Azim Missarov, Y. Sosnovsky, Karol Rydlo, O. Brovkina, W. Maes, Kamil Král, Martin Krůček, Y. Krasylenko
Mistletoe recognition and sampling remain the challenging tasks for arborists, dendrologists, forest ecologists and other specialists because of the low accessibility of the canopy of their host trees. In this review, smart decisions for mistletoe detection on the basis of airborne platforms are discussed. The airborne remote sensing (ARS) has the developing potential to provide rapid, accurate, and cost-efficient detection and research of mistletoe on tree level and large areas within the complex terrain. Geographic and country-based distribution of mistletoe studies using airborne remote sensing methods published within 2007–2023 is overviewed. Here we discuss data types, sensors, and methodologies used in mistletoe ARS research.
{"title":"Vertical botany: airborne remote sensing as an emerging tool for mistletoe research","authors":"Azim Missarov, Y. Sosnovsky, Karol Rydlo, O. Brovkina, W. Maes, Kamil Král, Martin Krůček, Y. Krasylenko","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Mistletoe recognition and sampling remain the challenging tasks for arborists, dendrologists, forest ecologists and other specialists because of the low accessibility of the canopy of their host trees. In this review, smart decisions for mistletoe detection on the basis of airborne platforms are discussed. The airborne remote sensing (ARS) has the developing potential to provide rapid, accurate, and cost-efficient detection and research of mistletoe on tree level and large areas within the complex terrain. Geographic and country-based distribution of mistletoe studies using airborne remote sensing methods published within 2007–2023 is overviewed. Here we discuss data types, sensors, and methodologies used in mistletoe ARS research.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48651749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Cristina Souza, M. D. De Mendonça, M. Hopkins, F. Pinheiro, A. Salatino, Ana Cristina Brasileiro-Vidal, S. Vasconcelos, E. Ferreira
Geonoma maxima is an example of a species complex, among many others restricted to Neotropical rain forests, and which contribute to their high species diversity. Using environmental, morphological, karyological, and molecular data, we aim to test the taxonomic circumscription of three of the 11 G. maxima subspecies defined in the latest taxonomic treatment. We evaluated 217 samples of G. maxima complex from Ducke Reserve in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Environmental preferences were significant at the of 0.1% level. Subsp maxima occurred in the slope, subsp chelidonura in the floodplain, and subsp spixiana in the plateau. Leaf morphology and height were different for each subspecies, but not leaf anatomy. The karyotypes of subspp chelidonura and maxima were symmetrical with 2n=28 chromosomes, 16 metacentric and 12 submetacentric. Molecular analysis revealed two groups, one comprised by subsp maxima and chelidonura, and the other formed exclusively by subsp spixiana. At Ducke Reserve, it is clear that the three subspecies are easily recognizable morphologically and ecologically, and it is likely that they do not interbreed locally. However, if these subspecies are analyzed on a larger geographic scale, it may not be possible to separate them.
{"title":"Contribution to the taxonomic elucidation of the Geonoma maxima complex (Arecaceae), in Central Amazonia, Brazil","authors":"Maria Cristina Souza, M. D. De Mendonça, M. Hopkins, F. Pinheiro, A. Salatino, Ana Cristina Brasileiro-Vidal, S. Vasconcelos, E. Ferreira","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0130","url":null,"abstract":"Geonoma maxima is an example of a species complex, among many others restricted to Neotropical rain forests, and which contribute to their high species diversity. Using environmental, morphological, karyological, and molecular data, we aim to test the taxonomic circumscription of three of the 11 G. maxima subspecies defined in the latest taxonomic treatment. We evaluated 217 samples of G. maxima complex from Ducke Reserve in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Environmental preferences were significant at the of 0.1% level. Subsp maxima occurred in the slope, subsp chelidonura in the floodplain, and subsp spixiana in the plateau. Leaf morphology and height were different for each subspecies, but not leaf anatomy. The karyotypes of subspp chelidonura and maxima were symmetrical with 2n=28 chromosomes, 16 metacentric and 12 submetacentric. Molecular analysis revealed two groups, one comprised by subsp maxima and chelidonura, and the other formed exclusively by subsp spixiana. At Ducke Reserve, it is clear that the three subspecies are easily recognizable morphologically and ecologically, and it is likely that they do not interbreed locally. However, if these subspecies are analyzed on a larger geographic scale, it may not be possible to separate them.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46196239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Occurrence of male and bisexual flowers (andromonoecy) in a species is thought to be an adaptation to enhance reproductive success through increasing male function or by diverting resources otherwise used for the formation of pistils. Commelina diffusa Burm.f. is a pantropical, herbaceous, andromonoecious species from the family Commelinaceae. A typical inflorescence comprises male and bisexual flowers enclosed within a spathe. Morphology of the different floral types, floral phenology, pollen viability, pollen production and mating system were studied in this annual, bearing small fruits. Being nectarless, pollen is the only reward for the pollinators in this species. The number of fruits developing was found to influence the gender of the subsequent flowers within the spathe. The floral visitors, including members of Diptera and Hymenoptera facilitate outcrossing and may mediate geitonogamous selfing as well. Delayed selfing takes place when floral organs intertwine as the flower fades. Andromonoecy in itself does not promote outcrossing, but it may be advantageous to present pollen in more flowers thereby attracting and feeding more insects and potentially increase male function.
{"title":"Flowering phenology, floral biology, breeding system and pollination in the andromonoecious Commelina diffusa (Commelinaceae)","authors":"Veena V, S. Nampy","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0114","url":null,"abstract":"Occurrence of male and bisexual flowers (andromonoecy) in a species is thought to be an adaptation to enhance reproductive success through increasing male function or by diverting resources otherwise used for the formation of pistils. Commelina diffusa Burm.f. is a pantropical, herbaceous, andromonoecious species from the family Commelinaceae. A typical inflorescence comprises male and bisexual flowers enclosed within a spathe. Morphology of the different floral types, floral phenology, pollen viability, pollen production and mating system were studied in this annual, bearing small fruits. Being nectarless, pollen is the only reward for the pollinators in this species. The number of fruits developing was found to influence the gender of the subsequent flowers within the spathe. The floral visitors, including members of Diptera and Hymenoptera facilitate outcrossing and may mediate geitonogamous selfing as well. Delayed selfing takes place when floral organs intertwine as the flower fades. Andromonoecy in itself does not promote outcrossing, but it may be advantageous to present pollen in more flowers thereby attracting and feeding more insects and potentially increase male function.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41709475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao Liu, Yong-Da Chen, A. Mallik, V. Jassey, L. Rochefort, Z. Bu
Monthly variation in accumulation and release of phenolics in bryophytes and their allelopathic effects are little known despite their ecological significance. We conducted a field transplant experiment, to investigate Sphagnum growth and extracellular enzymes that modulate phenolic contents and release along water table level (WTL) gradient. Specifically, we assessed monthly changes in height increment, phenolic release and allelopathic effect during the growing season, as well as extracellular enzymes at the end of the experiment, for the two Sphagnum species: S. angustifolium, a hollow dwelling species, and S. magellanicum, a hummock species. Both Sphagnum species showed season- and WTL-dependent height increment and released phenolics. Sphagnum angustifolium exhibited negative allelopathy regardless of WTL, while S. magellanicum demonstrated mainly positive allelopathy at high WTL and negative allelopathy at low WTL. The degree of allelopathy was not contingent on phenolic release, but phenolic production was negatively correlated with height growth of the two species at their atypical habitats. Moreover, phenoloxidase or peroxidase did not show high activity at low WTL compared to high WTL. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the strength and direction of allelopathy in Sphagnum may vary depending on the growing precipitation and temperature, WTL and inter- and intraspecific trait variability. Longer-term experiments may further elucidate the seasonal dynamics and mechanism of Sphagnum allelopathy.
{"title":"Monthly dynamics of phenolic release and allelopathic effect in hollow- and hummock Sphagnum","authors":"Chao Liu, Yong-Da Chen, A. Mallik, V. Jassey, L. Rochefort, Z. Bu","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Monthly variation in accumulation and release of phenolics in bryophytes and their allelopathic effects are little known despite their ecological significance. We conducted a field transplant experiment, to investigate Sphagnum growth and extracellular enzymes that modulate phenolic contents and release along water table level (WTL) gradient. Specifically, we assessed monthly changes in height increment, phenolic release and allelopathic effect during the growing season, as well as extracellular enzymes at the end of the experiment, for the two Sphagnum species: S. angustifolium, a hollow dwelling species, and S. magellanicum, a hummock species. Both Sphagnum species showed season- and WTL-dependent height increment and released phenolics. Sphagnum angustifolium exhibited negative allelopathy regardless of WTL, while S. magellanicum demonstrated mainly positive allelopathy at high WTL and negative allelopathy at low WTL. The degree of allelopathy was not contingent on phenolic release, but phenolic production was negatively correlated with height growth of the two species at their atypical habitats. Moreover, phenoloxidase or peroxidase did not show high activity at low WTL compared to high WTL. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the strength and direction of allelopathy in Sphagnum may vary depending on the growing precipitation and temperature, WTL and inter- and intraspecific trait variability. Longer-term experiments may further elucidate the seasonal dynamics and mechanism of Sphagnum allelopathy.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63989652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariana A. Wagner, E. Lucas, P. Soffiatti, W. S. Cabral, Paulo Ricardo Portela, P. Fiaschi
Myrcia, a diverse neotropical genus of Myrtaceae, encompasses 793 species. However, species of Myrcia are similar and difficult to distinguish. In Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia, leaf features help distinguishing clades and species. Our aim is to provide leaf data for species of M. sect. Aulomyrcia’s clades F, and G. We sampled 31 specimens of 13 species of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (Myrcia amazonica, M. eumecephylla, M. hexasticha, M. insularis, M. magna, M. micropetala, M. neodimorpha, M. neoestrellensis, M. obversa, M. pyrifolia, M. riodocensis, M. subobliqua, and M. tetraphylla). Samples were subjected to sectioning and staining techniques for morphological and anatomical analysis through stereo and light-microscopy. Leaf blade and petiole morphological and anatomical features were described carefully for the first time for these 13 species. We provided an identification key based on leaf features. Our findings are discussed in the light of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia systematics. We comment of the significance of petiolar and blade features, such as trichomes types and location, phyllotaxis, rhytidome peeling, periderm and lenticels, and petiole, blade, and vascular cylinder shape. Our study brings novel information on leaf structure variation in Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia, delivering much needed data for species and clades circumscription and identification.
{"title":"Leaf morphology and anatomy in Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (Myrtaceae): species circumscription and characterization of clades","authors":"Mariana A. Wagner, E. Lucas, P. Soffiatti, W. S. Cabral, Paulo Ricardo Portela, P. Fiaschi","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Myrcia, a diverse neotropical genus of Myrtaceae, encompasses 793 species. However, species of Myrcia are similar and difficult to distinguish. In Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia, leaf features help distinguishing clades and species. Our aim is to provide leaf data for species of M. sect. Aulomyrcia’s clades F, and G. We sampled 31 specimens of 13 species of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia (Myrcia amazonica, M. eumecephylla, M. hexasticha, M. insularis, M. magna, M. micropetala, M. neodimorpha, M. neoestrellensis, M. obversa, M. pyrifolia, M. riodocensis, M. subobliqua, and M. tetraphylla). Samples were subjected to sectioning and staining techniques for morphological and anatomical analysis through stereo and light-microscopy. Leaf blade and petiole morphological and anatomical features were described carefully for the first time for these 13 species. We provided an identification key based on leaf features. Our findings are discussed in the light of Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia systematics. We comment of the significance of petiolar and blade features, such as trichomes types and location, phyllotaxis, rhytidome peeling, periderm and lenticels, and petiole, blade, and vascular cylinder shape. Our study brings novel information on leaf structure variation in Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia, delivering much needed data for species and clades circumscription and identification.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42566766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Watson, Melinda E Cook, Rodney van de Ree, Lee J. Harrison
Mistletoes have a fraught public relations history. Vilified as toxic tree-killing weeds, they have long been targeted for removal by arborists and forest managers concerned with tree health. Research on mistletoe ecology has revealed their positive influence on diversity and community structure via complex networks of interactions. In areas where mistletoe has traditionally been removed, managers are now asking whether they can return on their own or whether they should be reintroduced. To evaluate the practicalities of mistletoe restoration, we inoculated 28 London plane trees Platanus x acerfolia in inner Melbourne with Creeping Mistletoe Muellerina eucalyptoides, a locally rare species. Branch dimensions and aspect had no discernible effect on germination or seedling emergence, but trees where access to Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula was restricted were 30% more likely to host seedlings. Five years after inoculation, seven mistletoes successfully established on five trees, with two mistletoes bearing fruit. Communications with residents and city users elicited positive feedback, catalysing four additional inoculation trials in urban and forest settings elsewhere. In addition to representing a cost-effective means of enhancing habitat values, mistletoe restoration is useful for addressing questions about mistletoe ecology and educating the community about the functional roles these parasitic plants play.
槲寄生有一段令人担忧的公关历史。它们被认为是有毒的杀树杂草，长期以来一直是关心树木健康的树木学家和森林管理者的清除目标。槲寄生生态学研究揭示了槲寄生通过复杂的相互作用网络对群落多样性和群落结构的积极影响。在传统上已经移除槲寄生的地区，管理人员现在正在考虑是否可以自行返回，或者是否应该重新引入槲寄生。为了评估槲寄生恢复的可行性，我们在墨尔本市中心的28棵伦敦梧桐树(Platanus x acerfolia)上接种了当地罕见的爬树槲寄生Muellerina eucalyptus。枝条的尺寸和形态对种子萌发和幼苗出苗没有明显的影响，但在接触毛鼠的树木中，寄主幼苗的可能性增加了30%。接种5年后，7株槲寄生在5棵树上，其中2株结果。与居民和城市用户的沟通得到了积极的反馈，促使在其他地方的城市和森林环境中进行了另外四次接种试验。槲寄生的恢复除了是提高生境价值的一种经济有效的方法外，还有助于解决有关槲寄生生态学的问题，并向社区宣传这些寄生植物的功能作用。
{"title":"Returning mistletoe to an urban forest: a restoration success story","authors":"D. Watson, Melinda E Cook, Rodney van de Ree, Lee J. Harrison","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0069","url":null,"abstract":"Mistletoes have a fraught public relations history. Vilified as toxic tree-killing weeds, they have long been targeted for removal by arborists and forest managers concerned with tree health. Research on mistletoe ecology has revealed their positive influence on diversity and community structure via complex networks of interactions. In areas where mistletoe has traditionally been removed, managers are now asking whether they can return on their own or whether they should be reintroduced. To evaluate the practicalities of mistletoe restoration, we inoculated 28 London plane trees Platanus x acerfolia in inner Melbourne with Creeping Mistletoe Muellerina eucalyptoides, a locally rare species. Branch dimensions and aspect had no discernible effect on germination or seedling emergence, but trees where access to Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula was restricted were 30% more likely to host seedlings. Five years after inoculation, seven mistletoes successfully established on five trees, with two mistletoes bearing fruit. Communications with residents and city users elicited positive feedback, catalysing four additional inoculation trials in urban and forest settings elsewhere. In addition to representing a cost-effective means of enhancing habitat values, mistletoe restoration is useful for addressing questions about mistletoe ecology and educating the community about the functional roles these parasitic plants play.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gene targeting is a powerful tool for functional genetic analysis. It has proved especially effective in the model plant, Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), in which integration of exogenous DNA into the genome occurs with very high efficiency at targeted positions by homologous recombination. Here we present a preliminary characterisation of a poorly documented property of Physcomitrella targeted gene knockout lines, namely silencing of reporter and selective marker genes of integrated targeting constructs. We discovered a high incidence of transgene silencing among Physcomitrella knockout lines and, as is the case in seed plants, cytosine (DNA)-methylation of the transgenes is correlated with their silencing. Silencing in Physcomitrella is characterised by metastable epigenetic inheritance through repetitive mitosis and variable stability through meiosis.
{"title":"Transgene silencing in the moss, Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens)","authors":"S. Singer, N. Ashton","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Gene targeting is a powerful tool for functional genetic analysis. It has proved especially effective in the model plant, Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), in which integration of exogenous DNA into the genome occurs with very high efficiency at targeted positions by homologous recombination. Here we present a preliminary characterisation of a poorly documented property of Physcomitrella targeted gene knockout lines, namely silencing of reporter and selective marker genes of integrated targeting constructs. We discovered a high incidence of transgene silencing among Physcomitrella knockout lines and, as is the case in seed plants, cytosine (DNA)-methylation of the transgenes is correlated with their silencing. Silencing in Physcomitrella is characterised by metastable epigenetic inheritance through repetitive mitosis and variable stability through meiosis.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46034341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Picea × darwyniana Björk & Goward was recently proposed to replace Picea albertiana S. Brown as the representative taxon for the hybrid offspring of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., but should be considered invalid for three reasons. First, the proponents failed to document in any way that the P. albertiana S. Brown isotypes were Picea glauca × mariana Little & Pauley hybrids, as they claimed. Secondly, the P. albertiana S. Brown isotypes lacked pubescent twigs, purple markings on their seed-cones, and denticulate cone-scale margins, which are characteristics of P. glauca × mariana. This indicates a misinterpretation of the P. albertiana S. Brown parentage. Lastly, P. × darwyniana appears to be an example of P. albertiana ssp. ogilviei Strong & Hills. As the latter is an earlier and validly published name, P. × darwyniana is an illegitimate replacement for plants within the P. glauca × engelmannii (= P.a. ssp. albertiana) and P. engelmannii × glauca (= P.a. ssp. ogilviei) circumscriptions based on naming priority.
{"title":"Picea × darwyniana Björk & Goward: an invalid taxonomic name","authors":"W. Strong","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0062","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Picea </i>× <i>darwyniana </i>Björk & Goward was recently proposed to replace <i>Picea albertiana</i> S. Brown as the representative taxon for the hybrid offspring of <i>Picea glauca</i> (Moench) Voss and <i>Picea engelmannii </i>Parry ex Engelm., but should be considered invalid for three reasons. First, the proponents failed to document in any way that the <i>P. albertiana</i> S. Brown isotypes were<i> Picea glauca </i>× <i>mariana </i>Little & Pauley hybrids, as they claimed. Secondly, the <i>P. albertiana</i> S. Brown isotypes lacked pubescent twigs, purple markings on their seed-cones, and denticulate cone-scale margins, which are characteristics of <i>P. glauca</i> × <i>mariana</i>. This indicates a misinterpretation of the <i>P. albertiana</i> S. Brown parentage. Lastly, <i>P.</i> × <i>darwyniana </i>appears to be an example of <i>P. albertiana</i> ssp. <i>ogilviei </i>Strong & Hills. As the latter is an earlier and validly published name, <i>P.</i> × <i>darwyniana </i>is an illegitimate replacement for plants within the <i>P. glauca</i> × <i>engelmannii </i>(= <i>P.a</i>. ssp. <i>albertiana</i>) and <i>P. engelmannii </i>× <i>glauca </i>(= <i>P.a.</i> ssp. <i>ogilviei</i>) circumscriptions based on naming priority.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We established transformation technologies using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to insert foreign genes into high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.). The Arabidopsis non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (AtNPR1) gene was selected as a potentially useful agronomic gene which was linked to the bar gene from Streptomyces that encodes herbicide resistance. We investigated how Agrobacterium strains (EHA105 and GV3101), glufosinate concentrations, explant source, and light intensity, affected transformation frequency (TF). Transformation was confirmed by RT-PCR with primers for the NPR1 or bar genes. Glufosinate at 0.5-1 mg/L inhibited growth of non-transformed calli within 8 weeks following A. tumefaciens infection. Strain EHA105 yielded a higher TF compared to strain GV3101. Whole leaflets yielded a higher TF compared to sectioned leaf explants with strain GV3101. However, this effect was not seen with EHA105. Petiole segments showed a higher TF than leaf sections with strain EHA105. Placing explants under light or dark conditions did not affect TF, which ranged from 5 % to 95 % in different experiments. This is the first report of successful transformation of two high THC-containing C. sativa genotypes with two foreign genes simultaneously - AtNPR1 and bar. The recovery of plantlets from transgenic calli was not attempted and awaits further research.
{"title":"Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of THC-containing Cannabis sativa L. yields a high frequency of transgenic calli expressing bialaphos resistance and non-expressor of PR1 (NPR1) genes","authors":"J. Holmes, Z. Punja","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0084","url":null,"abstract":"We established transformation technologies using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to insert foreign genes into high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.). The Arabidopsis non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (AtNPR1) gene was selected as a potentially useful agronomic gene which was linked to the bar gene from Streptomyces that encodes herbicide resistance. We investigated how Agrobacterium strains (EHA105 and GV3101), glufosinate concentrations, explant source, and light intensity, affected transformation frequency (TF). Transformation was confirmed by RT-PCR with primers for the NPR1 or bar genes. Glufosinate at 0.5-1 mg/L inhibited growth of non-transformed calli within 8 weeks following A. tumefaciens infection. Strain EHA105 yielded a higher TF compared to strain GV3101. Whole leaflets yielded a higher TF compared to sectioned leaf explants with strain GV3101. However, this effect was not seen with EHA105. Petiole segments showed a higher TF than leaf sections with strain EHA105. Placing explants under light or dark conditions did not affect TF, which ranged from 5 % to 95 % in different experiments. This is the first report of successful transformation of two high THC-containing C. sativa genotypes with two foreign genes simultaneously - AtNPR1 and bar. The recovery of plantlets from transgenic calli was not attempted and awaits further research.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41599811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. C. de Carvalho, Katharine D. Gonçalves, Elmer V. Gonçalves, Pedro Paulo dos Santos, Manoel de Jesus de S. Miranda, Adamir da R. Nina Junior, A. Nunes‐Nesi, W. Araújo, José Francisco de C. Gonçalves
We investigate and characterize the morphophysiological changes related to germination and the initial growth and development of seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of the genus Hevea spp. in finding to add value to new clones. Seeds from six genotypes ( H. brasiliensis (Willd. Ex A. Juss) Müll. Arg, H. guianensis Aubl., H. spruceana (Benth.) Müll. Arg., RRIM 600, Fx 3844, and IAN 873) were sterilized, and their imbibition curve, germination parameters, and initial seedling growth were characterized. In parallel, the morphology of the germination and post-germination stages was monitored from seeds germinated in washed sand. Morphological differences in the seeds/embryos, different strategies in the imbibition process, emergence, and initial seedling growth were observed. The species H. guianensis and H. spruceana showed the greatest differences in size, shape, and color of the seeds/embryos and initial seedling growth. The characteristics of the seed coat patterns, the seedling imbibition, growth, and development processes can serve as morphophysiological markers for genotype identification and selection. This is the first morphophysiological study of seeds and seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of species of the genus Hevea. We conclude that there is considerable phenotypic variability among species of the Hevea genus regarding seed and seedling morphophysiology, which can be explored in the rubber tree breeding programs.
{"title":"Morphophysiological indicators applied for the selection of different genotypes of Hevea spp. during germination and post-germination","authors":"J. C. de Carvalho, Katharine D. Gonçalves, Elmer V. Gonçalves, Pedro Paulo dos Santos, Manoel de Jesus de S. Miranda, Adamir da R. Nina Junior, A. Nunes‐Nesi, W. Araújo, José Francisco de C. Gonçalves","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0020","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate and characterize the morphophysiological changes related to germination and the initial growth and development of seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of the genus Hevea spp. in finding to add value to new clones. Seeds from six genotypes ( H. brasiliensis (Willd. Ex A. Juss) Müll. Arg, H. guianensis Aubl., H. spruceana (Benth.) Müll. Arg., RRIM 600, Fx 3844, and IAN 873) were sterilized, and their imbibition curve, germination parameters, and initial seedling growth were characterized. In parallel, the morphology of the germination and post-germination stages was monitored from seeds germinated in washed sand. Morphological differences in the seeds/embryos, different strategies in the imbibition process, emergence, and initial seedling growth were observed. The species H. guianensis and H. spruceana showed the greatest differences in size, shape, and color of the seeds/embryos and initial seedling growth. The characteristics of the seed coat patterns, the seedling imbibition, growth, and development processes can serve as morphophysiological markers for genotype identification and selection. This is the first morphophysiological study of seeds and seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of species of the genus Hevea. We conclude that there is considerable phenotypic variability among species of the Hevea genus regarding seed and seedling morphophysiology, which can be explored in the rubber tree breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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