H. Murata, A. Yamada, H. Ichida, N. Nakamura, H. Neda
Tricholoma matsutake and its related species are ectomycorrhizal Agaricomycetes that produce prized mushrooms collectively called “matsutake.” These mushrooms are mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. In this review, we describe both the pioneering work and recent advances in our understanding of the distribution and evolution of matsutake, with a special focus on genomic studies. DNA sequence analyses revealed that T. caligatum was the earliest species within this group, followed by T. fulvocastaneum, the cluster with T. ilkkae, T. dulciolens, and T. bakamatsutake, and finally the cluster with T. murrillianum, T. mesoamericanum, T. anatolicum, and T. matsutake. Although analyses based on mobile DNAs and whole-genome sequences revealed a similar clustering pattern, there are distinct differences in the distribution of mobile DNAs and genomic structure of T. bakamatsutake and T. matsutake. Furthermore, repetitive DNA can be used as markers to distinguish among strains and populations of T. matsutake from different geographical regions, including identifying dispersals of basidiospores. “Telomere-to-telomere genome sequencing” analyses unearthed that both T. matsutake and T. bakamatsutake underwent explosive multiplications of retrotransposons within their genomes but with different mobile DNA elements expanded between them. Contrastingly, the structure of the mating loci between T. matsutake and T. bakamatsutake is highly conserved.
{"title":"Biodiversity of Tricholoma matsutake (syn. T. nauseousm) and its related species based on repetitive DNA and genomics.","authors":"H. Murata, A. Yamada, H. Ichida, N. Nakamura, H. Neda","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0122","url":null,"abstract":"Tricholoma matsutake and its related species are ectomycorrhizal Agaricomycetes that produce prized mushrooms collectively called “matsutake.” These mushrooms are mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. In this review, we describe both the pioneering work and recent advances in our understanding of the distribution and evolution of matsutake, with a special focus on genomic studies. DNA sequence analyses revealed that T. caligatum was the earliest species within this group, followed by T. fulvocastaneum, the cluster with T. ilkkae, T. dulciolens, and T. bakamatsutake, and finally the cluster with T. murrillianum, T. mesoamericanum, T. anatolicum, and T. matsutake. Although analyses based on mobile DNAs and whole-genome sequences revealed a similar clustering pattern, there are distinct differences in the distribution of mobile DNAs and genomic structure of T. bakamatsutake and T. matsutake. Furthermore, repetitive DNA can be used as markers to distinguish among strains and populations of T. matsutake from different geographical regions, including identifying dispersals of basidiospores. “Telomere-to-telomere genome sequencing” analyses unearthed that both T. matsutake and T. bakamatsutake underwent explosive multiplications of retrotransposons within their genomes but with different mobile DNA elements expanded between them. Contrastingly, the structure of the mating loci between T. matsutake and T. bakamatsutake is highly conserved.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43260641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evan W. Hersh, Erica J. Wheeler, Brenda Costanzo, Alisa P. Ramakrishnan, Allyson E. Miscampbell, Carol Ritland, Jeannette Whitton, Jamieson C. Gorrell, William Harrower
{"title":"Correction: Diversity among rare and common congeneric plant species from the Garry oak and Okanagan shrub-steppe ecosystems in British Columbia: implications for conservation","authors":"Evan W. Hersh, Erica J. Wheeler, Brenda Costanzo, Alisa P. Ramakrishnan, Allyson E. Miscampbell, Carol Ritland, Jeannette Whitton, Jamieson C. Gorrell, William Harrower","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136179688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Hosseini Sanehkoori, E. Bakhshandeh, H. Pirdashti, R. Abdellaoui, Fayçal Boughalleb, Mobina Gholamhosseini
The present work was carried out to quantify camelina germination niche under salinity and temperature ( T) stress using halotime and halothermal time models. Seed germination ( SG) time courses were recorded at six constant temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and at each of the following levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM). Halotime model could well describe the germination time courses across a range of NaCl concentrations ( R2 = 0.79–0.91). The median base NaCl concentration was approximately constant (231 mM) at suboptimal T followed by a linear decrease, with the rate of 17.4 mM °C−1, under supra-optimal T. However, the germination rate increased with increasing T, reaching its maximum at a fixed optimum temperature ( To = 20 °C), independent of NaCl concentration. Then it decreased linearly for T > To and intercepted the x-axis at the ceiling temperature values of 33.5 °C, 30 °C, 28 °C, 25 °C, and 22 °C under 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. Consequently, based on model estimation the adequate soil T for SG of camelina should be in the range of 0.4 °C–33.5 °C, and the To is 20 °C. Besides, the salinity should be less than 231 mM.
{"title":"Quantification of camelina germination niche to combined salinity and temperature stresses using a halothermal time model","authors":"Fatemeh Hosseini Sanehkoori, E. Bakhshandeh, H. Pirdashti, R. Abdellaoui, Fayçal Boughalleb, Mobina Gholamhosseini","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0072","url":null,"abstract":"The present work was carried out to quantify camelina germination niche under salinity and temperature ( T) stress using halotime and halothermal time models. Seed germination ( SG) time courses were recorded at six constant temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) and at each of the following levels of NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM). Halotime model could well describe the germination time courses across a range of NaCl concentrations ( R2 = 0.79–0.91). The median base NaCl concentration was approximately constant (231 mM) at suboptimal T followed by a linear decrease, with the rate of 17.4 mM °C−1, under supra-optimal T. However, the germination rate increased with increasing T, reaching its maximum at a fixed optimum temperature ( To = 20 °C), independent of NaCl concentration. Then it decreased linearly for T > To and intercepted the x-axis at the ceiling temperature values of 33.5 °C, 30 °C, 28 °C, 25 °C, and 22 °C under 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. Consequently, based on model estimation the adequate soil T for SG of camelina should be in the range of 0.4 °C–33.5 °C, and the To is 20 °C. Besides, the salinity should be less than 231 mM.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43334027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the long-term human habitation and prolific land use change trajectories in the eastern United States, few remnants of the pre-European settlement Mid-Atlantic forest remain on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This study utilized metes and bounds witness tree locations and descriptions produced during colonial land subdivision to understand the relationships between tree types and biogeographic environments for an area on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Using correspondence analysis, we reveal habitat partitioning among witness tree species based on soil drainage characteristics, that enable the visualization of a pre-European settlement reconstructed forest. Our research finds that oak ( Quercus), most often white oak ( Quercus alba), was the dominant genus for most of the study area underlain by well-drained soils. To a much smaller extent, gums were also associated with these well-drained soils. Areas of poor drainage most often contained pine ( Pinus) and an assemblage of different oaks ( Quercus spp.). Hickory ( Carya), also noted in the witness tree record in small numbers, was found across all soil drainages.
{"title":"Soil drainage-class influences on the distribution of witness trees (1664–1700) in Wicomico County, Maryland, USA","authors":"M. E. Folkoff, Daniel W. Harris, C. Briand","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0051","url":null,"abstract":"Given the long-term human habitation and prolific land use change trajectories in the eastern United States, few remnants of the pre-European settlement Mid-Atlantic forest remain on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This study utilized metes and bounds witness tree locations and descriptions produced during colonial land subdivision to understand the relationships between tree types and biogeographic environments for an area on Maryland's Eastern Shore. Using correspondence analysis, we reveal habitat partitioning among witness tree species based on soil drainage characteristics, that enable the visualization of a pre-European settlement reconstructed forest. Our research finds that oak ( Quercus), most often white oak ( Quercus alba), was the dominant genus for most of the study area underlain by well-drained soils. To a much smaller extent, gums were also associated with these well-drained soils. Areas of poor drainage most often contained pine ( Pinus) and an assemblage of different oaks ( Quercus spp.). Hickory ( Carya), also noted in the witness tree record in small numbers, was found across all soil drainages.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43231796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mina Safavi, M. Rezvani, F. Zaefarian, S. Golmohammadzadeh, B. Sindel
Seed germination studies are often used to predict the potential of plants to extend their global distribution. In this research, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations, pre-chilling, temperature, water and salt stresses, pH, high-temperature pretreatment, planting depth, and flooding on seed germination and seedling emergence of three Amaranthus retroflexus L. populations was investigated. GA3 concentration significantly affected seed germination of all three A. retroflexus populations grown under light/dark conditions. All three populations germinated under constant (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and alternating (20/15, 25/18, and 35/25 °C (day/night)) temperatures. The optimum alternating temperature for germination of all three populations was 18/25 °C day/night. Seed germination was severely reduced under moisture and salt stresses. Seedling emergence was reduced on the soil surface by increasing the planting depth from 2.5 to 7.5 cm, and no seedlings emerged when the planting depth of seeds was more than 10 cm . The results of this research help us to understand the germination capacity and requirements of A. retroflexus in different environments and also provide information to help better control the weed.
{"title":"Seed germination requirements of Amaranthus retroflexus L. populations exposed to environmental factors","authors":"Mina Safavi, M. Rezvani, F. Zaefarian, S. Golmohammadzadeh, B. Sindel","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0077","url":null,"abstract":"Seed germination studies are often used to predict the potential of plants to extend their global distribution. In this research, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations, pre-chilling, temperature, water and salt stresses, pH, high-temperature pretreatment, planting depth, and flooding on seed germination and seedling emergence of three Amaranthus retroflexus L. populations was investigated. GA3 concentration significantly affected seed germination of all three A. retroflexus populations grown under light/dark conditions. All three populations germinated under constant (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and alternating (20/15, 25/18, and 35/25 °C (day/night)) temperatures. The optimum alternating temperature for germination of all three populations was 18/25 °C day/night. Seed germination was severely reduced under moisture and salt stresses. Seedling emergence was reduced on the soil surface by increasing the planting depth from 2.5 to 7.5 cm, and no seedlings emerged when the planting depth of seeds was more than 10 cm . The results of this research help us to understand the germination capacity and requirements of A. retroflexus in different environments and also provide information to help better control the weed.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45139335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the diversity of fungal species present on inflorescences as epiphytes and in stem tissues as endophytes in flowering plants of cannabis grown organically in British Columbia during 2019-2021. Fresh and dried inflorescence samples were obtained at various times during production while stems were obtained at harvest. Fungal species in the air were assessed by exposing Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar + streptomycin sulphate for 1 hr in the growing environment while soil samples were dilution-plated to assess soil fungal diversity. Colonies were identified from PCR-derived sequences of the ITS1-5.8S- ITS2 region of rDNA. Twenty-nine species in 26 genera were recovered from inflorescences and 17 species in 11 genera originated from stem tissues. Approximately 96 % of species found on inflorescences were present in air and 45 % were present in organic soil. The fungi comprised plant pathogens, saprophytes, and opportunistic human pathogens. A large proportion of the species found in air and soil in organic facilities are present on cannabis inflorescences, where they may increase total colony- forming units and negatively affect product quality. Some species could contribute to allergies or secondary infections in humans. The potential benefits of endophytes within organically grown cannabis plants remain unexplored.
{"title":"Organically grown cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants contain a diverse range of culturable epiphytic and endophytic fungi in inflorescences and stem tissues","authors":"Z. Punja, C. Scott","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0116","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the diversity of fungal species present on inflorescences as epiphytes and in stem tissues as endophytes in flowering plants of cannabis grown organically in British Columbia during 2019-2021. Fresh and dried inflorescence samples were obtained at various times during production while stems were obtained at harvest. Fungal species in the air were assessed by exposing Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar + streptomycin sulphate for 1 hr in the growing environment while soil samples were dilution-plated to assess soil fungal diversity. Colonies were identified from PCR-derived sequences of the ITS1-5.8S- ITS2 region of rDNA. Twenty-nine species in 26 genera were recovered from inflorescences and 17 species in 11 genera originated from stem tissues. Approximately 96 % of species found on inflorescences were present in air and 45 % were present in organic soil. The fungi comprised plant pathogens, saprophytes, and opportunistic human pathogens. A large proportion of the species found in air and soil in organic facilities are present on cannabis inflorescences, where they may increase total colony- forming units and negatively affect product quality. Some species could contribute to allergies or secondary infections in humans. The potential benefits of endophytes within organically grown cannabis plants remain unexplored.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46869689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the majority of angiosperm plants have hermaphrodite flowers where a single pollinator visit can achieve both pollen removal and deposition, 5–6% of angiosperms including zoophilous species are dioecious, necessitating pollen transport from male plants to females. As such, dioecy is considered less adaptive under low temperature conditions that tend to restrict or lower potential pollinator activity. Interestingly, however, a number of dioecious, zoophilous plants including Eurya japonica Thunb. (Pentaphylacaceae) bloom in low temperature seasons. This study made a quantitative assessment of flower visitors/pollinators of E. japonica blooming in early spring in central Japan. A total of 15 families in 4 orders of insects were recorded on both pistillate and staminate flowers of E. japonica, of which Diptera (Empididae and Chironomidae, in particular) and Hymenoptera were predominant regardless of site/year. Hymenopteran visitors were more active at higher temperatures, while dipterans were observed even at low temperatures. The fruiting rate and the number of seeds were greater at the site where dipteran visitors were more abundant. The present study suggests that the system of multi-taxa, Diptera-dominated pollination may play an important role in the reproductive ecology of dioecious plant species, in particular those flowering at low temperatures.
{"title":"Pollination ecology of the early-spring-blooming dioecious shrub Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae)","authors":"Midzuho Tatsuno, M. Sueyoshi, N. Osawa","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0083","url":null,"abstract":"While the majority of angiosperm plants have hermaphrodite flowers where a single pollinator visit can achieve both pollen removal and deposition, 5–6% of angiosperms including zoophilous species are dioecious, necessitating pollen transport from male plants to females. As such, dioecy is considered less adaptive under low temperature conditions that tend to restrict or lower potential pollinator activity. Interestingly, however, a number of dioecious, zoophilous plants including Eurya japonica Thunb. (Pentaphylacaceae) bloom in low temperature seasons. This study made a quantitative assessment of flower visitors/pollinators of E. japonica blooming in early spring in central Japan. A total of 15 families in 4 orders of insects were recorded on both pistillate and staminate flowers of E. japonica, of which Diptera (Empididae and Chironomidae, in particular) and Hymenoptera were predominant regardless of site/year. Hymenopteran visitors were more active at higher temperatures, while dipterans were observed even at low temperatures. The fruiting rate and the number of seeds were greater at the site where dipteran visitors were more abundant. The present study suggests that the system of multi-taxa, Diptera-dominated pollination may play an important role in the reproductive ecology of dioecious plant species, in particular those flowering at low temperatures.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42561367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Mione, Paul R. Wilson, Julia E. Kudewicz, S. Chakraborty
We studied the floral reproductive biology and nectar chemistry of Jaltomata grandiflora (Solanaceae), an apparently rare perennial of Michoacán, Mexico. During Day 1 flowers are pistillate (stigma receptive, anthers not yet presenting pollen); flowers close for the night. Early in the morning of Day 2 the corolla re-opens, stamens elongate to five times their earlier length, and anthers dehisce; the dehisced anthers remain about two mm from the stigma for much of Day 2. In the afternoon of Day 2 the corolla again closes, the corolla-androecium abscises, and only then can pollen be seen on the stigma. Protogyny and herkogamy likely promote outcrossing during Days 1 and 2, respectively. Autonomous self-pollination takes place at the end of the corolla’s life and allows fruit and seed production in the absence of pollinators but results in fruits that are lighter and contain fewer seeds than fruits resulting from manual self-pollinations. Carbohydrates from floral nectar samples were separated and quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with corona charged aerosol detection. In nectar, mean sucrose concentration (0.482 mg/mg nectar), is about ten and five times higher than glucose (0.043 mg/mg nectar) and fructose (0.095 mg/mg nectar) concentrations.
{"title":"Delayed self-fertilization and chemical analysis of floral nectar of a perennial relative of the tomato and potato from Mexico","authors":"T. Mione, Paul R. Wilson, Julia E. Kudewicz, S. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0106","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the floral reproductive biology and nectar chemistry of Jaltomata grandiflora (Solanaceae), an apparently rare perennial of Michoacán, Mexico. During Day 1 flowers are pistillate (stigma receptive, anthers not yet presenting pollen); flowers close for the night. Early in the morning of Day 2 the corolla re-opens, stamens elongate to five times their earlier length, and anthers dehisce; the dehisced anthers remain about two mm from the stigma for much of Day 2. In the afternoon of Day 2 the corolla again closes, the corolla-androecium abscises, and only then can pollen be seen on the stigma. Protogyny and herkogamy likely promote outcrossing during Days 1 and 2, respectively. Autonomous self-pollination takes place at the end of the corolla’s life and allows fruit and seed production in the absence of pollinators but results in fruits that are lighter and contain fewer seeds than fruits resulting from manual self-pollinations. Carbohydrates from floral nectar samples were separated and quantified using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with corona charged aerosol detection. In nectar, mean sucrose concentration (0.482 mg/mg nectar), is about ten and five times higher than glucose (0.043 mg/mg nectar) and fructose (0.095 mg/mg nectar) concentrations.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49212362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Mitchell, Sage Fleming, M. Dorken, J. Freeland
Forest fragmentation and introduced pathogens are negatively impacting trees and forests globally, including the Carolinian forest of southern Ontario, Canada. Multiple species-at-risk live in this threatened but biodiverse forest, including the endangered Cornus florida (Eastern flowering dogwood), which is now limited to fragmented woodlots, and has been decimated by the introduced fungal pathogen Discula destructiva (dogwood anthracnose). Ongoing management of C. florida in Canada is challenged by multiple knowledge gaps, two of which we aimed to address in this study. We first evaluated the association between anthracnose disease prevalence and a suite of ecological and environmental variables across 21 sites. Across our sites, larger trees tended to have the highest disease incidence, and trees on shallow slopes had the most crown dieback. We then quantified genetic diversity and gene flow, and found that genetic structure has not been substantially impacted by habitat fragmentation, although dispersal typically covers short distances. However, genetic diversity is relatively low in smaller populations, and in younger trees. Localized dispersal and eroding genetic diversity may limit future adaptation and hence exacerbate population declines. We recommend that managers prioritize plantings in small populations, avoid shallow slopes, and track younger trees to evaluate age-related mortality.
{"title":"Susceptibility of endangered Cornus florida (Eastern flowering dogwood) to the introduced fungal pathogen Discula destructiva (dogwood anthracnose) in the Canadian Carolinian forest: Insights from environmental, ecological, and population genetics assessments","authors":"Emily Mitchell, Sage Fleming, M. Dorken, J. Freeland","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0088","url":null,"abstract":"Forest fragmentation and introduced pathogens are negatively impacting trees and forests globally, including the Carolinian forest of southern Ontario, Canada. Multiple species-at-risk live in this threatened but biodiverse forest, including the endangered Cornus florida (Eastern flowering dogwood), which is now limited to fragmented woodlots, and has been decimated by the introduced fungal pathogen Discula destructiva (dogwood anthracnose). Ongoing management of C. florida in Canada is challenged by multiple knowledge gaps, two of which we aimed to address in this study. We first evaluated the association between anthracnose disease prevalence and a suite of ecological and environmental variables across 21 sites. Across our sites, larger trees tended to have the highest disease incidence, and trees on shallow slopes had the most crown dieback. We then quantified genetic diversity and gene flow, and found that genetic structure has not been substantially impacted by habitat fragmentation, although dispersal typically covers short distances. However, genetic diversity is relatively low in smaller populations, and in younger trees. Localized dispersal and eroding genetic diversity may limit future adaptation and hence exacerbate population declines. We recommend that managers prioritize plantings in small populations, avoid shallow slopes, and track younger trees to evaluate age-related mortality.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42735930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandria Saravia, S. Benítez-Vieyra, Omar N. Urquizo, H. Niemeyer, Carlos Fernando Pinto
Adaptation to the most effective pollinator is often conceived as the primary explanation of widespread convergence in flower phenotypes. However, specialization does not exclude the presence of other floral visitors, which may contribute to plant reproduction. Here we combined observations about pollinators visitation rates and effectiveness with nectar secretion dynamics and sugar composition in four Andean Salvia species from Bolivia. The study revealed a wider diversity than expected both in pollination systems and in nectar strategies. While S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia were almost exclusively pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees, respectively, mixed pollination was found in S. orbignaei, a species previously described as hummingbird-pollinated. Salvia personata was exclusively pollinated by syrphid flies. Differences in nectar volume and sugar concentration were found between insect-pollinated species and mixed- or hummingbird-pollinated species. However, the four Salvia species displayed different strategies regarding nectar sugar composition, with sucrose-rich nectar in S. orbignaei, glucose-rich nectar in S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia, and glucose-rich nectar lacking fructose in S. personata, suggesting an adaptation to syrphid fly pollination. Our results provide a clearer picture of floral trait evolution in Salvia and highlight the contribution of some pollinators different from those expected according to the floral syndromes.
{"title":"Pollination systems and nectar rewards in four Andean species of Salvia (Lamiaceae)","authors":"Alexandria Saravia, S. Benítez-Vieyra, Omar N. Urquizo, H. Niemeyer, Carlos Fernando Pinto","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0091","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptation to the most effective pollinator is often conceived as the primary explanation of widespread convergence in flower phenotypes. However, specialization does not exclude the presence of other floral visitors, which may contribute to plant reproduction. Here we combined observations about pollinators visitation rates and effectiveness with nectar secretion dynamics and sugar composition in four Andean Salvia species from Bolivia. The study revealed a wider diversity than expected both in pollination systems and in nectar strategies. While S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia were almost exclusively pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees, respectively, mixed pollination was found in S. orbignaei, a species previously described as hummingbird-pollinated. Salvia personata was exclusively pollinated by syrphid flies. Differences in nectar volume and sugar concentration were found between insect-pollinated species and mixed- or hummingbird-pollinated species. However, the four Salvia species displayed different strategies regarding nectar sugar composition, with sucrose-rich nectar in S. orbignaei, glucose-rich nectar in S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia, and glucose-rich nectar lacking fructose in S. personata, suggesting an adaptation to syrphid fly pollination. Our results provide a clearer picture of floral trait evolution in Salvia and highlight the contribution of some pollinators different from those expected according to the floral syndromes.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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