Alexandria Saravia, S. Benítez-Vieyra, Omar N. Urquizo, H. Niemeyer, Carlos Fernando Pinto
Adaptation to the most effective pollinator is often conceived as the primary explanation of widespread convergence in flower phenotypes. However, specialization does not exclude the presence of other floral visitors, which may contribute to plant reproduction. Here we combined observations about pollinators visitation rates and effectiveness with nectar secretion dynamics and sugar composition in four Andean Salvia species from Bolivia. The study revealed a wider diversity than expected both in pollination systems and in nectar strategies. While S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia were almost exclusively pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees, respectively, mixed pollination was found in S. orbignaei, a species previously described as hummingbird-pollinated. Salvia personata was exclusively pollinated by syrphid flies. Differences in nectar volume and sugar concentration were found between insect-pollinated species and mixed- or hummingbird-pollinated species. However, the four Salvia species displayed different strategies regarding nectar sugar composition, with sucrose-rich nectar in S. orbignaei, glucose-rich nectar in S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia, and glucose-rich nectar lacking fructose in S. personata, suggesting an adaptation to syrphid fly pollination. Our results provide a clearer picture of floral trait evolution in Salvia and highlight the contribution of some pollinators different from those expected according to the floral syndromes.
{"title":"Pollination systems and nectar rewards in four Andean species of Salvia (Lamiaceae)","authors":"Alexandria Saravia, S. Benítez-Vieyra, Omar N. Urquizo, H. Niemeyer, Carlos Fernando Pinto","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0091","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptation to the most effective pollinator is often conceived as the primary explanation of widespread convergence in flower phenotypes. However, specialization does not exclude the presence of other floral visitors, which may contribute to plant reproduction. Here we combined observations about pollinators visitation rates and effectiveness with nectar secretion dynamics and sugar composition in four Andean Salvia species from Bolivia. The study revealed a wider diversity than expected both in pollination systems and in nectar strategies. While S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia were almost exclusively pollinated by either hummingbirds or bees, respectively, mixed pollination was found in S. orbignaei, a species previously described as hummingbird-pollinated. Salvia personata was exclusively pollinated by syrphid flies. Differences in nectar volume and sugar concentration were found between insect-pollinated species and mixed- or hummingbird-pollinated species. However, the four Salvia species displayed different strategies regarding nectar sugar composition, with sucrose-rich nectar in S. orbignaei, glucose-rich nectar in S. haenkei and S. stachydifolia, and glucose-rich nectar lacking fructose in S. personata, suggesting an adaptation to syrphid fly pollination. Our results provide a clearer picture of floral trait evolution in Salvia and highlight the contribution of some pollinators different from those expected according to the floral syndromes.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42628482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bianca Aparecida Borges e Silva, M. P. B. Chaves, Heloisa F. Silvério, F. Ramos, Jean Paulo Vitor de Oliveira, E. D. de Castro, F. J. Pereira
Tillandsia recurvata may show morphophysiological plasticity in response to radiation availability since this species is found in different environments. This work aimed to evaluate the anatomical and physiological modifications of T. recurvata isolated individuals under different shading levels and the consequences of these changes on the growth of this species. The individuals were exposed for 60 days to treatments as follows: full sun (unshaded) and shading of 35, 75, and 85%. Growth analyses were performed, and the leaf anatomy and water content were assessed. All plants submitted to full sun or 35% shading died, whereas those under 75 and 85% shading survived. The water content in leaves and rhizomes were higher under 85% shading, and this treatment increased the leaf area and the number of leaves in T. recurvata. Leaf dry mass, leaf elongation rate, biomass allocation to rhizomes, and net assimilation rate were higher under 85% shading. The leaves had a thicker hypodermis, lower proportions of both epidermis and vascular bundles, and a higher proportion of chlorophyll parenchyma under 85% shading. Tillandsia recurvata individuals behave as sciophytic while the formation of clusters may change microclimate conditions and the behavior of clumped plants must be further investigated.
{"title":"Survival, and anatomical and ecophysiological changes in isolated individuals of Tillandsia recurvata L. (Bromeliaceae) grown under different shading conditions","authors":"Bianca Aparecida Borges e Silva, M. P. B. Chaves, Heloisa F. Silvério, F. Ramos, Jean Paulo Vitor de Oliveira, E. D. de Castro, F. J. Pereira","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0093","url":null,"abstract":"Tillandsia recurvata may show morphophysiological plasticity in response to radiation availability since this species is found in different environments. This work aimed to evaluate the anatomical and physiological modifications of T. recurvata isolated individuals under different shading levels and the consequences of these changes on the growth of this species. The individuals were exposed for 60 days to treatments as follows: full sun (unshaded) and shading of 35, 75, and 85%. Growth analyses were performed, and the leaf anatomy and water content were assessed. All plants submitted to full sun or 35% shading died, whereas those under 75 and 85% shading survived. The water content in leaves and rhizomes were higher under 85% shading, and this treatment increased the leaf area and the number of leaves in T. recurvata. Leaf dry mass, leaf elongation rate, biomass allocation to rhizomes, and net assimilation rate were higher under 85% shading. The leaves had a thicker hypodermis, lower proportions of both epidermis and vascular bundles, and a higher proportion of chlorophyll parenchyma under 85% shading. Tillandsia recurvata individuals behave as sciophytic while the formation of clusters may change microclimate conditions and the behavior of clumped plants must be further investigated.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42642372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cannabis sativa is widely used for fiber, medicinal, and other purposes, and many cultivars exist, yielding varying proportions of cannabinoids and terpenes. There is considerable interest in characterizing genomes and transcriptomes of C. sativa. Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental aspect of gene expression that results in multiple types of mRNAs produced by differential splicing. Transcriptome-wide identification of AS events in drug-type cultivars of C. sativa has not been reported. Here we identified AS events using a transcriptome dataset derived from five drug-type cultivars with divergent chemotypes. Intron retention is the most common event type, followed by alternative acceptor, alternative donor, and skipped exons. We also sought to assess conservation of AS events among cultivars. We found 547 events (5%) unique to a single cultivar, 2661 (25%) shared by 2-4 cultivars, and 7569 (70%) common to all five cultivars. Genes with AS events in each set were analyzed for gene ontology enrichment, showing that genes with AS unique to a single cultivar are enriched for molecular functions related to interactions with ATP, and processes involving transport within cells and across membranes. These results provide insights into the conservation and variation of AS events in multiple cultivars of C. sativa.
{"title":"Transcriptome-wide characterization of alternative splicing in five drug-type cultivars of Cannabis sativa","authors":"T. Severson, K. Adams","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0099","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis sativa is widely used for fiber, medicinal, and other purposes, and many cultivars exist, yielding varying proportions of cannabinoids and terpenes. There is considerable interest in characterizing genomes and transcriptomes of C. sativa. Alternative splicing (AS) is a fundamental aspect of gene expression that results in multiple types of mRNAs produced by differential splicing. Transcriptome-wide identification of AS events in drug-type cultivars of C. sativa has not been reported. Here we identified AS events using a transcriptome dataset derived from five drug-type cultivars with divergent chemotypes. Intron retention is the most common event type, followed by alternative acceptor, alternative donor, and skipped exons. We also sought to assess conservation of AS events among cultivars. We found 547 events (5%) unique to a single cultivar, 2661 (25%) shared by 2-4 cultivars, and 7569 (70%) common to all five cultivars. Genes with AS events in each set were analyzed for gene ontology enrichment, showing that genes with AS unique to a single cultivar are enriched for molecular functions related to interactions with ATP, and processes involving transport within cells and across membranes. These results provide insights into the conservation and variation of AS events in multiple cultivars of C. sativa.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63989594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler J. Harrow-Lyle, B. Ginn, A. Kirkwood, S. Melles
Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is a macroalga in the Characeae family first documented in North America c. 1974. Since initial introduction, N. obtusa clonal populations quickly established in inland lakes as early as 2005. Despite increased N. obtusa monitoring over the last decade, only sterile or male specimens were documented in North America, however; during routine monitoring in Lake Simcoe and Lake Scugog in 2022, we discovered the presence of female gametangia on N. obtusa. In addition, two other Characeae genera had prevalent antheridia and oogonia, co-occurring with oogonia-presenting N. obtusa, which had not been observed previously despite intensive monitoring since 2008. Further studies in North America are required to confirm the proportion of female populations present within invaded regions, as well as to identify plausible causes shifting gametangia development across non-native and native Characeae, especially within the context of climate change. The presence of oogonia on N. obtusa represents a major change to our understanding of this species and its reproductive ecology in North America.
{"title":"First report of female gametangia in the invasive macroalga starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa) in North America","authors":"Tyler J. Harrow-Lyle, B. Ginn, A. Kirkwood, S. Melles","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0096","url":null,"abstract":"Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is a macroalga in the Characeae family first documented in North America c. 1974. Since initial introduction, N. obtusa clonal populations quickly established in inland lakes as early as 2005. Despite increased N. obtusa monitoring over the last decade, only sterile or male specimens were documented in North America, however; during routine monitoring in Lake Simcoe and Lake Scugog in 2022, we discovered the presence of female gametangia on N. obtusa. In addition, two other Characeae genera had prevalent antheridia and oogonia, co-occurring with oogonia-presenting N. obtusa, which had not been observed previously despite intensive monitoring since 2008. Further studies in North America are required to confirm the proportion of female populations present within invaded regions, as well as to identify plausible causes shifting gametangia development across non-native and native Characeae, especially within the context of climate change. The presence of oogonia on N. obtusa represents a major change to our understanding of this species and its reproductive ecology in North America.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47971939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf morphoanatomy can provide useful information for the taxonomy of morphologically similar species or the recognition of infraspecific taxa. Here, we evaluated the taxonomic utility of leaf morphological and anatomical characters for the recognition of distinct morphologies currently placed under Oxalis polymorpha Mart. ex Zucc., a highly polymorphic species of Oxalis from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analyzed leaves of 13 specimens gathered from five populations throughout the species' geographic distribution. Leaf samples were analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy. We observed differences in the leaf blade venation patterns, in the indumentum of petioles and leaf blades, in the pulvinar vascular tissue configuration, and in the midrib tissue organization. The variation in these characters allowed us to recognize four different morphotypes among these samples. These morphotypes are geographically disjunct and differ among each other in additional morphological features, such as leaf arrangement along the stem, leaflet shape, inflorescence position, petal color, and fruit shape. Oxalis polymorpha is a good candidate for investigating if phylogenetic relationships support recognition of each of its morphotypes at the species level.
{"title":"Macro- and micromorphology reveal four entities in the highly variable Oxalis polymorpha Mart. ex Zucc. (Oxalidaceae)","authors":"E. Richetti, D. F. Lima, P. Fiaschi, M. G. Lusa","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0073","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf morphoanatomy can provide useful information for the taxonomy of morphologically similar species or the recognition of infraspecific taxa. Here, we evaluated the taxonomic utility of leaf morphological and anatomical characters for the recognition of distinct morphologies currently placed under Oxalis polymorpha Mart. ex Zucc., a highly polymorphic species of Oxalis from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analyzed leaves of 13 specimens gathered from five populations throughout the species' geographic distribution. Leaf samples were analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy. We observed differences in the leaf blade venation patterns, in the indumentum of petioles and leaf blades, in the pulvinar vascular tissue configuration, and in the midrib tissue organization. The variation in these characters allowed us to recognize four different morphotypes among these samples. These morphotypes are geographically disjunct and differ among each other in additional morphological features, such as leaf arrangement along the stem, leaflet shape, inflorescence position, petal color, and fruit shape. Oxalis polymorpha is a good candidate for investigating if phylogenetic relationships support recognition of each of its morphotypes at the species level.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41503369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2048065
Eihab A Subahi, Fateen Ata, Hassan Choudry, Phool Iqbal, Mousa A AlHiyari, Ashraf T Soliman, Vincenzo De Sanctis, Mohamed A Yassin
Introduction: Around 5% of the world's population is expected to have some degree and type of thalassaemia. Beta thalassaemia (BT) occurs due to a deficient production of the beta-globin chain of haemoglobin. Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) is one of the complications of BT, mainly observed in minor/intermedia subtypes. EMH is the production of blood cells outside the marrow as a compensatory response to longstanding hypoxia. Due to chronic transfusions, it is not expected in patients with beta-thalassaemia major (BTM). However, there are increasingly reported cases of EMH in BTM. The incidence of EMH in BTM is thought to be <1%. We aim to pool the available data and provide cumulative evidence on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients.
Methods: This is a systematic review of case reports, series, and retrospective studies that presented data on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients. Data were recorded and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS 26. The protocol has been registered in PROSPERO: CRD42021242943.
Results: Data from 253 cases of EMH in BTM patients were extracted with a mean age of 35.3 years. Mean haemoglobin at presentation with EMH was 8.2 mg/dL. Lower limb weakness was the most common presenting feature (N = 23) (paraspinal EMH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most widely used diagnostic modality (226). Overall, blood transfusion was the commonest reported treatment (30), followed by radiotherapy (20), surgery (15), hydroxyurea (12), steroids (6), and exchange transfusion (2). An outcome was reported in 20% of patients, all recovered, except one who died as a result of nosocomial infection.
Conclusion: EMH is rare in BTM and can occur in any organ system with varied clinical features. MRI can effectively diagnose EMH, and conservative management has similar results compared to invasive treatments. Larger studies, focussing on outcomes may enhance guidelines on preventive and therapeutic strategies for managing EMH in BTM.KEY MESSAGESExtramedullary haematopoiesis is a rare complication in beta thalassaemia. Although it is more common in non-transfusion dependent thalassaemia, increasingly reported cases suggest a higher prevalence of EMH in TDT than what is known before.There are no clear guidelines on the management of EMH in TDT, with reported patients showing similar outcomes with conservative invasive treatment modalities.More extensive and preferably prospectively designed studies are required focussing on the management of EMH and its outcomes in patients with TDT to formulate evidence-based guidelines.
{"title":"Extramedullary haematopoiesis in patients with transfusion dependent β-thalassaemia (TDT): a systematic review.","authors":"Eihab A Subahi, Fateen Ata, Hassan Choudry, Phool Iqbal, Mousa A AlHiyari, Ashraf T Soliman, Vincenzo De Sanctis, Mohamed A Yassin","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2022.2048065","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2022.2048065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Around 5% of the world's population is expected to have some degree and type of thalassaemia. Beta thalassaemia (BT) occurs due to a deficient production of the beta-globin chain of haemoglobin. Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) is one of the complications of BT, mainly observed in minor/intermedia subtypes. EMH is the production of blood cells outside the marrow as a compensatory response to longstanding hypoxia. Due to chronic transfusions, it is not expected in patients with beta-thalassaemia major (BTM). However, there are increasingly reported cases of EMH in BTM. The incidence of EMH in BTM is thought to be <1%. We aim to pool the available data and provide cumulative evidence on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a systematic review of case reports, series, and retrospective studies that presented data on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients. Data were recorded and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS 26. The protocol has been registered in PROSPERO: CRD42021242943.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 253 cases of EMH in BTM patients were extracted with a mean age of 35.3 years. Mean haemoglobin at presentation with EMH was 8.2 mg/dL. Lower limb weakness was the most common presenting feature (<i>N</i> = 23) (paraspinal EMH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most widely used diagnostic modality (226). Overall, blood transfusion was the commonest reported treatment (30), followed by radiotherapy (20), surgery (15), hydroxyurea (12), steroids (6), and exchange transfusion (2). An outcome was reported in 20% of patients, all recovered, except one who died as a result of nosocomial infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EMH is rare in BTM and can occur in any organ system with varied clinical features. MRI can effectively diagnose EMH, and conservative management has similar results compared to invasive treatments. Larger studies, focussing on outcomes may enhance guidelines on preventive and therapeutic strategies for managing EMH in BTM.KEY MESSAGESExtramedullary haematopoiesis is a rare complication in beta thalassaemia. Although it is more common in non-transfusion dependent thalassaemia, increasingly reported cases suggest a higher prevalence of EMH in TDT than what is known before.There are no clear guidelines on the management of EMH in TDT, with reported patients showing similar outcomes with conservative invasive treatment modalities.More extensive and preferably prospectively designed studies are required focussing on the management of EMH and its outcomes in patients with TDT to formulate evidence-based guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":"46 1","pages":"764-774"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8941948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intestinal tract of herbivorous arthropods provides a microhabitat for a group of protistan and fungal endosymbionts known as trichomycetes. Many hosts are the aquatic immature stages of insects. One understudied group is mosquito larvae with only six trichomycete species reported from the mosquito gut, but Smittium culicis Manier and Zancudomyces culisetae Y. Wang, Tretter, Lichtw. & M.M. White are globally distributed and common in these insects. Mosquitoes are mostly found in standing freshwater habitats, but there are species that are found in brackish water pools common in salt marshes. No trichomycetes are reported from salt marsh mosquitoes. A new species, Legerioides culicicola, is described from mosquito larvae from freshwater sources in Nova Scotia (NS) and Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, and Smittium gronthidium Strongman & M.M. White is reported for the first time in this host. Smittium culicis is reported from salt marsh mosquitoes from collections in the same provinces in Eastern Canada. Information on the prevalence of mosquito trichomycetes is presented for sites in NS and PEI.
{"title":"Trichomycetes from freshwater and salt marsh mosquito larvae with a new species in the monotypic genus Legerioides","authors":"D. Strongman, Y. Wang","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0068","url":null,"abstract":"The intestinal tract of herbivorous arthropods provides a microhabitat for a group of protistan and fungal endosymbionts known as trichomycetes. Many hosts are the aquatic immature stages of insects. One understudied group is mosquito larvae with only six trichomycete species reported from the mosquito gut, but Smittium culicis Manier and Zancudomyces culisetae Y. Wang, Tretter, Lichtw. & M.M. White are globally distributed and common in these insects. Mosquitoes are mostly found in standing freshwater habitats, but there are species that are found in brackish water pools common in salt marshes. No trichomycetes are reported from salt marsh mosquitoes. A new species, Legerioides culicicola, is described from mosquito larvae from freshwater sources in Nova Scotia (NS) and Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, and Smittium gronthidium Strongman & M.M. White is reported for the first time in this host. Smittium culicis is reported from salt marsh mosquitoes from collections in the same provinces in Eastern Canada. Information on the prevalence of mosquito trichomycetes is presented for sites in NS and PEI.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45726584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The significance of maternal and progeny environment to chasmogamy (CH) and cleistogamy (CL) in perennial plants is not well known. The perennial grass Danthonia compressa produces CH spikelets capable of outcrossing on terminal panicles in summer followed by selfing axillary CL spikelets in autumn. This study compared CH and CL seed mass, germination, seedling size, tillering, and reproduction in a sunny woodland edge and shaded interior habitat in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. CL seeds were significantly heavier than CH seeds. Numbers and mass of both seed types were greater in the edge. CL seeds showed much greater germination than CH seeds in both environments during spring, 2018; CL seedlings were larger than CH seedlings in the sunnier habitat. Survival was much greater in the edge than interior and higher for CL seedlings. After 27 months, maternal effects were mostly not detected and there was no significant effect of plant type (CH vs CL) on tiller production, final biomass, or reproduction via CH and CL. For this native grass, non-dispersed CL seeds may be more critical to seedling establishment and population persistence due to greater mass and germinability, and better plant survival, relative to smaller, dispersible CH seeds.
母本和子代环境对多年生植物的远隔生殖（CH）和双雌生殖（CL）的意义尚不清楚。多年生草Danthonia compressa在夏季产生能够在顶生圆锥花序上异交的CH小穗，然后在秋季产生自交的腋生CL小穗。本研究比较了在纽约州卡茨基尔山脉向阳的林地边缘和荫蔽的内部栖息地中CH和CL的种子质量、发芽、幼苗大小、分蘖和繁殖。CL种子明显重于CH种子。两种种子类型的数量和质量在边缘都较大。2018年春季，在这两种环境中，CL种子的发芽率都远高于CH种子；在阳光充足的栖息地，CL幼苗比CH幼苗大。边缘的存活率远高于内部，CL幼苗的存活率更高。27个月后，母体效应大多未被检测到，植物类型（CH vs CL）对分蘖产量、最终生物量或通过CH和CL繁殖没有显著影响。对于这种原生草来说，非分散的CL种子可能对幼苗的建立和种群的持久性更为关键，因为与较小的、，分散CH种子。
{"title":"Comparative ecology of chasmogamous and cleistogamous reproduction in Danthonia compressa: effects of floral type and maternal environment","authors":"G. P. Cheplick","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2021-0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0191","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of maternal and progeny environment to chasmogamy (CH) and cleistogamy (CL) in perennial plants is not well known. The perennial grass Danthonia compressa produces CH spikelets capable of outcrossing on terminal panicles in summer followed by selfing axillary CL spikelets in autumn. This study compared CH and CL seed mass, germination, seedling size, tillering, and reproduction in a sunny woodland edge and shaded interior habitat in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. CL seeds were significantly heavier than CH seeds. Numbers and mass of both seed types were greater in the edge. CL seeds showed much greater germination than CH seeds in both environments during spring, 2018; CL seedlings were larger than CH seedlings in the sunnier habitat. Survival was much greater in the edge than interior and higher for CL seedlings. After 27 months, maternal effects were mostly not detected and there was no significant effect of plant type (CH vs CL) on tiller production, final biomass, or reproduction via CH and CL. For this native grass, non-dispersed CL seeds may be more critical to seedling establishment and population persistence due to greater mass and germinability, and better plant survival, relative to smaller, dispersible CH seeds.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44834416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allelopathy is the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of one plant on another plant by release of phytochemicals. It can affect the competitive interactions between plants, but the strength of the effect may depend on the tissue of the donor plant and the phylogenetic relatedness of the interacting species. Here, we examined the allelopathic effects of the invasive garden lupine Lupinus polyphyllus (Fabaceae) on six native herbs from three families (Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae). We exposed the test species to aqueous leachates prepared from root or shoot tissue of L. polyphyllus and measured germination rate and germination time. Both leachates inhibited germination in all species (13–84%), but shoot leachate was more allelopathic than root leachate in case of Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Plants from closely related Fabaceae were least affected by L. polyphyllus leachates in terms of germination rate, but leachates delayed their germination. These results demonstrate that the invasive L. polyphyllus can inhibit the germination of co-occurring native species and suggest that allelopathy likely contributes to its invasion success. Our results have implications for management of invasive L. polyphyllus populations, emphasising the importance of the removal of mown plant material to diminish inhibitory allelopathic effects on local plants.
{"title":"Allelopathy by the invasive garden lupine inhibits the germination of native herbs","authors":"A. Kalske, Emilia Mäkinen, S. Ramula","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0076","url":null,"abstract":"Allelopathy is the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of one plant on another plant by release of phytochemicals. It can affect the competitive interactions between plants, but the strength of the effect may depend on the tissue of the donor plant and the phylogenetic relatedness of the interacting species. Here, we examined the allelopathic effects of the invasive garden lupine Lupinus polyphyllus (Fabaceae) on six native herbs from three families (Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae). We exposed the test species to aqueous leachates prepared from root or shoot tissue of L. polyphyllus and measured germination rate and germination time. Both leachates inhibited germination in all species (13–84%), but shoot leachate was more allelopathic than root leachate in case of Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Plants from closely related Fabaceae were least affected by L. polyphyllus leachates in terms of germination rate, but leachates delayed their germination. These results demonstrate that the invasive L. polyphyllus can inhibit the germination of co-occurring native species and suggest that allelopathy likely contributes to its invasion success. Our results have implications for management of invasive L. polyphyllus populations, emphasising the importance of the removal of mown plant material to diminish inhibitory allelopathic effects on local plants.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44482153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although plants possess a suite of structural defenses, most studies have focused on trichomes. Trichomes can have both pre- and post-ingestive effects and have been consistently found to reduce herbivory. Along with trichomes, a few studies have focused on epicuticular waxes as an important defense; however, manipulated comparisons examining herbivore growth and development is limited. In this study, using two Solanum species (Solanum glaucescens and Solanum macrocarpon) that vary in both defenses, we tested the hypothesis that variation in defenses will affect herbivore feeding, primarily by restricting feeding commencement. We used electron microscopy together with a series of plant- and diet-based manipulative experiments, using tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta; Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) as the herbivore. We found that S. glaucescens leaves had significantly fewer trichomes and significantly higher wax content when compared to S. macrocarpon. We also found that S. glaucescens waxes acted as a strong physical barrier resulting in lower mass gain and higher mortality of caterpillars compared to S. macrocarpon. Artificial diet manipulation experiments also suggested the possible toxicity of waxes. Collectively, we show that epicuticular waxes can play a significant role as a strong surface barrier and should be examined further.
{"title":"Are epicuticular waxes a surface defense comparable to trichomes? A test using two Solanum species and a specialist herbivore.","authors":"S. Watts, R. Kariyat","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2021-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2021-0206","url":null,"abstract":"Although plants possess a suite of structural defenses, most studies have focused on trichomes. Trichomes can have both pre- and post-ingestive effects and have been consistently found to reduce herbivory. Along with trichomes, a few studies have focused on epicuticular waxes as an important defense; however, manipulated comparisons examining herbivore growth and development is limited. In this study, using two Solanum species (Solanum glaucescens and Solanum macrocarpon) that vary in both defenses, we tested the hypothesis that variation in defenses will affect herbivore feeding, primarily by restricting feeding commencement. We used electron microscopy together with a series of plant- and diet-based manipulative experiments, using tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta; Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) as the herbivore. We found that S. glaucescens leaves had significantly fewer trichomes and significantly higher wax content when compared to S. macrocarpon. We also found that S. glaucescens waxes acted as a strong physical barrier resulting in lower mass gain and higher mortality of caterpillars compared to S. macrocarpon. Artificial diet manipulation experiments also suggested the possible toxicity of waxes. Collectively, we show that epicuticular waxes can play a significant role as a strong surface barrier and should be examined further.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49539293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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