{"title":"A Happy Marriage of Evolutionary and Cross-Cultural Approaches","authors":"G. Brewer","doi":"10.22330/he/34/107-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/107-109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90409775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monozygotic (MZ) twins subjected to different environmental exposures offer an informative, naturally occurring, co-twin control design. Given their genetic identity, differences in physical, medical and behavioral outcomes between them can be associated with their experiential differences. In space research, a wide range of ethological studies has been conducted on the effects of microgravity on sensorimotor activity and on social group behavior during orbital flights, in a large array of isolated and confined environments and for short-term, mid-term and long-term missions. The study of MZ twin astronaut, Scott Kelly (SK), who spent nearly one-year at the International Space Station (ISS) while his co-twin, Mark Kelly, stayed on earth, is a unique opportunity to identify factors affecting astronauts’ health and the extent to which a space mission modifies different adaptive systems at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Keywords: International Space Station, monozygotic, genetic effects, epigenetic effects, adaptation. __________________________________________________________ * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. Tafforin, C. & Segal, N. L. (2019). Twins in Space: Review and Perspectives. Human Ethology, 34, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/123-129 submitted: 25.Dec. 2018; revised: 23.March 2019; accepted: 15.June 2019 Tafforin, C. & Segal, N.L. (2019). Twins in Space: Review and Perspectives Human Ethology, 34, 123-129
同卵(MZ)双胞胎受到不同的环境暴露提供了信息，自然发生，双胎控制设计。鉴于他们的基因特征，他们之间在身体、医疗和行为结果上的差异可能与他们的经验差异有关。在空间研究方面，已经就微重力对轨道飞行期间感觉运动活动和社会群体行为的影响进行了广泛的行为学研究，在大量孤立和受限的环境中，以及在短期、中期和长期任务中。对MZ双胞胎宇航员斯科特·凯利(SK)的研究是一个独特的机会，可以确定影响宇航员健康的因素，以及太空任务在遗传和表观遗传水平上改变不同适应系统的程度。斯科特·凯利在国际空间站(ISS)呆了近一年，而他的孪生兄弟马克·凯利则留在地球上。关键词:国际空间站，单卵，遗传效应，表观遗传效应，适应。__________________________________________________________ * 论文发表于2018年人类行为学二十四两年一次的会议,在圣地亚哥,智利。 Tafforin, C. & Segal, N. L.(2019)。太空中的双胞胎:回顾与展望。动物行为学，34,123-129。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/123-129提交:12月25日2018;修正:23。2019年3月;接受:15。Tafforin, C. & Segal, N.L.(2019)。太空中的双胞胎:回顾与展望，人类行为学，34,123-129
{"title":"Twins in Space: Review and Perspectives","authors":"C. Tafforin, N. Segal","doi":"10.22330/he/34/123-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/123-129","url":null,"abstract":"Monozygotic (MZ) twins subjected to different environmental exposures offer an informative, naturally occurring, co-twin control design. Given their genetic identity, differences in physical, medical and behavioral outcomes between them can be associated with their experiential differences. In space research, a wide range of ethological studies has been conducted on the effects of microgravity on sensorimotor activity and on social group behavior during orbital flights, in a large array of isolated and confined environments and for short-term, mid-term and long-term missions. The study of MZ twin astronaut, Scott Kelly (SK), who spent nearly one-year at the International Space Station (ISS) while his co-twin, Mark Kelly, stayed on earth, is a unique opportunity to identify factors affecting astronauts’ health and the extent to which a space mission modifies different adaptive systems at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Keywords: International Space Station, monozygotic, genetic effects, epigenetic effects, adaptation. __________________________________________________________\u2028 * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. \u2029 Tafforin, C. & Segal, N. L. (2019). Twins in Space: Review and Perspectives. Human Ethology, 34, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/123-129 submitted: 25.Dec. 2018; revised: 23.March 2019; accepted: 15.June 2019 Tafforin, C. & Segal, N.L. (2019). Twins in Space: Review and Perspectives Human Ethology, 34, 123-129","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"213 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76517486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Saxton, Sophie L. Hart, Lucy V. Desai, T. Pollet
Nonverbal cues are instrumental in animal social interactions, and humans place especial value on facial appearance and displays to predict and interpret others’ behaviours. Several studies have reported that people can judge someone’s political orientation (e.g. Republican vs Democrat) based on facial appearance at greater-than-chance accuracy. This begs the question of the granularity of such judgements. Here, we investigate whether people can judge one aspect of political orientation (attitudes to immigration) based on the facial photographs that politicians use to represent themselves on the European Parliament website. We find no evidence of such ability, and no evidence for an interaction between the judges’ own attitudes to immigration and their accuracy. While many studies report facial manifestations of attitudinal and behavioural proclivities, facial appearance may be a relatively impoverished cue.
{"title":"Can People Detect Ideological Stance from Facial Photographs?","authors":"T. Saxton, Sophie L. Hart, Lucy V. Desai, T. Pollet","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/017-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/017-025","url":null,"abstract":"Nonverbal cues are instrumental in animal social interactions, and humans place especial value on facial appearance and displays to predict and interpret others’ behaviours. Several studies have reported that people can judge someone’s political orientation (e.g. Republican vs Democrat) based on facial appearance at greater-than-chance accuracy. This begs the question of the granularity of such judgements. Here, we investigate whether people can judge one aspect of political orientation (attitudes to immigration) based on the facial photographs that politicians use to represent themselves on the European Parliament website. We find no evidence of such ability, and no evidence for an interaction between the judges’ own attitudes to immigration and their accuracy. While many studies report facial manifestations of attitudinal and behavioural proclivities, facial appearance may be a relatively impoverished cue.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88563111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tania K Lucci, R. Defelipe, N. C. Andrade, Vinicius F David, E. Otta
Although there is a vast literature on early mother-infant interaction, there are fewer studies that investigate mother-infant behaviors immediately after delivery in natural conditions. Our aim was to investigate early mother-infant interaction as a function of mothers’ emotional states, infants’ sex and weight, and hospital procedures. Newborns were filmed when placed naked on their mother's chests (N = 60). Maternal (caress) and infant behaviors (crying and calming down) were coded every 10 seconds using Interact software. Mothers reported their emotional state, 1-2 days after delivery, using a five-point Likert scale, and answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Scale at 4-16 weeks postpartum. Multiple Ordinal Regressions considered maternal emotional conditions (emotional state and postpartum depression), infant’s sex and weight, and hospital procedures (childbirth type and skin-to-skin contact) as independent variables, and the frequency of maternal and infant behaviors as outcome variables. Infants from mothers feeling ‘great’ and not at risk for depression were less likely to cry as compared to their counterparts. Mothers were more likely to caress their sons than their daughters. Boys were more likely to cry and less likely to calm than girls. Newborn weight and skin-to-skin contact were positively associated with infants’ calming down. Infants cried more after normal delivery than after instrumental delivery. Our results showed that mother-infant early interactions are influenced by multiple levels and suggest hormonal influences during pregnancy. Keywords: mother-infant, behavior, newborn, emotional state, sex differences, skin-to-skin contact, childbirth type. __________________________________________________________ * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. Lucci, T.K. et al. (2019). Early mother-infant interaction after delivery: A naturalistic study. Human Ethology, 34, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/130-143 submitted: 06.Mar. 2019; revised: 24.May 2019; accepted: 24.June 2019 Lucci, T.K. et al. (2019). Early mother-infant interaction after delivery: A naturalistic study Human Ethology, 34, 130-143
{"title":"Early mother-infant interaction after delivery: A naturalistic study","authors":"Tania K Lucci, R. Defelipe, N. C. Andrade, Vinicius F David, E. Otta","doi":"10.22330/he/34/130-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/130-143","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is a vast literature on early mother-infant interaction, there are fewer studies that investigate mother-infant behaviors immediately after delivery in natural conditions. Our aim was to investigate early mother-infant interaction as a function of mothers’ emotional states, infants’ sex and weight, and hospital procedures. Newborns were filmed when placed naked on their mother's chests (N = 60). Maternal (caress) and infant behaviors (crying and calming down) were coded every 10 seconds using Interact software. Mothers reported their emotional state, 1-2 days after delivery, using a five-point Likert scale, and answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Scale at 4-16 weeks postpartum. Multiple Ordinal Regressions considered maternal emotional conditions (emotional state and postpartum depression), infant’s sex and weight, and hospital procedures (childbirth type and skin-to-skin contact) as independent variables, and the frequency of maternal and infant behaviors as outcome variables. Infants from mothers feeling ‘great’ and not at risk for depression were less likely to cry as compared to their counterparts. Mothers were more likely to caress their sons than their daughters. Boys were more likely to cry and less likely to calm than girls. Newborn weight and skin-to-skin contact were positively associated with infants’ calming down. Infants cried more after normal delivery than after instrumental delivery. Our results showed that mother-infant early interactions are influenced by multiple levels and suggest hormonal influences during pregnancy. Keywords: mother-infant, behavior, newborn, emotional state, sex differences, skin-to-skin contact, childbirth type. __________________________________________________________\u2028 * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. \u2029 Lucci, T.K. et al. (2019). Early mother-infant interaction after delivery: A naturalistic study. Human Ethology, 34, 130-143. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/130-143 submitted: 06.Mar. 2019; revised: 24.May 2019; accepted: 24.June 2019 Lucci, T.K. et al. (2019). Early mother-infant interaction after delivery: A naturalistic study Human Ethology, 34, 130-143","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84292127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social interactions and hierarchical structures in classrooms are studied in a number of scientific disciplines, yet the complexity of such systems makes them hard to investigate. In the present study we explore the relationship between social status and bodily interaction, since non-verbal communication and touch play a role in most social systems, yet are poorly understood in school settings. We developed a novel approach to assess social status in grammar school students by way of measuring the presence in others’ minds: Classmates assessed their peers in intellectual, social and physical domains. Additionally, we measured the amount and nature of physical interactions among classmates during breaks in the classroom. These interactions were tracked with the help of older, trained and regularly supervised students from the same school. This peer-to-peer method generated large amounts of data over a period of two months, during which 168 students were observed repeatedly. Results show that touching behavior is modulated by social status and sex: The amount of physical interaction with classmates increases significantly with social status. Same sex touching of intimate zones such as breasts, lap and buttocks occur more frequently among individuals of similar status as compared to touching the intimate zones of the opposite sex. The latter involves extremely high and low ranked individuals more often than same-sex interactions. This study helps to understand formative interactions within classrooms and gives rise to new questions on the establishment and maintenance of hierarchies in peer groups. Keywords: social interaction, classroom hierarchy, social touch, physical interaction, social status. _________________________________________________________ * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. Eder, S.J. & Oberzaucher, E. (2019). Getting in Touch – Social status predicts physical interaction in classrooms. Human Ethology, 34, 159-172. https://doi.org/ 10.22330/he/34/159-172 submitted: 31.Oct. 2018; revised: 12. Aug. 2019; accepted: 20.Aug. 2019 Eder, S.J. & Oberzaucher, E. (2019). Getting in Touch Human Ethology, 34, 159-172 TOUCH, HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN CLASSROOMS The ambivalence and ambiguity of touches, especially when status differences and dependencies are involved, are publicly debated (Kantor, 2018; Astor, 2018). Recently, this topic has gained attention in the context of classrooms through the initiative of a US-school to ban touches from schools altogether (The Associated Press, 2007). Other schools are merely restricting ‘inappropriate’ touches ( Jones, 2011). It is of little surprise that measures are taken to outlaw unwanted physical interactions, but this might lead to depriving us from essential parts of our social lives: The many functions of touch not only include expression of dominance, but also affiliative interactions, such as social grooming (Lehmann, Korstjens
{"title":"Getting in Touch – Social status predicts physical interaction in classrooms","authors":"S. J. Eder","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/159-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/159-172","url":null,"abstract":"Social interactions and hierarchical structures in classrooms are studied in a number of scientific disciplines, yet the complexity of such systems makes them hard to investigate. In the present study we explore the relationship between social status and bodily interaction, since non-verbal communication and touch play a role in most social systems, yet are poorly understood in school settings. We developed a novel approach to assess social status in grammar school students by way of measuring the presence in others’ minds: Classmates assessed their peers in intellectual, social and physical domains. Additionally, we measured the amount and nature of physical interactions among classmates during breaks in the classroom. These interactions were tracked with the help of older, trained and regularly supervised students from the same school. This peer-to-peer method generated large amounts of data over a period of two months, during which 168 students were observed repeatedly. Results show that touching behavior is modulated by social status and sex: The amount of physical interaction with classmates increases significantly with social status. Same sex touching of intimate zones such as breasts, lap and buttocks occur more frequently among individuals of similar status as compared to touching the intimate zones of the opposite sex. The latter involves extremely high and low ranked individuals more often than same-sex interactions. This study helps to understand formative interactions within classrooms and gives rise to new questions on the establishment and maintenance of hierarchies in peer groups. Keywords: social interaction, classroom hierarchy, social touch, physical interaction, social status. _________________________________________________________\u2028 * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. \u2029 Eder, S.J. & Oberzaucher, E. (2019). Getting in Touch – Social status predicts physical interaction in classrooms. Human Ethology, 34, 159-172. https://doi.org/ 10.22330/he/34/159-172 submitted: 31.Oct. 2018; revised: 12. Aug. 2019; accepted: 20.Aug. 2019 Eder, S.J. & Oberzaucher, E. (2019). Getting in Touch Human Ethology, 34, 159-172 TOUCH, HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS IN CLASSROOMS The ambivalence and ambiguity of touches, especially when status differences and dependencies are involved, are publicly debated (Kantor, 2018; Astor, 2018). Recently, this topic has gained attention in the context of classrooms through the initiative of a US-school to ban touches from schools altogether (The Associated Press, 2007). Other schools are merely restricting ‘inappropriate’ touches ( Jones, 2011). It is of little surprise that measures are taken to outlaw unwanted physical interactions, but this might lead to depriving us from essential parts of our social lives: The many functions of touch not only include expression of dominance, but also affiliative interactions, such as social grooming (Lehmann, Korstjens ","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91018188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Falbo, S. Blanchard, Ethan Cole, Michele M. Day, Camille Gazoul, Noreen Nader, Claire M. Saunders, J. Kruger, D. Kruger
This manuscript discusses coalitional behavior from an ethological perspective and tests a hypothesis regarding displays of group allegiance using observational methods. Tinbergen’s Four Questions (T4Q; Tinbergen, 1963) is a powerful explanatory framework for building a comprehensive understanding of behavior in humans and other species. Following T4Q, coalitional behavior is examined regarding evolutionary adaptiveness, phylogenetic history, proximate causation, and developmental ontogeny. Team sports are an intuitive domain for the illustration of patterns and principles in coalitional behavior. Athletic team loyalty is often communicated non-verbally though the display of apparel and paraphilia featuring university or team names and logos. Previous research documented increases in apparel displays after winning games. Toledo, Ohio is on the Michigan-Ohio border and was originally considered within Michigan Territory. The area contains a mixture of Ohio State University (OSU) and University of Michigan (UM) football fans and merchandise featuring each school is widely available. An observational study in the Fall 2013 collegiate football season found a ratio of approximately 3:2 for individuals displaying OSU and UM branded items. The hiring of Jim Harbaugh as Michigan’s new head coach in 2015 was expected to generate an increase in displays of UM branded items. Observations in the 2015 and 2016 seasons found equivalent rates of display for UM and OSU branded items, and a significant increase in displays of UM branded items from 2013.
{"title":"The Harbaugh Effect: A Spike in Michigan Allegiance Displays in a City with Divided Loyalty","authors":"Michael Falbo, S. Blanchard, Ethan Cole, Michele M. Day, Camille Gazoul, Noreen Nader, Claire M. Saunders, J. Kruger, D. Kruger","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/070-082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/070-082","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript discusses coalitional behavior from an ethological perspective and tests a hypothesis regarding displays of group allegiance using observational methods. Tinbergen’s Four Questions (T4Q; Tinbergen, 1963) is a powerful explanatory framework for building a comprehensive understanding of behavior in humans and other species. Following T4Q, coalitional behavior is examined regarding evolutionary adaptiveness, phylogenetic history, proximate causation, and developmental ontogeny. Team sports are an intuitive domain for the illustration of patterns and principles in coalitional behavior. Athletic team loyalty is often communicated non-verbally though the display of apparel and paraphilia featuring university or team names and logos. Previous research documented increases in apparel displays after winning games. Toledo, Ohio is on the Michigan-Ohio border and was originally considered within Michigan Territory. The area contains a mixture of Ohio State University (OSU) and University of Michigan (UM) football fans and merchandise featuring each school is widely available. An observational study in the Fall 2013 collegiate football season found a ratio of approximately 3:2 for individuals displaying OSU and UM branded items. The hiring of Jim Harbaugh as Michigan’s new head coach in 2015 was expected to generate an increase in displays of UM branded items. Observations in the 2015 and 2016 seasons found equivalent rates of display for UM and OSU branded items, and a significant increase in displays of UM branded items from 2013.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89103614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco del Giudice has set himself a daunting task to write a book describing an approach to psychiatric disorders which offers a fresh understanding, with overarching ideas informed by evolutionary theory. The scholarship is very impressive, there are nearly 2500 references stretching over almost 150 pages and to underpin his arguments. He brings together ideas from many fields of research: genetics, epigenetics, physiology, brain anatomy and function, epidemiology, psychology experiments and theories, psychiatric research and more. The book starts with a brief tour of human evolution, and basic, but up to date, ideas within evolutionary theory: natural selection, gene selection, adaptation, conflict, e.g. parent offspring, sexual selection, mating strategies, group selection, cooperation, altruism and so on. The section on the "evolved mind" discusses various concepts such as motivations, executive function, and mentalising and mechanistic cognition. There is a useful summary of some key individual and sex differences. A major chapter is on life history theory and the distinction between fast and slow life histories. These concepts are applied in many of the later discussions. Richer, J.M. (2019). Disorders or Ranges of Human Difference. Human Ethology, 34, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/110-114
Marco del Giudice给自己设定了一项艰巨的任务:写一本书，描述一种治疗精神疾病的方法，提供一种新的理解，并以进化理论为基础提供总体思想。他的学术成就令人印象深刻，有近2500个参考文献，超过150页，来支持他的论点。他汇集了许多研究领域的思想:遗传学、表观遗传学、生理学、脑解剖学和功能、流行病学、心理学实验和理论、精神病学研究等等。这本书首先简要介绍了人类的进化，以及进化理论中基本但最新的观点:自然选择、基因选择、适应、冲突，例如父母后代、性选择、交配策略、群体选择、合作、利他主义等等。关于“进化的心智”的部分讨论了各种概念，如动机、执行功能、心智化和机械认知。对一些关键的个体差异和性别差异有一个有用的总结。主要的一章是关于生活史理论和快生活史和慢生活史的区别。这些概念在后面的许多讨论中得到了应用。rich, J.M.(2019)。人类差异的紊乱或范围。动物行为学，34,110-114。https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/110-114
{"title":"DISORDERS OR RANGES OF HUMAN DIFFERENCE","authors":"J. Richer","doi":"10.22330/he/34/110-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/110-114","url":null,"abstract":"Marco del Giudice has set himself a daunting task to write a book describing an approach to psychiatric disorders which offers a fresh understanding, with overarching ideas informed by evolutionary theory. The scholarship is very impressive, there are nearly 2500 references stretching over almost 150 pages and to underpin his arguments. He brings together ideas from many fields of research: genetics, epigenetics, physiology, brain anatomy and function, epidemiology, psychology experiments and theories, psychiatric research and more. The book starts with a brief tour of human evolution, and basic, but up to date, ideas within evolutionary theory: natural selection, gene selection, adaptation, conflict, e.g. parent offspring, sexual selection, mating strategies, group selection, cooperation, altruism and so on. The section on the \"evolved mind\" discusses various concepts such as motivations, executive function, and mentalising and mechanistic cognition. There is a useful summary of some key individual and sex differences. A major chapter is on life history theory and the distinction between fast and slow life histories. These concepts are applied in many of the later discussions. Richer, J.M. (2019). Disorders or Ranges of Human Difference. Human Ethology, 34, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/110-114","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72826296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of Robert Boyd's \"A Different Kind of Animal\"","authors":"F. Pazhoohi","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/104-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/104-106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83528780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The motor action pattern of yawning enhances neurovascular circulation, which appears to function in cooling the brain and promoting adaptive behavioral outcomes linked with arousal and state change. Here, the authors tested whether chewing on gum, which induces similar mandibular contractions and temporarily increases alertness, alters the expression of yawning. Participants were assigned to either a control, mint, or gum condition and instructed to watch a contagious yawning stimulus in the laboratory. Yawning behavior was scored from video recordings. Findings showed that both sucking on a mint and chewing a piece of gum significantly inhibited contagion in these trials, as both manipulations diminished the overall rate and frequency of yawning in the sample. However, unlike sucking on a mint, chewing gum distinctly reduced and restricted the magnitude of the peak muscular contraction (i.e., the duration) of yawns and this measure correlated negatively with the frequency of chewing during testing. Overall, these findings add to our understanding of the physiology of yawning and provide directions for future research examining connections between yawning and cognitive performance. Keywords: blood flow, brain temperature, cognitive performance, cortical arousal, mandibular contractions, swallowing. __________________________________________________________ Gallup, A.C. & Engert, K. (2019). Chewing on gum alters the expression of contagious yawning. Human Ethology, 34, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/093-103 submitted: 12.Mar. 2019; revised: 20.May 2019; accepted: 22.May 2019 Gallup, A.C. & Engert, K. (2019). Gum chewing and contagious yawning Human Ethology, 34, 93-103
{"title":"Chewing on gum alters the expression of contagious yawning","authors":"A. Gallup, Kaleigh Engert","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/093-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/093-103","url":null,"abstract":"The motor action pattern of yawning enhances neurovascular circulation, which appears to function in cooling the brain and promoting adaptive behavioral outcomes linked with arousal and state change. Here, the authors tested whether chewing on gum, which induces similar mandibular contractions and temporarily increases alertness, alters the expression of yawning. Participants were assigned to either a control, mint, or gum condition and instructed to watch a contagious yawning stimulus in the laboratory. Yawning behavior was scored from video recordings. Findings showed that both sucking on a mint and chewing a piece of gum significantly inhibited contagion in these trials, as both manipulations diminished the overall rate and frequency of yawning in the sample. However, unlike sucking on a mint, chewing gum distinctly reduced and restricted the magnitude of the peak muscular contraction (i.e., the duration) of yawns and this measure correlated negatively with the frequency of chewing during testing. Overall, these findings add to our understanding of the physiology of yawning and provide directions for future research examining connections between yawning and cognitive performance. Keywords: blood flow, brain temperature, cognitive performance, cortical arousal, mandibular contractions, swallowing. __________________________________________________________\u2029 Gallup, A.C. & Engert, K. (2019). Chewing on gum alters the expression of contagious yawning. Human Ethology, 34, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/093-103 submitted: 12.Mar. 2019; revised: 20.May 2019; accepted: 22.May 2019 Gallup, A.C. & Engert, K. (2019). Gum chewing and contagious yawning Human Ethology, 34, 93-103","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"230 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77332297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book presents a synthetic theory of cultural values and history. It expands on a 2012 Behavioral and Brain Sciences target article by the authors, and includes replies to the commentaries. The theory is bold, extensively and rigorously supported, and suitably qualified. This theory needs to be incorporated into analyses of human behavior in a variety of disciplines in the behavioral sciences and history. The gist of the theory is this: In localities where parasites that transmit disease between humans are abundant, people isolate themselves from outsiders, who may carry infectious diseases. These people tend to fear and avoid outsiders and alien values, and to remain philopatric. This self-imposed isolation favors conservative values because the novel values of outsiders are kept at bay. Parasite stress also reduces innovation and cognitive performance by inducing lethargy; the debilitating effect of parasites may help account for the lower IQ of people living in countries and US states with more parasites. Other ramifications of the theory extend to crime, warfare, endogamy, female chastity, and other behavioral phenomena. Thornhill and Fincher support their theory by citing numerous studies of a variety of human populations around the world, past and present. They examine a host of variables, and generally provide statistically strong support for their claims. They address Weisfeld, G. (2019). The Role of Parasites in Shaping Human Values. Human Ethology, 34, 115-117. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/115-117
{"title":"The Role of Parasites in Shaping Human Values","authors":"G. Weisfeld","doi":"10.22330/he/34/115-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/115-117","url":null,"abstract":"This book presents a synthetic theory of cultural values and history. It expands on a 2012 Behavioral and Brain Sciences target article by the authors, and includes replies to the commentaries. The theory is bold, extensively and rigorously supported, and suitably qualified. This theory needs to be incorporated into analyses of human behavior in a variety of disciplines in the behavioral sciences and history. The gist of the theory is this: In localities where parasites that transmit disease between humans are abundant, people isolate themselves from outsiders, who may carry infectious diseases. These people tend to fear and avoid outsiders and alien values, and to remain philopatric. This self-imposed isolation favors conservative values because the novel values of outsiders are kept at bay. Parasite stress also reduces innovation and cognitive performance by inducing lethargy; the debilitating effect of parasites may help account for the lower IQ of people living in countries and US states with more parasites. Other ramifications of the theory extend to crime, warfare, endogamy, female chastity, and other behavioral phenomena. Thornhill and Fincher support their theory by citing numerous studies of a variety of human populations around the world, past and present. They examine a host of variables, and generally provide statistically strong support for their claims. They address Weisfeld, G. (2019). The Role of Parasites in Shaping Human Values. Human Ethology, 34, 115-117. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/115-117","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90781894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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