Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/334/019-027
Vanessa Fasolt, I. Holzleitner, Anthony J. Lee, Kieran J O’Shea, L. DeBruine
Kinship informs the allocation of pro-social and sexual behaviour. In addition to the ability to detect kin who are directly related to the observer, humans are also able to detect relatedness among others who are not related to themselves based on facial cues of relatedness. However, it is unclear what exact facial cues inform these kinship judgments. Facial expression might be one candidate, as it has been shown that a computer kin-detection algorithm can match relatives accurately when the stimuli are smiling. The current study investigated whether a smiling facial expression increases the accuracy of judging relatedness compared to a neutral facial expression in human raters. The stimuli were images of 50 sibling pairs and 50 unrelated pairs (aged 3-17 years) matched for age, ethnicity and sex. The stimuli included both neutral and smiling versions of each individual. Raters (N=77) were asked to judge whether the presented pairs were related or not in one of two counterbalanced versions of the study, where the same stimuli were never presented as both smiling and neutral to the same rater, and the expression within the pair was always the same. Binary relatedness judgments were analysed using binomial logistic mixed regression. Contrary to expectations, smiling decreased the accuracy of relatedness judgments compared to a neutral facial expression. When shown with a smiling expression compared to a neutral one, related pairs were judged to be related less often, while unrelated pairs were judged to be related more often. Evidence that the upper face is mostly used for kinship judgments suggests that smiles could distort or distract from other, more reliable cues of kinship. Pre-registration, data and code available at https://osf.io/58ewu/.
{"title":"FACIAL EXPRESSIONS INFLUENCE KIN RECOGNITION ACCURACY","authors":"Vanessa Fasolt, I. Holzleitner, Anthony J. Lee, Kieran J O’Shea, L. DeBruine","doi":"10.22330/HEB/334/019-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/334/019-027","url":null,"abstract":"Kinship informs the allocation of pro-social and sexual behaviour. In addition to the ability to detect kin who are directly related to the observer, humans are also able to detect relatedness among others who are not related to themselves based on facial cues of relatedness. However, it is unclear what exact facial cues inform these kinship judgments. Facial expression might be one candidate, as it has been shown that a computer kin-detection algorithm can match relatives accurately when the stimuli are smiling. The current study investigated whether a smiling facial expression increases the accuracy of judging relatedness compared to a neutral facial expression in human raters. The stimuli were images of 50 sibling pairs and 50 unrelated pairs (aged 3-17 years) matched for age, ethnicity and sex. The stimuli included both neutral and smiling versions of each individual. Raters (N=77) were asked to judge whether the presented pairs were related or not in one of two counterbalanced versions of the study, where the same stimuli were never presented as both smiling and neutral to the same rater, and the expression within the pair was always the same. Binary relatedness judgments were analysed using binomial logistic mixed regression. Contrary to expectations, smiling decreased the accuracy of relatedness judgments compared to a neutral facial expression. When shown with a smiling expression compared to a neutral one, related pairs were judged to be related less often, while unrelated pairs were judged to be related more often. Evidence that the upper face is mostly used for kinship judgments suggests that smiles could distort or distract from other, more reliable cues of kinship. Pre-registration, data and code available at https://osf.io/58ewu/.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42826620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.22330/heb/334/049-060
Paulina Córdova, J. Delgado, A. Fernández
This study evaluates the behavioural correlates of everyday sadism using Internet material that is commonly available in varied forms. We selected games, images, and videos that best reflected the dimensions of verbal, physical, and vicarious everyday sadism of the Comprehensive Evaluation of Sadistic Trends (CAST). Our participants were 35 students who received the experimental stimuli at the laboratory and completed convergent instruments, such as the Dark Triad and Interpersonal Reactivity Index. We found that the expected correlations with everyday sadism were positively associated with the liking and amusement of cruel games and videos, which was significant for the verbal and vicarious dimensions, and sadism was the only significant predictor of the experimental stimuli. We discuss how a prosocial human adaptation might be potentiated by the enjoyment of not so positive interactions in the virtual environments of social networks, which might help in understanding Facebook trolling or similar phenomena.
{"title":"BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE OF EVERYDAY SADISM IN A NOVEL SAMPLE OF CHILEAN STUDENTS.","authors":"Paulina Córdova, J. Delgado, A. Fernández","doi":"10.22330/heb/334/049-060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/334/049-060","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the behavioural correlates of everyday sadism using Internet material that is commonly available in varied forms. We selected games, images, and videos that best reflected the dimensions of verbal, physical, and vicarious everyday sadism of the Comprehensive Evaluation of Sadistic Trends (CAST). Our participants were 35 students who received the experimental stimuli at the laboratory and completed convergent instruments, such as the Dark Triad and Interpersonal Reactivity Index. We found that the expected correlations with everyday sadism were positively associated with the liking and amusement of cruel games and videos, which was significant for the verbal and vicarious dimensions, and sadism was the only significant predictor of the experimental stimuli. We discuss how a prosocial human adaptation might be potentiated by the enjoyment of not so positive interactions in the virtual environments of social networks, which might help in understanding Facebook trolling or similar phenomena.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47594134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/334/028-036
A. Webb, M. Fisher
Evolutionary psychological theory predicts that because women generally prefer men with resources, men will display their generosity and wealth in order to gain positive attention from potential mates. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine men’s displays of generosity and wealth in the presence versus absence of women. We hypothesized that men would donate money or other items most often in the presence of women, compared to while walking alone or in the presence of other men. We performed observations along busy pedestrian streets in Atlantic Canada, and documented the frequency with which men stopped to provide money or items to those begging (“panhandling”) for resources. Our results supported our hypothesis, as men significantly donated money or other items more often while walking in the presence of a woman, as compared to any other condition. We propose that men are using this display of generosity and wealth to signal positive attributes to potential mates. This finding offers a new avenue in which to test theories regarding mate preferences in a natural setting.
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES TO PANHANDLERS AS A MALE DISPLAY OF POTENTIAL MATE QUALITY","authors":"A. Webb, M. Fisher","doi":"10.22330/HEB/334/028-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/334/028-036","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary psychological theory predicts that because women generally prefer men with resources, men will display their generosity and wealth in order to gain positive attention from potential mates. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine men’s displays of generosity and wealth in the presence versus absence of women. We hypothesized that men would donate money or other items most often in the presence of women, compared to while walking alone or in the presence of other men. We performed observations along busy pedestrian streets in Atlantic Canada, and documented the frequency with which men stopped to provide money or items to those begging (“panhandling”) for resources. Our results supported our hypothesis, as men significantly donated money or other items more often while walking in the presence of a woman, as compared to any other condition. We propose that men are using this display of generosity and wealth to signal positive attributes to potential mates. This finding offers a new avenue in which to test theories regarding mate preferences in a natural setting.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47359881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.22330/HEB/334/003-018
Toe Aung, Leah Williams
Previous research suggests that waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-stature ratio (WSR), and waist-to-bust ratio (WBR) serve as cues of health and fertility in women, influencing the viewers’ perception of attractiveness. However, it is unclear to what extent these findings can be applied to the perception of female attractiveness in a naturalistic condition or in women with a higher body mass index. In this study, we tested whether lower WHR, WSR, and WBR increased the perceived attractiveness of plus-size models in a naturalistic condition. The WHR, WSR, and WBR were computed via biometric data (height, bust, waist, and hip measurements) of 49 U.S. plus-size models who have been listed on ranker.com. The photographs of these models have been viewed 2.60 million times and voted 146,000 times. The perception of attractiveness was operationalized as rankings, generated from the relative number of upvotes and downvotes from site visitors. Spearman correlations showed that lower WHR, WSR, and WBR were all positively correlated with higher rankings. In a subsequent ordinal logistic regression, only WSR and WBR remained as significant predictors of rankings. The principal component regression also revealed that the latent body component of WHR, WSR, and WBR predicted rankings of the models.These findings cannot be accounted by the models’ general popularity or their anthropometric measures being similar to other types of models’ (e.g., fashion, glamor, playboy, and adult film models). Our findings suggest that smaller WHR, WSR, and WBR influence the perception of female attractiveness in a naturalistic condition, even among plus-size models.
{"title":"LOWER WAIST-TO-HIP, WAIST-TO-STATURE, AND WAIST-TO-BUST RATIOS PREDICT HIGHER RANKINGS OF PLUS-SIZE MODELS IN A NATURALISTIC CONDITION","authors":"Toe Aung, Leah Williams","doi":"10.22330/HEB/334/003-018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/334/003-018","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research suggests that waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-stature ratio (WSR), and waist-to-bust ratio (WBR) serve as cues of health and fertility in women, influencing the viewers’ perception of attractiveness. However, it is unclear to what extent these findings can be applied to the perception of female attractiveness in a naturalistic condition or in women with a higher body mass index. In this study, we tested whether lower WHR, WSR, and WBR increased the perceived attractiveness of plus-size models in a naturalistic condition. The WHR, WSR, and WBR were computed via biometric data (height, bust, waist, and hip measurements) of 49 U.S. plus-size models who have been listed on ranker.com. The photographs of these models have been viewed 2.60 million times and voted 146,000 times. The perception of attractiveness was operationalized as rankings, generated from the relative number of upvotes and downvotes from site visitors. Spearman correlations showed that lower WHR, WSR, and WBR were all positively correlated with higher rankings. In a subsequent ordinal logistic regression, only WSR and WBR remained as significant predictors of rankings. The principal component regression also revealed that the latent body component of WHR, WSR, and WBR predicted rankings of the models.These findings cannot be accounted by the models’ general popularity or their anthropometric measures being similar to other types of models’ (e.g., fashion, glamor, playboy, and adult film models). Our findings suggest that smaller WHR, WSR, and WBR influence the perception of female attractiveness in a naturalistic condition, even among plus-size models.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47186956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.22330/heb/333/003-004
P. Lafreniere
{"title":"Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Pathfinder and Father of Human Ethology","authors":"P. Lafreniere","doi":"10.22330/heb/333/003-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/333/003-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47651731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/333/027-033
B. Charlesworth
{"title":"Eibl: Loving the Enduring Presence of Little Life","authors":"B. Charlesworth","doi":"10.22330/HEB/333/027-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/333/027-033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41987890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/332/013-021
Kathrin Masuch, Karolin E. Einenkel, Manuel J. Weninger, Carmen Schwarzl, Vsevolods Girsovics, E. Oberzaucher, Vienna Austria Urban Human
Featuring wide and open spaces, scattered high trees and a sufficient amount of water, the African savanna constituted the environment in which early hominids developed bipedal locomotion and increased the size of both brain and social groups. Until today, the human species is thought to be adapted to the savanna habitat and to have evolved a strong preference for natural environments. Based on the widely accepted savanna hypothesis and biophilia hypothesis, studies showed that in comparison to modern, man-made environments, natural ones are preferred. By using an electrooculogram, we investigated whether this preference already manifests in unconscious differential gaze behaviour in a laboratory study setting. 64 participants were confronted with 20 pairs of pictures, each consisting of a modern, man-made stimulus and of a natural stimulus. Stimuli were chosen so they matched in size, color and function of the depicted item. Stimuli were presented in random order for a duration of two seconds per pair. Other than previous studies, our participants weren’t told to rank or rate those stimuli, but just to look at them. Our results show that the natural stimuli were looked at longer than the artificial ones. These results remain stable when controlled for sex, age and environmental preferences of our subjects. This indicates that the differential gaze behavior is triggered by involuntary and subconscious processes.
{"title":"Nature Catches the Eye – Human Gaze Behaviour as a Detector of Spontaneous Visual Attention","authors":"Kathrin Masuch, Karolin E. Einenkel, Manuel J. Weninger, Carmen Schwarzl, Vsevolods Girsovics, E. Oberzaucher, Vienna Austria Urban Human","doi":"10.22330/HEB/332/013-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/332/013-021","url":null,"abstract":"Featuring wide and open spaces, scattered high trees and a sufficient amount of water, the African savanna constituted the environment in which early hominids developed bipedal locomotion and increased the size of both brain and social groups. Until today, the human species is thought to be adapted to the savanna habitat and to have evolved a strong preference for natural environments. Based on the widely accepted savanna hypothesis and biophilia hypothesis, studies showed that in comparison to modern, man-made environments, natural ones are preferred. By using an electrooculogram, we investigated whether this preference already manifests in unconscious differential gaze behaviour in a laboratory study setting. 64 participants were confronted with 20 pairs of pictures, each consisting of a modern, man-made stimulus and of a natural stimulus. Stimuli were chosen so they matched in size, color and function of the depicted item. Stimuli were presented in random order for a duration of two seconds per pair. Other than previous studies, our participants weren’t told to rank or rate those stimuli, but just to look at them. Our results show that the natural stimuli were looked at longer than the artificial ones. These results remain stable when controlled for sex, age and environmental preferences of our subjects. This indicates that the differential gaze behavior is triggered by involuntary and subconscious processes.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44284275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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