrointestinal side effects were observed in 15% of the patients. Out of the total of 102 participants, 69 were responders and 33 were non-responders. The homozygous genotype (AA) “reference type” of the SLC22A1 (rs72552763) gene polymorphism was significantly found in the responders' group; p-value = 0.0001. The homozygous genotypes (deletion/deletion) of the SLC22A1 (rs72552763) gene were more common among the non-responders' group; p-value = 0.0001. About 87% of those with gastrointestinal side effects carried the AA genotype. All the patients without gastrointestinal side effects carried the homozygous del/del genotype; P-value 0.005. Conclusions There was a significant association between the rs72552763 gene polymorphism and metformin efficacy and GI side effects.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89278322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asma Mohammed Salim ALshuili, S. Al-Sinawi, R. Al-Ajmi, A. Shalaby, M. Mabruk
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered a major global health problem. The main objectives of the current study is to determine the patterns of expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV core antigen (HBcAg) in liver tissue samples obtained from hepatitis B virus-infected Omani patients and to associate between the pattern of the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg with the other clinical parameters and anti-viral therapy. Methods : The expression patterns of HBsAg and HBV core antigen HBcAg were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in 58 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue biopsies obtained from chronic hepatitis B Omani patients. The association between positivity for HBV antigens with gender, age group, histological appearances, and antiviral therapy was determined. Results: IHC-positive staining of HBsAg was demonstrated in 28 patients (48.3%) patients, of whom 4 (6.9%) also showed HBcAg expression. The expression pattern of HBsAg was predominantly cytoplasmic and was seen in 25 (89.3%) of patients, whereas expression of HBcAg was nuclear in 3 (75%) of patients. HBsAg and HBcAg IHC positivity were more common among males than females and among those aged 39–58 years (P = 0.130 and 0.569, respectively). The presence of lymphocytic infiltration in the majority of liver biopsies examined in the present study indicates that the liver damage could be attributed to immunologically mediated events, especially because HBV is a non-cytopathogenic virus. No significant statistical association was found between positivity for HBsAg/HBcAg by IHC and antiviral treatment. Conclusions: Determination of the expression patterns of HBV antigens in liver biopsies obtained from chronic hepatitis B Omani patients and the association between these expression patterns with other clinical histopathological parameters and anti-viral therapy, will contribute greatly to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV in this unique cohort group of infected individuals.
{"title":"Association between the Expression Patterns of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Hepatitis B Core Antigen with Clinicopathological Parameters and Antiviral Therapy in Liver Biopsies Obtained from Chronically Infected Hepatitis B Positive Omani Patients","authors":"Asma Mohammed Salim ALshuili, S. Al-Sinawi, R. Al-Ajmi, A. Shalaby, M. Mabruk","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2683","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is considered a major global health problem. The main objectives of the current study is to determine the patterns of expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV core antigen (HBcAg) in liver tissue samples obtained from hepatitis B virus-infected Omani patients and to associate between the pattern of the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg with the other clinical parameters and anti-viral therapy. Methods : The expression patterns of HBsAg and HBV core antigen HBcAg were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in 58 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue biopsies obtained from chronic hepatitis B Omani patients. The association between positivity for HBV antigens with gender, age group, histological appearances, and antiviral therapy was determined. Results: IHC-positive staining of HBsAg was demonstrated in 28 patients (48.3%) patients, of whom 4 (6.9%) also showed HBcAg expression. The expression pattern of HBsAg was predominantly cytoplasmic and was seen in 25 (89.3%) of patients, whereas expression of HBcAg was nuclear in 3 (75%) of patients. HBsAg and HBcAg IHC positivity were more common among males than females and among those aged 39–58 years (P = 0.130 and 0.569, respectively). The presence of lymphocytic infiltration in the majority of liver biopsies examined in the present study indicates that the liver damage could be attributed to immunologically mediated events, especially because HBV is a non-cytopathogenic virus. No significant statistical association was found between positivity for HBsAg/HBcAg by IHC and antiviral treatment. Conclusions: Determination of the expression patterns of HBV antigens in liver biopsies obtained from chronic hepatitis B Omani patients and the association between these expression patterns with other clinical histopathological parameters and anti-viral therapy, will contribute greatly to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV in this unique cohort group of infected individuals.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83931490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) are natural medicinal plants for wound healing. WHO (World Health Organization) recommends and concern about the safety of plant medicines. Due to limited toxicity study of Chromolaena odorata, this study aimed to determine the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of C. odorata in terms of LD50 and its effect on liver and kidney function of male white rats. The observed toxicity parameters were LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days, including toxic symptoms, body weight, AST, ALT and creatinine test, liver and kidney histopathology. The study used 24 white male rats divided into 4 groups, namely the control group NaCMC 0.5%, the treatment group of C. odorata leaf ethanol extract 5 g/kg bw, 10 g/kg bw and 15g/kg bw with a single dose. The results showed that no white rats died during the 14 days of observation. Toxic symptoms that appear only white rats lack of appetite. Other parameter was body weight between days 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 for each treatment group was significantly different and tended to decrease. The AST, ALT and creatinine values ??were not significantly different for all treatments. Histopathology of the liver and kidneys showed no abnormalities. Based on these results, the LD50 of kirinyuh leaf extract was 15 g/kg bw and delayed toxic effects in the form of lack of appetite which caused weight loss in all treatment groups.
{"title":"Toxicity Effects of Kirinyuh Leaf Ethanol Extract (Chromolaena Odorata L.) on White Rats (Rattus Novergicus)","authors":"Regina Tedjasulaksana, Ni Ketut Ratmini","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2675","url":null,"abstract":"Kirinyuh leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) are natural medicinal plants for wound healing. WHO (World Health Organization) recommends and concern about the safety of plant medicines. Due to limited toxicity study of Chromolaena odorata, this study aimed to determine the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of C. odorata in terms of LD50 and its effect on liver and kidney function of male white rats. The observed toxicity parameters were LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days, including toxic symptoms, body weight, AST, ALT and creatinine test, liver and kidney histopathology. The study used 24 white male rats divided into 4 groups, namely the control group NaCMC 0.5%, the treatment group of C. odorata leaf ethanol extract 5 g/kg bw, 10 g/kg bw and 15g/kg bw with a single dose. The results showed that no white rats died during the 14 days of observation. Toxic symptoms that appear only white rats lack of appetite. Other parameter was body weight between days 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 for each treatment group was significantly different and tended to decrease. The AST, ALT and creatinine values ??were not significantly different for all treatments. Histopathology of the liver and kidneys showed no abnormalities. Based on these results, the LD50 of kirinyuh leaf extract was 15 g/kg bw and delayed toxic effects in the form of lack of appetite which caused weight loss in all treatment groups.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77614804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses the molecular basis of learning and memory, specifically the Hebbian theory, which suggests that coincident activation of pre- and postsynaptic neurons leads to modifications in synaptic efficacy, creating associative links between the neurons. Memories are stored as alterations of these synaptic changes. The chapter will also discuss three basic assumptions regarding the neurochemical basis of learning and memory, including the requirement for protein synthesis for long-term memory formation, and the storage of memory in synaptic connections. The passage also discusses long-term potentiation (LTP) as the most frequently studied cellular basis of learning and memory in vertebrates, including its properties such as state-dependence, input specificity, and associativity. LTP is considered an analog of memory since it is a long-lasting alteration in neuronal function that results from a brief period of stimulus.
{"title":"Molecular Learning and Memory of Brain Aging","authors":"H. F. Poon, Jun Yuan, Wayne Xu, Alan F Wu, H. Yu","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2651","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the molecular basis of learning and memory, specifically the Hebbian theory, which suggests that coincident activation of pre- and postsynaptic neurons leads to modifications in synaptic efficacy, creating associative links between the neurons. Memories are stored as alterations of these synaptic changes. The chapter will also discuss three basic assumptions regarding the neurochemical basis of learning and memory, including the requirement for protein synthesis for long-term memory formation, and the storage of memory in synaptic connections. The passage also discusses long-term potentiation (LTP) as the most frequently studied cellular basis of learning and memory in vertebrates, including its properties such as state-dependence, input specificity, and associativity. LTP is considered an analog of memory since it is a long-lasting alteration in neuronal function that results from a brief period of stimulus.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74801824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imidazole heterocycles possess a very special place in biological chemistry making their derivatives receive considerable attention among researchers. Several natural products including nucleic acids, histamine, and histidine consist of the imidazole nucleus. It is an ionizable compound that renders good pharmacokinetic properties to the compounds contained in it. The nucleus presents some interesting pharmacological properties like antibacterial, antitubercular, anticancer, larvicidal, and antifungal. The present paper attempts to review the significant pharmacological actions of imidazole derivatives over the past few years. The paper summarizes the preparation methods like condensation method, microwave-assisted method, ultrasonic method and heating process employed for synthesis of imadazoles. The paper summarizes the current improvements of imidazole-based mixtures in the entire range of restorative science. The significant analysis of the published research infers that optimization of the microwave method for synthesis of the imidazole nucleus could be an effective method in the preparation of the motif.
{"title":"Imidazole Scaffold: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Therapeutic Action","authors":"P. Tripathi, Arti Malviya","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2696","url":null,"abstract":"Imidazole heterocycles possess a very special place in biological chemistry making their derivatives receive considerable attention among researchers. Several natural products including nucleic acids, histamine, and histidine consist of the imidazole nucleus. It is an ionizable compound that renders good pharmacokinetic properties to the compounds contained in it. The nucleus presents some interesting pharmacological properties like antibacterial, antitubercular, anticancer, larvicidal, and antifungal. The present paper attempts to review the significant pharmacological actions of imidazole derivatives over the past few years. The paper summarizes the preparation methods like condensation method, microwave-assisted method, ultrasonic method and heating process employed for synthesis of imadazoles. The paper summarizes the current improvements of imidazole-based mixtures in the entire range of restorative science. The significant analysis of the published research infers that optimization of the microwave method for synthesis of the imidazole nucleus could be an effective method in the preparation of the motif.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88624986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firew Elias, S. Muddada, Diriba Muleta, Belachew Tefera
Many bioactive secondary metabolites with intriguing antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties have been produced by Streptomyces species. The objective of this work is to use conventional and statistical techniques to improve the antibiotic production medium of Streptomyces monomycini RVE129, which was isolated from rhizospheric soil in Hawassa, Ethiopia. The main media components were chosen using the one factor at a time method and the Plackett-Burman design, which was then, further, optimized using the Box-Behnken Design for increased antibiotic production. On ISP4 medium (10 g/L starch, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 2 g/L (NH4) 2SO4, 2 g/L CaCO3and 1 g/L K2HPO4, 0.1 g/L FeSO4·7H2O, 0.1 g/L MnCl2·4H2O, 0.1 g/L ZnSO4·7H2O), S. monomycini RVE129 produced the greatest amount of antibiotics. Starch and soybean meal were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen for the strainRVE129. During the eighth day of incubation under shaking conditions, the best conditions for antibiotic synthesis were determined at a temperature of 30°C and a pH of 7.5. Plackett-Burman design identified K2HPO4, starch, and soybean meal as having the highest influence on antibiotic synthesis with a confidence level above 95%. The yield of producing antibiotics increased by 24.30% when the concentration of critical variables was further improved by using the Box-Behnken Design of the Response Surface approach. The optimum concentration was 20 g/L starch, 7.5 g/L s oybean meal, and 1.25 g/L K2HPO4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation into medium optimization for the production of the antibiotic from S. monomycini RVE129.
{"title":"Improved Antibiotic Activity from Streptomyces monomycini strain RVE129 Using Classical and Statistical Design of Experiments","authors":"Firew Elias, S. Muddada, Diriba Muleta, Belachew Tefera","doi":"10.13005/bpj/2679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2679","url":null,"abstract":"Many bioactive secondary metabolites with intriguing antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties have been produced by Streptomyces species. The objective of this work is to use conventional and statistical techniques to improve the antibiotic production medium of Streptomyces monomycini RVE129, which was isolated from rhizospheric soil in Hawassa, Ethiopia. The main media components were chosen using the one factor at a time method and the Plackett-Burman design, which was then, further, optimized using the Box-Behnken Design for increased antibiotic production. On ISP4 medium (10 g/L starch, 1 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 2 g/L (NH4) 2SO4, 2 g/L CaCO3and 1 g/L K2HPO4, 0.1 g/L FeSO4·7H2O, 0.1 g/L MnCl2·4H2O, 0.1 g/L ZnSO4·7H2O), S. monomycini RVE129 produced the greatest amount of antibiotics. Starch and soybean meal were found to be the best sources of carbon and nitrogen for the strainRVE129. During the eighth day of incubation under shaking conditions, the best conditions for antibiotic synthesis were determined at a temperature of 30°C and a pH of 7.5. Plackett-Burman design identified K2HPO4, starch, and soybean meal as having the highest influence on antibiotic synthesis with a confidence level above 95%. The yield of producing antibiotics increased by 24.30% when the concentration of critical variables was further improved by using the Box-Behnken Design of the Response Surface approach. The optimum concentration was 20 g/L starch, 7.5 g/L s oybean meal, and 1.25 g/L K2HPO4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation into medium optimization for the production of the antibiotic from S. monomycini RVE129.","PeriodicalId":9054,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87449891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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