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Supplement to Volume 36: Proceedings of the ISHE online meeting, 2021 第36卷的补充:ISHE在线会议记录,2021年
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/36/suppl
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引用次数: 0
The Threat of a Polluted Internet 污染的互联网的威胁
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/36/078-085
J. Richer
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating risk-taking in a cooperative context 评估合作环境下的冒险行为
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/36/078-095
Santiago Gracia-Garrido, M. Rosetti, R. Hudson
Risk-taking is a fundamental feature of human behavior. The evaluation of risk-taking has commonly focused on the assessment of individuals rather than on social scenarios which often entail cooperative interactions as well as consensual decision making. Our aim in the present study was to assess joint risk-taking in same and mixed gender dyads from an age range encompassing children and young adults. For this, we tested participants in an ecologically relevant, cooperative tower-building task in which they had to work together using their assigned wooden blocks to build the tallest tower they could within 10 minutes. Participants of all ages collaboratively engaged in a construction process that involved options, uncertainty, and a potential for undesirable outcomes. We found that adult male dyads built taller towers than female and mixed dyads. Given the low number of metrics showing gender differences and the small effect sizes, we consider further methodological implementations in order to increase the salience of the outcome and in consequence, provide a sharper assessment of risk-taking. We conclude that the current task shows potential as a novel experimental method to evaluate risk-taking in a realistic cooperative context.
冒险是人类行为的基本特征。对冒险行为的评估通常侧重于对个人的评估,而不是往往需要合作互动和协商一致决策的社会情景。在本研究中,我们的目的是评估包括儿童和年轻人在内的年龄范围内的同性和混合性别双性恋的共同冒险行为。为此,我们对参与者进行了一项与生态相关的合作建塔任务,他们必须在10分钟内用分配给他们的木块一起建造最高的塔。所有年龄段的参与者都协同参与了一个涉及选项、不确定性和潜在不良结果的建设过程。我们发现成年雄性二分体比雌性和混合二分体建造更高的塔。考虑到显示性别差异的指标数量少,效应量小,我们考虑进一步的方法实施,以增加结果的显著性,从而提供更清晰的风险承担评估。我们得出的结论是,当前的任务显示出在现实合作环境中评估冒险行为的一种新的实验方法的潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Food insecurity, hoarding behavior, and environmental harshness do not predict weight changes during the COVID-19 pandemic 粮食不安全、囤积行为和环境恶劣不能预测2019冠状病毒病大流行期间的体重变化
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/twhuc
S. J. Eder, M. Stefańczyk, M. Pieniak, J. M. Molina, J. Binter, O. Pesout, Patrick Smela, F. Scharnowski, D. Steyrl
Final publication (Open Access): http://ishe.org/volume-35-2020/food-insecurity-hoarding-behavior-and-environmental-harshness-do-not-predict-weight-changes-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ (DOI: https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/122-136)The COVID-19 pandemic not only presents a medical and psychological stressor but has also led to alterations in public life that many perceived as threatening, including lowered incomes and job insecurity. A symptom of collective worrying were so-called panic- or ‘hamster purchases’, where people stockpiled food in large amounts as governmental restrictions in response to the pandemic were introduced.This behavior indicated subjective ‘food insecurity’ in many individuals at a time when loss of income could also lead to potential real food insecurity for some. Since both perceived and actual food insecurity as well as stress is thought to facilitate weight gain as an adaptive response, this study aims at investigating body weight during these uncertain times. Specifically, we model the effects of both psychological and environmental factors such as food insecurity, hoarding behavior and loss of income on body on weight as lockdown measures are introduced and loosened in four European countries.While there are no systematic changes in body weight over the observed period, there is inter-individual variation in weight changes. However, contrary to our hypothesis, results show that neither food insecurity, hamster purchases, nor loss of income are predictors of weight change or BMI, and none of our machine learning models outperformed a trivial predictor.In conclusion, this study does not provide support for the notion that perceived food insecurity can predict weight gain or a higher BMI at a time of environmental uncertainties. This suggests that acute alterations in appetite reported upon triggering environmental harshness have no effect beyond that moment. Rather, life-history strategies acquired early on seem to remain stable during this crisis with respect to food consumption and weight.
最终出版物(开放获取):http://ishe.org/volume-35-2020/food-insecurity-hoarding-behavior-and-environmental-harshness-do-not-predict-weight-changes-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ (DOI: https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/122-136)The) COVID-19大流行不仅带来医疗和心理压力源,而且还导致许多人认为具有威胁性的公共生活变化,包括收入降低和工作不安全。集体担忧的一个症状是所谓的恐慌——或“仓鼠式购买”,即在政府为应对大流行而实施限制措施时,人们大量囤积食物。这种行为表明,在收入损失也可能导致某些人潜在的真正粮食不安全之际,许多人主观存在“粮食不安全”。由于感知和实际的食物不安全以及压力都被认为是促进体重增加的适应性反应,本研究旨在调查这些不确定时期的体重。具体来说,我们模拟了四个欧洲国家在实施和放松封锁措施时,心理和环境因素(如粮食不安全、囤积行为和收入损失)对体重的影响。虽然在观察期间体重没有系统性变化,但体重变化存在个体间差异。然而,与我们的假设相反,结果表明,食品不安全、仓鼠购买和收入损失都不是体重变化或BMI的预测因素,而且我们的机器学习模型都没有超过一个微不足道的预测因素。总之,这项研究并没有为在环境不确定的情况下,感知到的粮食不安全可以预测体重增加或更高的BMI这一概念提供支持。这表明,在引发环境恶劣的情况下,食欲的急剧变化在那一刻之后就没有影响了。相反,在这场危机中,早期获得的生活史策略似乎在食物消耗和体重方面保持稳定。
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引用次数: 0
A must-read for Human Ethologists 人类行为学家的必读书籍
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/35/027-031
J. Richer
All Human Ethologists should read this book. It is not that it is just well written but that the quality, style and creativity of thought behind it is an object lesson in how this area of science ought to be conducted. Darwin's unfinished symphony (of course a nod towards Franz Schubert), refers to his strong intimations that culture evolved just as did physical and behavioural characteristrics of animals. Laland, a thoroughgoing Zoologist, points out how human culture is so hugely different from anything in even primates or other large brained mammals and how this has had consequences for the success of our species, in particular in the way cultural knowledge cumulatively rachets up, it autocatalyses, such that "in the last 10-12 thousand years of cultural evolution, humanity has been to the moon, split the atom, built cities, complied encylopaedic knowledge, and composed symphonies."(page 235). By approaching the topic from a thoroughly zoological perspective and noting the uniqueness and strangeness of this complex, cumulative autocatalytic culture, he is able better to see the many factors, and what combination of factors, might be crucial to the evolution of human culture. So the central question he asks is how did this remarkable Richer, J.M. (2020). A must-read for Human Ethologists. Human Ethology, 35, 27-31. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/027-031
所有人类行为学家都应该读这本书。这并不仅仅是因为它写得好,而是因为它背后的思想质量、风格和创造力是如何开展这一科学领域的一堂实物课。达尔文未完成的交响乐(当然是对弗朗茨·舒伯特的致敬)提到了他强烈的暗示,即文化的进化就像动物的身体和行为特征一样。拉兰是一位彻底的动物学家,他指出,人类文化与灵长类动物或其他大脑发达的哺乳动物有着巨大的不同,这对我们物种的成功产生了怎样的影响,特别是在文化知识积累的方式上,它会自动催化,比如“在过去的1 - 1.2万年的文化进化中,人类登上了月球,分裂了原子,建造了城市,编纂了百科全书式的知识,创作了交响乐。”(235页)。通过彻底从动物学的角度来探讨这个话题,并注意到这种复杂的、累积的自催化文化的独特性和陌生性,他能够更好地看到许多因素,以及哪些因素的组合,可能对人类文化的进化至关重要。因此,他提出的核心问题是,这位杰出的理查德·J.M.(2020)是如何做到的。人类行为学家的必读书籍。动物行为学,35,27-31。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/027-031
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引用次数: 2
The trouble with textbooks is the monetization of science 教科书的问题在于科学的货币化
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/35/049-052
M. D. Rutherford
The New York Times recently published an exposé, revealing that two versions of the same US History textbook differ in different parts of the country. In a California classroom, the book explains that the Second Amendment, articulating “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms”, allows for some regulation of gun sales. The same textbook found in a Texas classroom has a blank space where that annotation would appear. Both versions describe the literature that African American authors produced during the Harlem Renaissance, but only students in Texas read that some critics “dismissed the quality of the literature.” The Texas textbook celebrates entrepreneurs and the industries they created, but only the California textbook adds a description of “The pollution they belched into the atmosphere” (Goldstein, 2020). Why does the academic record differ across geographic regions? In order to maximize sales. One version of the story is more palatable in California, while another version will sell in Texas. This phenomenon is not unique to the United States, nor to any specific academic area: A recent analysis of English as a Foreign Language textbooks written for Turks and Persians concluded that coverage of gender, poverty, slavery and racism varied dramatically depending on the intended audience. The authors characterized such topics as “too risky” (Ulum, Köksal, 2019). The textbook industry is a commercial enterprise. Textbook publishers are businesses, and the function of any business is to make money. The job of an acquisitions editor is to find new books that will do well in the market, and to coax new editions out of authors who have written books that sell. Textbook prices have been increasing steadily, following an early dramatic increase in the 1970s when textbook publishers Rutherford, M.D. (2020). The trouble with textbooks is the monetization of science. Human Ethology, 35, 49-52. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/049-052
《纽约时报》最近发表了一篇揭露文章,揭露了同一本美国历史教科书在美国不同地区的两个版本存在差异。在加州的一间教室里,这本书解释说,宪法第二修正案明确规定了“人民持有和携带武器的权利”,允许对枪支销售进行一些监管。在德克萨斯州的一间教室里发现的同一本教科书在注释出现的地方有一个空白区域。这两个版本都描述了黑人作家在哈莱姆文艺复兴时期创作的文学作品,但只有德克萨斯州的学生读到一些评论家“轻视文学的质量”。德克萨斯州的教科书颂扬企业家和他们创造的行业,但只有加利福尼亚州的教科书增加了“他们向大气中排放的污染”的描述(Goldstein, 2020)。为什么不同地区的学习成绩不同?为了最大化销售。这个故事的一个版本在加州更受欢迎,而另一个版本将在德克萨斯州畅销。这种现象并不是美国所独有的,也不是任何特定的学术领域所独有的:最近对为土耳其人和波斯人编写的英语作为外语教材的分析得出结论,性别、贫困、奴隶制和种族主义的覆盖范围因目标受众的不同而有很大差异。作者认为这些话题“风险太大”(Ulum, Köksal, 2019)。教科书行业是一个商业企业。教科书出版商是企业,任何企业的功能都是赚钱。采编编辑的工作是寻找在市场上畅销的新书,并劝说那些著书畅销的作者推出新版本。在20世纪70年代教科书出版商卢瑟福医学博士(2020年)早期急剧上涨之后,教科书价格一直在稳步上涨。教科书的问题在于科学的货币化。动物行为学,35,49-52。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/35/049-052
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引用次数: 0
When in Danger, Turn Right: Does Covid-19 Threat Promote Social Conservatism and Right-Wing Presidential Candidates? 危险时向右转:新冠病毒威胁会助长社会保守主义和右翼总统候选人吗?
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/pjfhs
M. Karwowski, M. Kowal, Agata Groyecka, Michał J. Białek, I. Lebuda, A. Sorokowska, P. Sorokowski
Drawing upon the Parasite Model of Democratization across two preregistered experiments conducted in the USA and Poland (total N = 1,237), we examined the psychological and political consequences of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. By manipulating saliency of COVID-19, we found that activating thinking about coronavirus may elevate Americans' and Poles' anxiety and indirectly promote their social conservatism all the way to support for more conservative presidential candidates. The pattern obtained was consistent in both countries, and it suggests that the pandemic may result in a shift in political views.
我们利用在美国和波兰进行的两项预注册实验(总N = 1,237)中的民主化寄生虫模型,研究了最近COVID-19大流行的心理和政治后果。通过操纵COVID-19的显著性,我们发现激活对冠状病毒的思考可能会加剧美国人和波兰人的焦虑,并间接促进他们的社会保守主义,从而支持更保守的总统候选人。所获得的模式在这两个国家是一致的,这表明大流行可能导致政治观点的转变。
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引用次数: 67
The Five Finger Discount: Shoplifting as a Reproductive Strategy for Increasing Mate Value 五指折扣:入店行窃作为增加配偶价值的繁殖策略
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/34/083-092
Catherine A. Bourgeois, G. Reid, M. Fisher
Shoplifting , the act of taking an item from a store without paying for it, is prevalent on social media platforms. Shoplifters post photographs featuring their stolen items, often including the retail value of each item, and tag the photograph as either a ‘lifting haul’ or ‘shoplifting haul’ so that it may be found by others. We argue that the items targeted for shoplifting relate to one’s desire to increase their mate value. In contemporary life, one has the ability to alter and manipulate their perceived mate value, via the aid of cosmetic, skin and hair care products, perfumes, and products that signal luxury and financial status. When viewed in this context, an evolutionary analysis of shoplifting via the specific items targeted for theft may shed light on intrasexual competition in terms of individuals competing to improve their relative mate value. Hence, we hypothesized that shoplifted items, as advertised via ‘haul’ photographs on social media, would be those relevant for increasing mate value (e.g., improve one’s appearance or markers of financial status). A researcher blind to the study hypothesis coded the stolen items within the photographs and the coded items were then categorized into themes for analysis. Our hypothesis was supported. We discuss the use of social media platforms for effectively conducting human ethological research. Keywords: Social media, Mate value, Shoplifting , Luxury products, Intrasexual competition. __________________________________________________________
 Bourgeois, C.A.; et al. (2019). The Five Finger Discount: Shoplifting as a Reproductive Strategy for Increasing Mate Value. Human Ethology, 34, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/083-092 submitted: 28.Oct. 2018; revised: 11.May 2019; accepted: 13.May 2019 Bourgeois, C.A. et al. (2019): Shoplifting as a Reproductive Strategy Human Ethology, 34, 83-92
入店行窃,即不付钱就从商店拿走商品的行为,在社交媒体平台上很普遍。商店扒手会把偷来的物品的照片贴出来,通常还包括每件物品的零售价值,并把照片标记为“扒窃”或“商店扒窃”,以便其他人发现。我们认为,入店行窃的目标物品与人们增加配偶价值的愿望有关。在当代生活中,人们有能力通过化妆品、皮肤和头发护理产品、香水和象征奢侈品和经济地位的产品来改变和操纵他们对伴侣的感知价值。在这种背景下,通过偷窃特定物品对商店行窃进行进化分析,可能会揭示个体为提高相对伴侣价值而竞争的性内竞争。因此,我们假设,通过社交媒体上的“战利品”照片宣传的商店偷窃物品,将是那些与增加伴侣价值(例如,改善一个人的外表或经济地位的标志)相关的物品。一名对研究假设不知情的研究人员将被盗物品编码在照片中,然后将编码的物品分类为主题进行分析。我们的假设得到了支持。我们讨论了使用社交媒体平台有效地进行人类行为学研究。关键词:社交媒体,伴侣价值,入店行窃,奢侈品,性内竞争__________________________________________________________
 资产阶级,c.a;等人(2019)。五指折扣:入店行窃作为增加配偶价值的繁殖策略。动物行为学,34,83-92。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/083-092提交:10月28日2018;修正:11。2019年5月;接受:13。布尔乔亚,C.A.等人(2019):入店行窃作为一种生殖策略人类行为学,34,83 -92
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引用次数: 0
Manipulation Checking the Munchies: Validating Self-Reported Dietary Behaviors during Cannabis Intoxication 操纵检查零食:验证大麻中毒期间自我报告的饮食行为
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/HE/34/010-016
J. Kruger, Alexis Blavos, Thomas S Castor, Amy J. Wotring, Victoria R. Wagner-Greene, Tavis J Glassman, D. Kruger
The prevalence and rate of cannabis use will likely increase as the relevant legal framework becomes more permissive across many municipalities. All policies and practices should be informed by scientific evidence and the public health framework for cannabis users may benefit from research and interventions promoting harm reduction. Naturalistic observations are particularly valuable for understanding patterns of human behavior and can complement and validate information collected through other methods, such as self-report surveys. Observational research may be especially valuable for addressing potentially controversial topics where behaviors are socially stigmatized and/or illegal. The current study examined the relationship between self-reported dietary behaviors and food incentive choices among individuals intoxicated with cannabis. Participants at a cannabis decriminalization advocacy event completed brief surveys on cannabis use and dietary habits. Survey administrators offered an incentive choice of a food items; fruit and chips/crisps. Researchers documented choices of food incentives and three trained coders categorized self-reported dietary habits. Participants (N = 275) reported eating unhealthy food (77%), eating healthy food (23%), and avoiding consuming food when intoxicated (7%). Participants also reported eating more food when intoxicated with cannabis and being more likely to eat unhealthy food when intoxicated compared to at other times. Food incentive choices predicted self-reported habits for both consuming healthy and unhealthy foods. Observational results validated self-reported dietary habits and confirmed common stereotypes. Keywords: Observational research, Munchies, Cannabis, Diet, Validation. 
 __________________________________________________________ Kruger, J.S. et al. (2019). Manipulation Checking the Munchies: Validating SelfReported Dietary Behaviors during Cannabis Intoxication. Human Ethology, 34, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/010-016 submitted: 11.Oct. 2018; revised: 02.Feb. 2019; accepted: 17.Feb. 2019 Kruger, J.S. et al. (2019): The Munchies Human Ethology, 34, 10-16
随着相关法律框架在许多城市变得更加宽松,大麻使用的流行程度和比率可能会增加。所有政策和做法都应以科学证据为依据,大麻使用者公共卫生框架可受益于促进减少危害的研究和干预措施。自然观察对于理解人类行为模式特别有价值,并且可以补充和验证通过其他方法收集的信息,例如自我报告调查。观察性研究对于解决行为被社会污名化和/或非法的潜在争议话题尤其有价值。目前的研究调查了吸食大麻的人自我报告的饮食行为和食物激励选择之间的关系。大麻非刑事化宣传活动的参与者完成了关于大麻使用和饮食习惯的简短调查。调查管理者提供了一种食物的激励选择;水果和薯片。研究人员记录了食物激励的选择,三位训练有素的编码员对自我报告的饮食习惯进行了分类。参与者(N = 275)报告说吃不健康的食物(77%),吃健康的食物(23%),喝醉时避免吃食物(7%)。参与者还报告说,与其他时候相比,他们在陶醉于大麻时吃了更多的食物,更有可能吃不健康的食物。食物激励选择预测了自我报告的健康和不健康食物的消费习惯。观察结果证实了自我报告的饮食习惯和普遍的刻板印象。关键词:观察性研究,零食,大麻,饮食,验证。
 __________________________________________________________ 克鲁格,j.s et al。(2019)。操纵检查零食:验证大麻中毒期间自我报告的饮食行为。动物行为学,34,10-15。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/010-016提交:10月11日2018;修正:02. 2月。2019;接受:17. 2月。Kruger, J.S.等人(2019):The Munchies Human Ethology, 34,10 -16
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引用次数: 4
Welcome Ethologists to the southern end of the world 欢迎动物行为学家来到世界的南端
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.22330/he/34/118-122
A. Fernández, J. Muñoz-Reyes, C. Rodríguez-Sickert
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引用次数: 0
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Human ethology bulletin
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