Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.S7.001
J. Hill, C. Clement, L. Arceneaux, W. Lukiw
Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has the remarkable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for high ACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain’s visual circuitry in aged humans. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals. Here we provide evidence: (i) that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii) of the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii) that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv) of a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex. A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe may provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 affected patients.
{"title":"Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression in the Aged Brain and Visual System","authors":"J. Hill, C. Clement, L. Arceneaux, W. Lukiw","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.S7.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.S7.001","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple lines of evidence currently indicate that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gains entry into human host cells via a high-affinity interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane receptor. Research has further shown the widespread expression of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of many different immune, non-immune and neural host cell types, and that SARS-CoV-2 has the remarkable capability to attack many different types of human-host cells simultaneously. One principal neuroanatomical region for high ACE2 expression patterns occurs in the brainstem, an area of the brain containing regulatory centers for respiration, and this may in part explain the predisposition of many COVID-19 patients to respiratory distress. Early studies also indicated extensive ACE2 expression in the whole eye and the brain’s visual circuitry in aged humans. In this study we analyzed ACE2 receptor expression at the mRNA and protein level in multiple cell types involved in human vision, including cell types of the external eye and several deep brain regions known to be involved in the processing of visual signals. Here we provide evidence: (i) that many different optical and neural cell types of the human visual system provide receptors essential for SARS-CoV-2 invasion; (ii) of the remarkable ubiquity of ACE2 presence in cells of the eye and anatomical regions of the brain involved in visual signal processing; (iii) that ACE2 receptor expression in different ocular cell types and visual processing centers of the brain provide multiple compartments for SARS-CoV-2 infiltration; and (iv) of a gradient of increasing ACE2 expression from the anterior surface of the eye to the visual signal processing areas of the occipital lobe and the primary visual neocortex. A gradient of ACE2 expression from the eye surface to the occipital lobe may provide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a novel pathway from the outer eye into deeper anatomical regions of the brain involved in vision. These findings may explain, in part, the many recently reported neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 affected patients.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"Vol 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49494258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.245
Misa Nishimoto, Tomoki Tanaka, K. Iijima
Oral frailty causes nutritional imbalance, subsequently leading to malnutrition in older adults. Herein, we examined the relationship between oral frailty and meal satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults. Meal satisfaction was evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. Oral conditions were assessed based on the number of remaining teeth and oral frailty. Of the 940 subjects in the Kashiwa study, which was conducted in the Kashiwa city, Chiba prefecture, Japan, 71% responded that their meals were “tasty” and 96% responded “enjoyable”. Moreover, 23% responded that the amount of meal was “large,” and 63% responded “normal” - While the number of teeth was not significantly associated with meal satisfaction, there was a negative association between oral frailty and meal satisfaction. Our finding indicates that it is important to consider and manage oral functions, other than the number of remaining teeth, to maintain healthy eating habits in older adults.
{"title":"Is Oral Frailty Related To Meal Satisfaction","authors":"Misa Nishimoto, Tomoki Tanaka, K. Iijima","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.245","url":null,"abstract":"Oral frailty causes nutritional imbalance, subsequently leading to malnutrition in older adults. Herein, we examined the relationship between oral frailty and meal satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults. Meal satisfaction was evaluated using self-administered questionnaires. Oral conditions were assessed based on the number of remaining teeth and oral frailty. Of the 940 subjects in the Kashiwa study, which was conducted in the Kashiwa city, Chiba prefecture, Japan, 71% responded that their meals were “tasty” and 96% responded “enjoyable”. Moreover, 23% responded that the amount of meal was “large,” and 63% responded “normal” - While the number of teeth was not significantly associated with meal satisfaction, there was a negative association between oral frailty and meal satisfaction. Our finding indicates that it is important to consider and manage oral functions, other than the number of remaining teeth, to maintain healthy eating habits in older adults.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70004245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.251
R. Hertzog, D. Popescu, Octavian C lborean
In the context of the global elderly population increase, due to the rise of average life span, many researches try to explain the molecular bases of ageing and age-related diseases. In the headlines, there are the telomere-telomerase based studies, which support the idea that telomere length dynamics and telomerase activity level are involved in cellular senescence, immortalization and tumorigenesis. Here, no statistical difference is shown between hTERT content in the plasma of young and elderly groups, Nevertheless the higher level of telomerase increases with age in the older age group. A good balance between telomerase level and telomere shortening seems to be a useful machinery to maintain health and prolong lifespan. In this scientific concept, further progress has to be made in order to explain the origin of increasing life span and the lack of pathology during ageing.
{"title":"Telomerase Level: A Useful Tool to Predict Longevity","authors":"R. Hertzog, D. Popescu, Octavian C lborean","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.251","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the global elderly population increase, due to the rise of average life span, many researches try to explain the molecular bases of ageing and age-related diseases. In the headlines, there are the telomere-telomerase based studies, which support the idea that telomere length dynamics and telomerase activity level are involved in cellular senescence, immortalization and tumorigenesis. Here, no statistical difference is shown between hTERT content in the plasma of young and elderly groups, Nevertheless the higher level of telomerase increases with age in the older age group. A good balance between telomerase level and telomere shortening seems to be a useful machinery to maintain health and prolong lifespan. In this scientific concept, further progress has to be made in order to explain the origin of increasing life span and the lack of pathology during ageing.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70004846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.257
Hatta Takeshi, Hatta Taketoshi, Iwahara Akihiko, Honjo Hisashi, Hasegawa Yukiharu
Aim: To compare the cognitive and physical abilities between upper-middle aged participants who have experienced Urination Dysfunction (UD) during last 4 weeks and intact control participants. Methods: In total 694 upper-middle aged participants (age ranged from 40 to 89 years old) were given a questionnaire for UD, cognitive tests (Digit Cancellation Test: D-CAT, and Logical Memory Test: LMT) and physical ability tests (Timed-get-Up and Go test: TUG and postural tremor test), individually. Results: We compared cognitive and physical abilities test performances between UD and Intact control group participants. Conclusion: The performance in a cognitive test, D-CAT, assessing prefrontal cortex function, and performance in tests of physical abilities including agility (TUG), were inferior in UD participants compared to the control group. However, there were no group differences in tests of LMT, physical balance, or BMI. These results strongly suggest that brain function is a risk factor for UD and health promotion staff of local governments should prepare proper measures to delay the onset of UD.
{"title":"Relationships between Urination Dysfunction (UD) and Brain Functions of Middle and Upper-Middle Aged Community Dwellers: Evidence from the Yakumo Study.","authors":"Hatta Takeshi, Hatta Taketoshi, Iwahara Akihiko, Honjo Hisashi, Hasegawa Yukiharu","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.257","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To compare the cognitive and physical abilities between upper-middle aged participants who have experienced Urination Dysfunction (UD) during last 4 weeks and intact control participants. Methods: In total 694 upper-middle aged participants (age ranged from 40 to 89 years old) were given a questionnaire for UD, cognitive tests (Digit Cancellation Test: D-CAT, and Logical Memory Test: LMT) and physical ability tests (Timed-get-Up and Go test: TUG and postural tremor test), individually. Results: We compared cognitive and physical abilities test performances between UD and Intact control group participants. Conclusion: The performance in a cognitive test, D-CAT, assessing prefrontal cortex function, and performance in tests of physical abilities including agility (TUG), were inferior in UD participants compared to the control group. However, there were no group differences in tests of LMT, physical balance, or BMI. These results strongly suggest that brain function is a risk factor for UD and health promotion staff of local governments should prepare proper measures to delay the onset of UD.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70004978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.S5.001
F. Salis, M. Antonella, as
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) are widespread diseases, especially in elderly. The future possibility of having more effective treatments has to deal with the lack of early disorder detection, which would enable patients to benefit the most from them. Individual medical history, blood and cerebrospinal fluid tests, and neuroimaging, among other tools, support the diagnostic process; neurocognitive screening tests also have an irreplaceable role to play in NCD assessment. Ease of execution and low cost make these instruments to be so appreciate in clinical practice. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), used as first-level screening tools, will be at the centre of this mini review. In the present work we will highlight the contribution made by these tests in NCD assessment, emphasizing some interesting aspects recently emerged from the scientific literature.
{"title":"Cognitive Assessment with Neurocognitive Screening Tools","authors":"F. Salis, M. Antonella, as","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.S5.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.S5.001","url":null,"abstract":"Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) are widespread diseases, especially in elderly. The future possibility of having more effective treatments has to deal with the lack of early disorder detection, which would enable patients to benefit the most from them. Individual medical history, blood and cerebrospinal fluid tests, and neuroimaging, among other tools, support the diagnostic process; neurocognitive screening tests also have an irreplaceable role to play in NCD assessment. Ease of execution and low cost make these instruments to be so appreciate in clinical practice. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), used as first-level screening tools, will be at the centre of this mini review. In the present work we will highlight the contribution made by these tests in NCD assessment, emphasizing some interesting aspects recently emerged from the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70005510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.246
Kenji Kato, Y. Nishimura
{"title":"Neurotechnology for Bypassing Damaged Neural Pathways","authors":"Kenji Kato, Y. Nishimura","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.246","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70003844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.S6.001
Paw, eep kaur, N. Deol
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the selection of lower and upper body strength of male active older adults. Methods: Participants (N=90) of older adults from Punjab were selected to act as subjects for the study. The study was delimited to the older male active older adults recruited at age group 60-70, 70-80, and 80-90 years respectively. For data collection, the active group of the subjects was divided into three categories i.e. category I (60-70 Years; N=30), category II (70-80 Years; N=30), and category III (80-90 Years; N=30) respectively. The chair stand test was used to measure the lower body strength and the arm curl test was used to measure the upper body strength. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze the lower and upper body strength of male active older adults, after collecting data One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post Hoc test was employed. The level of significance to test the hypotheses was 0.05, (P<0.05). Results: Outcomes of the studies in both variables found that there was a statistically significant difference in both the variables with a p-value of the lower body strength .000 (P<0.05) and p-value of the upper body strength was .015 (P<0.05) of male active older adults. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study has revealed that changes in age-related decline of strength and the aging process always reduce physical activity. The lower and upper body strength changes with aging.
目的:探讨老年男性运动健全人上半身力量的选择。方法:选取旁遮普省90名老年人作为研究对象。研究对象为年龄分别为60-70岁、70-80岁和80-90岁的老年男性活跃老年人。为了收集数据，将活跃的受试者组分为三类，即第一类(60-70岁;N=30)，第二类(70-80岁;N=30)和第三类(80-90岁;N = 30)。下半身力量测量采用椅架试验，上半身力量测量采用旋臂试验。采用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)第23版对男性活动老年人的下肢和上肢力量进行分析，收集数据后采用单因素方差分析(One Way ANOVA)，采用最小显著差异(Least Significant Difference, LSD)事后检验。检验假设的显著性水平为0.05，(P<0.05)。结果:两个变量的研究结果发现，男性活动老年人下半身力量的P值为0.000 (P<0.05)，上半身力量的P值为0.015 (P<0.05)，两个变量的差异均有统计学意义。结论:总之，研究揭示了与年龄相关的体力下降和衰老过程的变化总是减少体力活动。下半身和上半身的力量随着年龄的增长而变化。
{"title":"Impact of Lower and Upper Body Strength between Different Three Age Levels in Male Active Older Adults","authors":"Paw, eep kaur, N. Deol","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.S6.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.S6.001","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study aimed to investigate the selection of lower and upper body strength of male active older adults. Methods: Participants (N=90) of older adults from Punjab were selected to act as subjects for the study. The study was delimited to the older male active older adults recruited at age group 60-70, 70-80, and 80-90 years respectively. For data collection, the active group of the subjects was divided into three categories i.e. category I (60-70 Years; N=30), category II (70-80 Years; N=30), and category III (80-90 Years; N=30) respectively. The chair stand test was used to measure the lower body strength and the arm curl test was used to measure the upper body strength. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze the lower and upper body strength of male active older adults, after collecting data One Way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post Hoc test was employed. The level of significance to test the hypotheses was 0.05, (P<0.05). Results: Outcomes of the studies in both variables found that there was a statistically significant difference in both the variables with a p-value of the lower body strength .000 (P<0.05) and p-value of the upper body strength was .015 (P<0.05) of male active older adults. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study has revealed that changes in age-related decline of strength and the aging process always reduce physical activity. The lower and upper body strength changes with aging.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70005259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.9.S4.005
O. Gabram, M. Klatt
Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) for Resilient Cancer Survivorship is a program designed to improve the quality of life of both survivors and caregivers. Reality, for both the survivor and caregiver, has been transformed by a cancer diagnosis and mindfulness can help in coping with this change.
{"title":"Mindfulness in Motion for the Resilient Cancer Survivor and their Caregiver: Creating Community in a Socially Distanced World","authors":"O. Gabram, M. Klatt","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.9.S4.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.9.S4.005","url":null,"abstract":"Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) for Resilient Cancer Survivorship is a program designed to improve the quality of life of both survivors and caregivers. Reality, for both the survivor and caregiver, has been transformed by a cancer diagnosis and mindfulness can help in coping with this change.","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70006122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microbiome contained within the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract constitutes a highly complex, dynamic and interactive internal prokaryotic ecosystem that possesses a staggering diversity, speciation and complexity. This repository of microbes comprises the largest interactive source and highest density of microbes anywhere in nature, collectively constituting the largest 'diffuse organ system' in the human body. Through the extracellular fluid (ECF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lymphatic and glymphatic circulation, endocrine, systemic and neurovascular circulation and/or central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS) microbiome-derived signaling strongly impacts the health, well-being and vitality of the human host. Recent data from the Human Microbiome Initiative (HMI) and the Unified Human Gastrointestinal Genome (UHGG) consortium have classified over ~200 thousand diverse, non-redundant prokaryotic genomes in the human GI-tract microbiome involving about ~5 thousand different GI-tract microbes that all together encode almost ~200 million different protein sequences. While the largest proportion of different microbiome-derived proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids provide essential microorganism-specific gene products necessary to support microbial structure, function and viability, many of these same components are also shed from the outer cell wall of different Gram-negative bacterial species into surrounding biofluids which eventually enter the systemic circulation. Several of these microbial-derived secreted molecular species represent some of the most pro-inflammatory and noxious neurotoxins known. These neurotoxins disrupt cell-cell adhesion and easily translocate across aged or damaged plasma membranes and into the systemic circulation, brain, and CNS and PNS compartments. For example, microbial lipoprotein glycoconjugates such as Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial amyloids and more recently small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) microbial-derived neurotoxins have been found by many independent research groups to reside within the brain cells and CNS tissues of aged patients affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This 'Commentary' will highlight the most recent findings on these microbial-derived secreted toxins, their neurotropic properties and the potential contribution of these neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory microbial exudates to age-related inflammatory neurodegeneration, with specific reference to the human GI-tract abundant Gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis and to AD wherever possible.
{"title":"Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome-Derived Pro-inflammatory Neurotoxins in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Yuhai Zhao, Vivian Jaber, Walter J Lukiw","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The microbiome contained within the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract constitutes a highly complex, dynamic and interactive internal prokaryotic ecosystem that possesses a staggering diversity, speciation and complexity. This repository of microbes comprises the largest interactive source and highest density of microbes anywhere in nature, collectively constituting the largest 'diffuse organ system' in the human body. Through the extracellular fluid (ECF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lymphatic and glymphatic circulation, endocrine, systemic and neurovascular circulation and/or central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS) microbiome-derived signaling strongly impacts the health, well-being and vitality of the human host. Recent data from the Human Microbiome Initiative (HMI) and the Unified Human Gastrointestinal Genome (UHGG) consortium have classified over <sup>~</sup>200 thousand diverse, non-redundant prokaryotic genomes in the human GI-tract microbiome involving about <sup>~</sup>5 thousand different GI-tract microbes that all together encode almost <sup>~</sup>200 million different protein sequences. While the largest proportion of different microbiome-derived proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids provide essential microorganism-specific gene products necessary to support microbial structure, function and viability, many of these same components are also shed from the outer cell wall of different Gram-negative bacterial species into surrounding biofluids which eventually enter the systemic circulation. Several of these microbial-derived secreted molecular species represent some of the most pro-inflammatory and noxious neurotoxins known. These neurotoxins disrupt cell-cell adhesion and easily translocate across aged or damaged plasma membranes and into the systemic circulation, brain, and CNS and PNS compartments. For example, microbial lipoprotein glycoconjugates such as Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial amyloids and more recently small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) microbial-derived neurotoxins have been found by many independent research groups to reside within the brain cells and CNS tissues of aged patients affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This 'Commentary' will highlight the most recent findings on these microbial-derived secreted toxins, their neurotropic properties and the potential contribution of these neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory microbial exudates to age-related inflammatory neurodegeneration, with specific reference to the human GI-tract abundant Gram-negative anaerobe <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> and to AD wherever possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"9 Suppl 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8525708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39537200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.244
K. Shimo, Takafumi Hattori, T. Matsubara
{"title":"Exercise Therapy as Part for Chronic Musculoskeletal pain in Elderly Individuals","authors":"K. Shimo, Takafumi Hattori, T. Matsubara","doi":"10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-8847.21.9.244","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of aging science","volume":"109 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70004015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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