Mohannad Mahmoud, Ines BenRejeb, Z. Punja, Liam Buirs, S. Jabaji
Botrytis cinerea is a widespread necrotrophic plant pathogen that causes diseases on >1000 plant species, including vegetables and ornamental greenhouse crops. On cannabis ( Cannabis sativ a L.), the pathogen is responsible for causing “bud rot”, a major disease affecting the inflorescences (compound flowers), as well as seedling damping-off and leaf blight under certain conditions. During greenhouse cultivation, Botrytis cinerea can destroy cannabis inflorescences rapidly under optimal relative humidity conditions (>70%) and moderate temperatures (17–24 °C). Little is currently known about the host–pathogen interactions of Botrytis cinerea on cannabis. Information gleaned from other hosts can provide valuable insights for comparative purposes to understand disease development, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea on cannabis crops. This review describes the pathogenesis and host responses to Botrytis infection and assesses potential mechanisms involved in disease resistance. The effects of microclimatic and other environmental conditions on disease development, strategies for early disease detection using prediction models, and the application of biological control agents that can prevent Botrytis cinerea development on cannabis are discussed. Other potential disease management approaches to reduce the impact of Botrytis bud rot are also reviewed. Numerous opportunities for conducting additional research to better understand the cannabis– Botrytis cinerea interaction are identified.
灰霉病菌是一种广泛存在的坏死性植物病原体，可引起包括蔬菜和观赏温室作物在内的近1000种植物的疾病。在大麻(大麻sativ a L.)上，病原体负责引起“芽腐病”，这是一种影响花序(复合花)的主要疾病，在某些条件下还会导致幼苗枯萎和叶枯病。在大棚栽培过程中，在适宜的相对湿度条件下(约70%)和适宜的温度条件下(17-24℃)，灰葡萄孢菌可以迅速破坏大麻的花序。目前对大麻上灰霉病菌的宿主-病原体相互作用知之甚少。从其他宿主收集的信息可以为比较目的提供有价值的见解，以了解大麻作物上葡萄孢菌的疾病发展，流行病学和致病性。本文综述了葡萄孢菌的发病机制和宿主对葡萄孢菌感染的反应，并对其抗病机制进行了评估。讨论了小气候和其他环境条件对疾病发展的影响，利用预测模型进行早期疾病检测的策略，以及可以防止灰葡萄孢菌在大麻上发展的生物防治剂的应用。其他潜在的疾病管理方法，以减少芽腐病的影响也进行了综述。许多机会进行额外的研究，以更好地了解大麻-葡萄孢菌的相互作用被确定。
{"title":"Understanding bud rot development, caused by Botrytis cinerea, on cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) plants grown under greenhouse conditions","authors":"Mohannad Mahmoud, Ines BenRejeb, Z. Punja, Liam Buirs, S. Jabaji","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0139","url":null,"abstract":"Botrytis cinerea is a widespread necrotrophic plant pathogen that causes diseases on >1000 plant species, including vegetables and ornamental greenhouse crops. On cannabis ( Cannabis sativ a L.), the pathogen is responsible for causing “bud rot”, a major disease affecting the inflorescences (compound flowers), as well as seedling damping-off and leaf blight under certain conditions. During greenhouse cultivation, Botrytis cinerea can destroy cannabis inflorescences rapidly under optimal relative humidity conditions (>70%) and moderate temperatures (17–24 °C). Little is currently known about the host–pathogen interactions of Botrytis cinerea on cannabis. Information gleaned from other hosts can provide valuable insights for comparative purposes to understand disease development, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea on cannabis crops. This review describes the pathogenesis and host responses to Botrytis infection and assesses potential mechanisms involved in disease resistance. The effects of microclimatic and other environmental conditions on disease development, strategies for early disease detection using prediction models, and the application of biological control agents that can prevent Botrytis cinerea development on cannabis are discussed. Other potential disease management approaches to reduce the impact of Botrytis bud rot are also reviewed. Numerous opportunities for conducting additional research to better understand the cannabis– Botrytis cinerea interaction are identified.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43515313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryland T. Giebelhaus, L. Biggs, S. Murch, Lauren A. E. Erland
Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis (Jones, Hill, Allen)) is a living fossil, known only through fossil records until its 1994 discovery in Australia. Wollemi Pine is closely related to Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco) making it an interesting system to study metabolic evolution. We employed untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS) metabolomics, with chemometrics, pathway analysis, and our novel plant growth regulator (PGR) putative identification tool (HormonomicsDB) to explore the metabolomes of both species. We identified PGR conjugates, and found cytokinin, zeatin, and brassinosteroid pathways to be overrepresented in Wollemi Pine tissues, suggesting these PGRs play an important role in it’s survival. Melatonin, a proposed ancient and stress-related PGR was not identified in untargeted analysis of either species. Based on our untargeted results we employed targeted LC-MS to quantify brassinolide and confirm the absence or presence of melatonin in Wollemi and Norfolk Island pine. Both species had similar concentrations of brassinolide. While Wollemi Pine had significantly higher melatonin levels than Norfolk Island. High levels of melatonin and brassinolide in Wollemin pine supports the hypothesis that these are ancient PGRs that conferred an evolutionary advantage in Wollemi, allowing it to persist.
{"title":"Untargeted and targeted metabolomics to understand plant growth regulation and evolution in Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis)","authors":"Ryland T. Giebelhaus, L. Biggs, S. Murch, Lauren A. E. Erland","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis (Jones, Hill, Allen)) is a living fossil, known only through fossil records until its 1994 discovery in Australia. Wollemi Pine is closely related to Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco) making it an interesting system to study metabolic evolution. We employed untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based (LC-MS) metabolomics, with chemometrics, pathway analysis, and our novel plant growth regulator (PGR) putative identification tool (HormonomicsDB) to explore the metabolomes of both species. We identified PGR conjugates, and found cytokinin, zeatin, and brassinosteroid pathways to be overrepresented in Wollemi Pine tissues, suggesting these PGRs play an important role in it’s survival. Melatonin, a proposed ancient and stress-related PGR was not identified in untargeted analysis of either species. Based on our untargeted results we employed targeted LC-MS to quantify brassinolide and confirm the absence or presence of melatonin in Wollemi and Norfolk Island pine. Both species had similar concentrations of brassinolide. While Wollemi Pine had significantly higher melatonin levels than Norfolk Island. High levels of melatonin and brassinolide in Wollemin pine supports the hypothesis that these are ancient PGRs that conferred an evolutionary advantage in Wollemi, allowing it to persist.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43486819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Payette, M. Frégeau, P. Couillard, Jason Laflamme
11Extensive 14C dating and botanical identification of charcoal fragments located in the 12 organic soil surface and buried in the mineral podzolic solum were used to reconstruct the 13 successional pathways of a balsam fir forest site. The studied forest site developed in a 14context of continuous fire disturbance over the last 9000 years with at least 26 fires 15 occurring at a mean interval of 330 years. Tree vegetation of the site followed a four-step 16 trajectory consisting of an early-Holocene spruce forest and a late-Holocene mixedwood 17 balsam fir forest. Boreal-like spruce-birch and temperate-like white pine-birch forests 18dominated the site between 7900-5900 cal. BP and 5600-1275 cal. BP, respectively.19because all forest types developed repeatedly after fire since early deglaciation, changes 20 in forest composition, in particular the shift of white pine forest to balsam fir forest, and 21 concurrent decline of birch (yellow birch and/or paper birch) and pine populations, were 22 most likely related to progressive cooler and wetter conditions from mid- to late23Holocene. Fire disturbance on this part of the southern boreal biome has been a24continuous, positive regenerative process over the Holocene allowing the successional
{"title":"The post-fire shift of temperate white pine-birch forest to boreal balsam fir forest in eastern Canada: climate-fire implications","authors":"S. Payette, M. Frégeau, P. Couillard, Jason Laflamme","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0036","url":null,"abstract":"11Extensive 14C dating and botanical identification of charcoal fragments located in the 12 organic soil surface and buried in the mineral podzolic solum were used to reconstruct the 13 successional pathways of a balsam fir forest site. The studied forest site developed in a 14context of continuous fire disturbance over the last 9000 years with at least 26 fires 15 occurring at a mean interval of 330 years. Tree vegetation of the site followed a four-step 16 trajectory consisting of an early-Holocene spruce forest and a late-Holocene mixedwood 17 balsam fir forest. Boreal-like spruce-birch and temperate-like white pine-birch forests 18dominated the site between 7900-5900 cal. BP and 5600-1275 cal. BP, respectively.19because all forest types developed repeatedly after fire since early deglaciation, changes 20 in forest composition, in particular the shift of white pine forest to balsam fir forest, and 21 concurrent decline of birch (yellow birch and/or paper birch) and pine populations, were 22 most likely related to progressive cooler and wetter conditions from mid- to late23Holocene. Fire disturbance on this part of the southern boreal biome has been a24continuous, positive regenerative process over the Holocene allowing the successional","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49171831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stéphanie Queiroz Roque, L. Falcão, A. Rech, J. Silva, P. S. Oliveira, Kleiperry Freitas Ferreira, M. M. do Espírito Santo
This study aimed to characterize the reproductive system and determine the importance of pollinators for fruit production of C. brasiliense, an economically important tree, in preserved and degraded Cerrado areas in southeastern Brazil. For this purpose, we performed pollinator exclusion experiments to determine the frequency of self- and cross-pollination, and to determine fruit set. In general, fruit set was extremely low: only 2.92% and 2.71% of the flowers developed into fruits in the degraded and preserved areas, respectively. Fruit set by manual cross-pollination and natural (open) pollination were higher than self-pollination in both areas. Pollen deposition was significantly higher at night and in the preserved area, although a relatively high amount of pollen grains found in the stigmas during the day. The number of ripened and aborted seeds did not differ among areas, but fruits and seeds were heavier in the degraded area than in the preserved area. The abortion level was very high (64.5%), which may be related to low pollen quality due to selfing. Our study presents evidence that Cerrado degradation affects the reproductive biology of C. brasiliense, but whether such effect is a consequence of pollinator decline in degraded areas remains to be determined.
{"title":"REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF CARYOCAR BRASILIENSE (CARYOCARACEAE) IN PRESERVED AND DEGRADED CERRADO AREAS IN BRAZIL","authors":"Stéphanie Queiroz Roque, L. Falcão, A. Rech, J. Silva, P. S. Oliveira, Kleiperry Freitas Ferreira, M. M. do Espírito Santo","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0132","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to characterize the reproductive system and determine the importance of pollinators for fruit production of C. brasiliense, an economically important tree, in preserved and degraded Cerrado areas in southeastern Brazil. For this purpose, we performed pollinator exclusion experiments to determine the frequency of self- and cross-pollination, and to determine fruit set. In general, fruit set was extremely low: only 2.92% and 2.71% of the flowers developed into fruits in the degraded and preserved areas, respectively. Fruit set by manual cross-pollination and natural (open) pollination were higher than self-pollination in both areas. Pollen deposition was significantly higher at night and in the preserved area, although a relatively high amount of pollen grains found in the stigmas during the day. The number of ripened and aborted seeds did not differ among areas, but fruits and seeds were heavier in the degraded area than in the preserved area. The abortion level was very high (64.5%), which may be related to low pollen quality due to selfing. Our study presents evidence that Cerrado degradation affects the reproductive biology of C. brasiliense, but whether such effect is a consequence of pollinator decline in degraded areas remains to be determined.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44269775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The boreal forest is subject to various anthropogenic disturbances, including logging, mining, and hydroelectricity production and transport. These disturbances affect Indigenous communities and the culturally salient species they depend on for the practice of traditional and subsistence activities. Rhododendron groenlandicum is one such species whose leaves are used to treat various ailments, due to their concentration in biologically active chemicals such as flavonoids. Our objective was to assess the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the chemical properties of R. groenlandicum on the territories of three Indigenous communities. Leaf samples were collected near mines, under hydroelectric power lines, and in non-disturbed sites. Our results showed that variations in flavonoid concentration were mainly related to territory (R² = 0.43, P = 0.0005), while disturbance type had a smaller effect (R² = 0.18, P = 0.02). Samples from Nemaska, the northernmost territory with the most open forest stands, had higher concentrations of epicatechin (+23%, P = 0.03). Quercetin-3-glucoside concentrations were lower near mines (-19%, P = 0.01). The effects of disturbances on the chemical signature of R. groenlandicum are complex, and a complete assessment of the consequence of industrial activity on Indigenous landscape value must take into account other culturally salient species.
{"title":"Effects of industrial disturbances on the flavonoid concentration of Rhododendron groenlandicum","authors":"M. Thomas, M. Lamara, Hugo Asselin, N. Fenton","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0136","url":null,"abstract":"The boreal forest is subject to various anthropogenic disturbances, including logging, mining, and hydroelectricity production and transport. These disturbances affect Indigenous communities and the culturally salient species they depend on for the practice of traditional and subsistence activities. Rhododendron groenlandicum is one such species whose leaves are used to treat various ailments, due to their concentration in biologically active chemicals such as flavonoids. Our objective was to assess the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the chemical properties of R. groenlandicum on the territories of three Indigenous communities. Leaf samples were collected near mines, under hydroelectric power lines, and in non-disturbed sites. Our results showed that variations in flavonoid concentration were mainly related to territory (R² = 0.43, P = 0.0005), while disturbance type had a smaller effect (R² = 0.18, P = 0.02). Samples from Nemaska, the northernmost territory with the most open forest stands, had higher concentrations of epicatechin (+23%, P = 0.03). Quercetin-3-glucoside concentrations were lower near mines (-19%, P = 0.01). The effects of disturbances on the chemical signature of R. groenlandicum are complex, and a complete assessment of the consequence of industrial activity on Indigenous landscape value must take into account other culturally salient species.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46214159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cannabinoid production is a key attribute of the plant Cannabis sativa and characterizing the genes involved is an essential first step to develop tools for their optimization. We used bioinformatic approaches to annotate and explore variation in the genes coding for enzymes comprising the cannabinoid pathway: olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), cannabigerolic acid synthase (CBGAS), and the cannabinoid oxidocyclases (THCAS, CBDAS, CBCAS) in multiple C. sativa genome assemblies from diverse lineages. The former three enzymes generate the precursor molecules for the oxidocyclases to produce cannabinoids THC and CBD. We show that duplications of OLS and OAC are consistent across varieties, and that OAC has the least amount of sequence diversity based on phylogenetic comparisons. We also found that one CBGAS-like gene exhibits copy number variation among varieties. We discuss implications of these genes existing on separate chromosomes (with homologs of each found in close proximity), and the significance of CBGAS being located on the X chromosome for cannabinoid production in female plants. This study provides valuable insight on the genomic identity and variation of cannabinoid biosynthesis genes that will benefit future research on the origin and evolution of this pathway, a driver of economic, social, and medicinal value.
{"title":"Genomic description of critical cannabinoid biosynthesis genes","authors":"Peter A. Innes, D. Vergara","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0140","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabinoid production is a key attribute of the plant Cannabis sativa and characterizing the genes involved is an essential first step to develop tools for their optimization. We used bioinformatic approaches to annotate and explore variation in the genes coding for enzymes comprising the cannabinoid pathway: olivetol synthase (OLS), olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC), cannabigerolic acid synthase (CBGAS), and the cannabinoid oxidocyclases (THCAS, CBDAS, CBCAS) in multiple C. sativa genome assemblies from diverse lineages. The former three enzymes generate the precursor molecules for the oxidocyclases to produce cannabinoids THC and CBD. We show that duplications of OLS and OAC are consistent across varieties, and that OAC has the least amount of sequence diversity based on phylogenetic comparisons. We also found that one CBGAS-like gene exhibits copy number variation among varieties. We discuss implications of these genes existing on separate chromosomes (with homologs of each found in close proximity), and the significance of CBGAS being located on the X chromosome for cannabinoid production in female plants. This study provides valuable insight on the genomic identity and variation of cannabinoid biosynthesis genes that will benefit future research on the origin and evolution of this pathway, a driver of economic, social, and medicinal value.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46419148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The self-thinning process and size inequality of plants change with age and wind erosion stress conditions. In this study, we used Haloxylon ammodendron shrubs in their juvenile stage (1–6 years) were the study subjects. Their density, height, and survival were investigated. The relationship between the mean and variation in the densities was calculated using Taylor’s power law, and the change laws of the density clustering state were analyzed. Additionally, changes in size inequality and the self-thinning process were examined. The results indicated that under the same wind erosion stress, the self-thinning slope was positive (P < 0.05); the shrub density aggregation of H. ammodendron became denser with increasing wind erosion stress. The size inequality first increased and then decreased as the developing stage progressed. Under the same stress, the competition index increased with increasing age and decreased with increasing stress. We demonstrated that under a harsher microenvironment for plant growth, plants clustering and growth increased facilitation, resulting in a shift in the net effect of the positive and negative interactions between individuals. Furthermore, the results revealed that as age increased, the size inequality was left-skewed.
{"title":"The woody plant Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) provides new insights into the self-thinning relationship and size inequality with wind erosion stress","authors":"Yanxia Li, Enbo Liu, K. Mi, Yuyang Song","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0123","url":null,"abstract":"The self-thinning process and size inequality of plants change with age and wind erosion stress conditions. In this study, we used Haloxylon ammodendron shrubs in their juvenile stage (1–6 years) were the study subjects. Their density, height, and survival were investigated. The relationship between the mean and variation in the densities was calculated using Taylor’s power law, and the change laws of the density clustering state were analyzed. Additionally, changes in size inequality and the self-thinning process were examined. The results indicated that under the same wind erosion stress, the self-thinning slope was positive (P < 0.05); the shrub density aggregation of H. ammodendron became denser with increasing wind erosion stress. The size inequality first increased and then decreased as the developing stage progressed. Under the same stress, the competition index increased with increasing age and decreased with increasing stress. We demonstrated that under a harsher microenvironment for plant growth, plants clustering and growth increased facilitation, resulting in a shift in the net effect of the positive and negative interactions between individuals. Furthermore, the results revealed that as age increased, the size inequality was left-skewed.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44975424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Partridge, Priscilla A. Nyamai, A. Hoskins, Syndell R. Parks
Habitat degradation can have significant effects on native species inhabiting natural ecosystems. Within oak barrens and oak-pine barrens ecosystems, there is a complex interspecies interaction between the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) and its obligate host plant, wild lupine (Lupinus perennis L.). Recruitment of wild lupine is critical for maintaining butterfly populations; however, this recruitment can be impeded by habitat fragmentation. Reduced recruitment can result in low genetic diversity in isolated populations, limiting its adaptive potential to respond to environmental change. This study was aimed at understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of wild lupine populations throughout central and west Michigan. We identified significant population structure across most of the populations sampled, with only two sites not significantly different from each other. No sites within our study area displayed statistically significant levels of inbreeding. There are also at least two genetic clusters of wild lupine present within our study region, although there is significant overlap among these groups, indicating that genetic differentiation among clusters may be limited.
{"title":"Butterfly Blues: Population Genetic Assessment of Wild Lupine (Lupinus perennis L.) in Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly Habitat around Central-West Michigan","authors":"C. Partridge, Priscilla A. Nyamai, A. Hoskins, Syndell R. Parks","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2022-0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2022-0107","url":null,"abstract":"Habitat degradation can have significant effects on native species inhabiting natural ecosystems. Within oak barrens and oak-pine barrens ecosystems, there is a complex interspecies interaction between the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) and its obligate host plant, wild lupine (Lupinus perennis L.). Recruitment of wild lupine is critical for maintaining butterfly populations; however, this recruitment can be impeded by habitat fragmentation. Reduced recruitment can result in low genetic diversity in isolated populations, limiting its adaptive potential to respond to environmental change. This study was aimed at understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of wild lupine populations throughout central and west Michigan. We identified significant population structure across most of the populations sampled, with only two sites not significantly different from each other. No sites within our study area displayed statistically significant levels of inbreeding. There are also at least two genetic clusters of wild lupine present within our study region, although there is significant overlap among these groups, indicating that genetic differentiation among clusters may be limited.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48519830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has been shown that passage through a bird's gut has the potential to alter seed germinability (overall percent germination) and the timing of germination. However, little is known about the potential of avian gut passage to alter the germination response of seeds to abiotic gradients, such as light availability. Specifically, it is unclear if gut-passage makes seeds more or less sensitive to variability in light. We addressed this issue using a growth chamber experiment where the germination rate of both gut-passed and control (de-pulped) seeds of the understory herb Phytolaca americana (Pokeweed) were compared across three light levels. Both avian gut-passage and light increased germination rate. Additionally, it was found that gut-passage and light interacted to influence the germination rate, such that gut-passed seeds showed no response to light and control seeds had a strong, positive light response. Results from this experiment suggest that avian gut-passage has the potential to reduce seed’s sensitivity to light, which could play a role in the recruitment of avian-dispersed plant populations across variable light environments.
{"title":"Avian gut passage reduces the germination light-response of Pokeweed (Phytolaca americana)","authors":"D. Matlaga, Julia Baringer, Maggie Ritchey","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that passage through a bird's gut has the potential to alter seed germinability (overall percent germination) and the timing of germination. However, little is known about the potential of avian gut passage to alter the germination response of seeds to abiotic gradients, such as light availability. Specifically, it is unclear if gut-passage makes seeds more or less sensitive to variability in light. We addressed this issue using a growth chamber experiment where the germination rate of both gut-passed and control (de-pulped) seeds of the understory herb Phytolaca americana (Pokeweed) were compared across three light levels. Both avian gut-passage and light increased germination rate. Additionally, it was found that gut-passage and light interacted to influence the germination rate, such that gut-passed seeds showed no response to light and control seeds had a strong, positive light response. Results from this experiment suggest that avian gut-passage has the potential to reduce seed’s sensitivity to light, which could play a role in the recruitment of avian-dispersed plant populations across variable light environments.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47926892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although relatively infrequent, invasions by non-native plants at high latitudes are increasingly recognized as an emerging problem. Churchill, Manitoba, is unusual as over a hundred non-native species have been found in human-disturbed areas, making it an outlier amongst subarctic habitats. Although these non-native species have persisted almost exclusively within town, some occur in isolated locations throughout the local road network. Most of these non-native species have been observed in areas with a history of soil movement (e.g., for construction or road repairs), suggesting that they have been moved within the soil, likely either germinating from seeds or growing clonally from root and rhizome fragments. Using a greenhouse experiment, we found evidence that soils from human-disturbed sites can contain a substantial non-native seed bank. In particular, we grew a significantly higher number of non-native seedlings from translocated soils compared to uninvaded soils. These germinated non-native species are native to Europe but have widely invaded temperate regions. This study provides the first direct evidence that movement of seed-contaminated soil is a significant source of local non-native species spread. Future warming in arctic regions may increase seed production of these species, leading to increased spread and persistence via contaminated soil.
{"title":"Potential role of the seed bank in spreading invasive plants in a tundra-edge environment","authors":"Omer A. Syed, V. M. Zhang, P. Kotanen","doi":"10.1139/cjb-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Although relatively infrequent, invasions by non-native plants at high latitudes are increasingly recognized as an emerging problem. Churchill, Manitoba, is unusual as over a hundred non-native species have been found in human-disturbed areas, making it an outlier amongst subarctic habitats. Although these non-native species have persisted almost exclusively within town, some occur in isolated locations throughout the local road network. Most of these non-native species have been observed in areas with a history of soil movement (e.g., for construction or road repairs), suggesting that they have been moved within the soil, likely either germinating from seeds or growing clonally from root and rhizome fragments. Using a greenhouse experiment, we found evidence that soils from human-disturbed sites can contain a substantial non-native seed bank. In particular, we grew a significantly higher number of non-native seedlings from translocated soils compared to uninvaded soils. These germinated non-native species are native to Europe but have widely invaded temperate regions. This study provides the first direct evidence that movement of seed-contaminated soil is a significant source of local non-native species spread. Future warming in arctic regions may increase seed production of these species, leading to increased spread and persistence via contaminated soil.","PeriodicalId":9092,"journal":{"name":"Botany","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44215479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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