Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/3122/001-004
E. Oberzaucher
{"title":"Passing on the Chair","authors":"E. Oberzaucher","doi":"10.22330/HEB/3122/001-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/3122/001-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48002836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.22330/heb/322/005-013
Luca Kozma, Ferenc Kocsor
In the present study we investigated the connection between male dominance and masculinity. We used questionnaires to discover how self-rated dominance, identification with masculinity ideologies, aggression, and attitudes towards women, are related. Our analyses revealed that the two different gender role questionnaires we used (Bem’s Sex Role Inventory, Multicultural Masculine Ideology Scale) may focus on different aspects of masculinity, which was also reflected in their different relations to other variables – aggression, dominance, and sexism. We briefly review the main concepts related to gender roles, and discuss the results of the analyses within the frames of Social Role Theory.
在本研究中，我们调查了男性支配地位和男子气概之间的关系。我们使用问卷调查来发现自我评定的支配地位、对男性意识形态的认同、攻击性和对女性的态度是如何相关的。我们的分析表明，我们使用的两种不同的性别角色问卷(Bem 's Sex role Inventory和多元文化男性意识形态量表)可能侧重于男性气质的不同方面，这也反映在它们与其他变量的不同关系上——攻击、支配和性别歧视。我们简要回顾了与性别角色相关的主要概念，并在社会角色理论的框架内讨论了分析结果。
{"title":"Multiscale Analysis of Masculinity – An Exploratory Study","authors":"Luca Kozma, Ferenc Kocsor","doi":"10.22330/heb/322/005-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/322/005-013","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study we investigated the connection between male dominance and masculinity. We used questionnaires to discover how self-rated dominance, identification with masculinity ideologies, aggression, and attitudes towards women, are related. Our analyses revealed that the two different gender role questionnaires we used (Bem’s Sex Role Inventory, Multicultural Masculine Ideology Scale) may focus on different aspects of masculinity, which was also reflected in their different relations to other variables – aggression, dominance, and sexism. We briefly review the main concepts related to gender roles, and discuss the results of the analyses within the frames of Social Role Theory.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/321/017-028
D. Kruger, Michele M. Day, Ailiya Duan, Anna M. Heyblom, Dóra Juhász, Stephanie L. Misevich, Camile Phaneuf, Claire M. Saunders, Peter A. Sonnega, Vibra Sreenivasa
Sports team rivalries involve expressions of evolved psychology related to in-group loyalty and inter-group competition. ESPN ranked the University of Michigan–Ohio State University football rivalry as the greatest North American sports rivalry. Toledo, Ohio is geographically closer to Ann Arbor, MI (UM), than to Columbus, OH (OSU) and conventional wisdom holds that team loyalty is divided among local residents. Previous observational research of thousands of individuals in Toledo indicated that no one simultaneously wore apparel from the two competing teams. Inspired by these observations, a second study examined reactions to displays of mixed loyalty vs. consistent loyalty. When a research confederate wore clothing featuring both UM and OSU, he elicited more attention and reactions than when wearing equivalent outfits featuring just one of the universities. The current study examines factors explaining individual differences in attention to displays of allegiance to rival groups, whether consistent or mixed. We made several predictions for explaining variation in reaction rates based on evolved coalitional psychology. We predicted that men, young adults in the typical undergraduate age range (18-25), and those wearing university merchandise themselves will have higher reaction rates to the confederate than women, individuals in other age groups, and individuals not wearing university merchandise respectively. These hypotheses were generally supported by our observations (n = 1292). Controlling for experimental condition, reaction rates were higher overall for men, young adults, and those wearing university merchandise themselves. The highest reaction rates were by young adult men wearing university merchandise, to the mixed condition.
{"title":"Understanding Variation in Reactions to Displays of Allegiance","authors":"D. Kruger, Michele M. Day, Ailiya Duan, Anna M. Heyblom, Dóra Juhász, Stephanie L. Misevich, Camile Phaneuf, Claire M. Saunders, Peter A. Sonnega, Vibra Sreenivasa","doi":"10.22330/HEB/321/017-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/321/017-028","url":null,"abstract":"Sports team rivalries involve expressions of evolved psychology related to in-group loyalty and inter-group competition. ESPN ranked the University of Michigan–Ohio State University football rivalry as the greatest North American sports rivalry. Toledo, Ohio is geographically closer to Ann Arbor, MI (UM), than to Columbus, OH (OSU) and conventional wisdom holds that team loyalty is divided among local residents. Previous observational research of thousands of individuals in Toledo indicated that no one simultaneously wore apparel from the two competing teams. Inspired by these observations, a second study examined reactions to displays of mixed loyalty vs. consistent loyalty. When a research confederate wore clothing featuring both UM and OSU, he elicited more attention and reactions than when wearing equivalent outfits featuring just one of the universities. The current study examines factors explaining individual differences in attention to displays of allegiance to rival groups, whether consistent or mixed. We made several predictions for explaining variation in reaction rates based on evolved coalitional psychology. We predicted that men, young adults in the typical undergraduate age range (18-25), and those wearing university merchandise themselves will have higher reaction rates to the confederate than women, individuals in other age groups, and individuals not wearing university merchandise respectively. These hypotheses were generally supported by our observations (n = 1292). Controlling for experimental condition, reaction rates were higher overall for men, young adults, and those wearing university merchandise themselves. The highest reaction rates were by young adult men wearing university merchandise, to the mixed condition.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43730408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/321/006-016
M. Fisher
Over the course of evolutionary history, women have faced situations where they presumably have needed to both compete and cooperate with the same group of kin and non-kin individuals for the purposes of advancing reproductive success. Here we focus exclusively on mothers, and explore some of the advantages of cooperating with other mothers (as well as other individuals) versus competing with other mothers (and others). There has been noteworthy attention paid towards cooperative mothering behavior, but competitive mothering behavior has been relatively neglected. Therefore, our goal is to provide a review of the ways in which both types of behavior enhance a mother’s reproductive success, and ultimately, show that the most beneficial strategy is integrate both cooperative and competitive behavior.
{"title":"A Theoretical Proposal for Examining the Integration of Cooperative and Competitive Mothering Behavior","authors":"M. Fisher","doi":"10.22330/HEB/321/006-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/321/006-016","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of evolutionary history, women have faced situations where they presumably have needed to both compete and cooperate with the same group of kin and non-kin individuals for the purposes of advancing reproductive success. Here we focus exclusively on mothers, and explore some of the advantages of cooperating with other mothers (as well as other individuals) versus competing with other mothers (and others). There has been noteworthy attention paid towards cooperative mothering behavior, but competitive mothering behavior has been relatively neglected. Therefore, our goal is to provide a review of the ways in which both types of behavior enhance a mother’s reproductive success, and ultimately, show that the most beneficial strategy is integrate both cooperative and competitive behavior.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"6-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42634748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/heb/321/001-005
C. Allen
The University of Stirling, nestled between the Scottish cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, was the stage for the 23rd Biennial Congress on Human Ethology, in August 2016. In true ISHE spirit, the organising committee were keen to create as many opportunities as possible for delegates to immerse themselves in Scottish culture and tradition, and organised a packed calendar of social events. This began with an opening ceremony with a piper, and live performances of traditional Scottish dancing by the Stirling Highland Dancers (with socially mandated audience participation, see figure 1!), This was followed by dinner and whiskey tasting overlooking the beautiful University campus, cloaked in the shadow of the Ochil Hills.
{"title":"A Highland fling to remember: A short report on the XXIII biennial congress on Human Ethology in Stirling, Scotland","authors":"C. Allen","doi":"10.22330/heb/321/001-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/321/001-005","url":null,"abstract":"The University of Stirling, nestled between the Scottish cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, was the stage for the 23rd Biennial Congress on Human Ethology, in August 2016. In true ISHE spirit, the organising committee were keen to create as many opportunities as possible for delegates to immerse themselves in Scottish culture and tradition, and organised a packed calendar of social events. This began with an opening ceremony with a piper, and live performances of traditional Scottish dancing by the Stirling Highland Dancers (with socially mandated audience participation, see figure 1!), This was followed by dinner and whiskey tasting overlooking the beautiful University campus, cloaked in the shadow of the Ochil Hills.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42024882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/321/029-041
M. Sharp, Geordan E. Hamilton
Whilst not explaining all social behaviour and organisation, dominance is nevertheless an important dimension of human social interaction. It has been hypothesized that gaze behaviour reflects the dominance hierarchy of primate groups and several studies have demonstrated that cues associated with social status also influence human gaze. These studies overwhelmingly involve male participants and sex differences in coalition formation, status seeking, risk taking and dominance-related behaviour have all been explained by the fact that males needed to compete for mates while females supposedly did not. Indeed, until comparatively recently it was thought that dominance contests were of little consequence for females. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that competitiveness is useful for females and there are attendant benefits conferred upon those with high status. Thus, it is important to understand these status-gaze relationships in women. Sixty heterosexual, caucasian female participants (mean age=22.1, SD=3.16) competed in a dyadic non-physical status encounter (woodblock game Jenga). Dyads were unknown to each other and matched by menstrual phase ( follicular/luteal) or contraceptive use. Winners were congratulated and received £5 to accentuate status disparity. In the two minutes following competition participants sat apart but in sight of each other. The investigator left the room and gaze behaviour was recorded by video camera. The length of time each participant spent looking at their opponent was related to competition outcome: winners (M=3.96, SD=1.72), losers (M=7.34, SD=4.32). There were main effects for outcome, F(1,54)=22.47, p<0.0001 and menstrual phase/contraceptive use F(2,54)=5.34, p=0.008. Follicular and Luteal phase did not differ from each other significantly. The interaction between outcome and menstrual phase/ contraceptive use was significant, F(2,54)=8.75, p<0.001, with contraceptive use reversing the findings of longer gaze time in the loss condition in normally cycling women. Our results support the hypothesis that female gaze behaviour is responsive to the outcome of status encounters.
{"title":"Female Gaze Behaviour, Status and the Menstrual Cycle: An Exploratory Study","authors":"M. Sharp, Geordan E. Hamilton","doi":"10.22330/HEB/321/029-041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/321/029-041","url":null,"abstract":"Whilst not explaining all social behaviour and organisation, dominance is nevertheless an important dimension of human social interaction. It has been hypothesized that gaze behaviour reflects the dominance hierarchy of primate groups and several studies have demonstrated that cues associated with social status also influence human gaze. These studies overwhelmingly involve male participants and sex differences in coalition formation, status seeking, risk taking and dominance-related behaviour have all been explained by the fact that males needed to compete for mates while females supposedly did not. Indeed, until comparatively recently it was thought that dominance contests were of little consequence for females. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that competitiveness is useful for females and there are attendant benefits conferred upon those with high status. Thus, it is important to understand these status-gaze relationships in women. Sixty heterosexual, caucasian female participants (mean age=22.1, SD=3.16) competed in a dyadic non-physical status encounter (woodblock game Jenga). Dyads were unknown to each other and matched by menstrual phase ( follicular/luteal) or contraceptive use. Winners were congratulated and received £5 to accentuate status disparity. In the two minutes following competition participants sat apart but in sight of each other. The investigator left the room and gaze behaviour was recorded by video camera. The length of time each participant spent looking at their opponent was related to competition outcome: winners (M=3.96, SD=1.72), losers (M=7.34, SD=4.32). There were main effects for outcome, F(1,54)=22.47, p<0.0001 and menstrual phase/contraceptive use F(2,54)=5.34, p=0.008. Follicular and Luteal phase did not differ from each other significantly. The interaction between outcome and menstrual phase/ contraceptive use was significant, F(2,54)=8.75, p<0.001, with contraceptive use reversing the findings of longer gaze time in the loss condition in normally cycling women. Our results support the hypothesis that female gaze behaviour is responsive to the outcome of status encounters.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"29-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48747861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/321/053-059
T. Pollet, A. Little
{"title":"A Theoretical Proposal for Examining the Integration of Cooperative and Competitive Mothering Behavior","authors":"T. Pollet, A. Little","doi":"10.22330/HEB/321/053-059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/321/053-059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"53-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43672600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.22330/HEB/321/042-052
Susan C. Roberts, Faize Eryaman
The ability of infants to recognize their mother is an important factor in the development of mother-infant social relationships. Infants must be able to distinguish her from other individuals before they form strong maternal attachment, and learning individual characteristics of the child likely helps to cement the mother’s emotional bonding with the child. Existing evidence demonstrates that very young infants can discriminate their mother’s odour and that this facilitates the onset and duration of breastfeeding, but it is not known whether this ability is maintained after weaning. Here, we investigated recognition of mothers by children of toddler age (3 – 5 years), and maternal recognition of her child, through body odour. Nineteen mother-child pairs wore clean t-shirts for 2 consecutive nights, and both mothers and children were then tested for correct identification of their respective mother/ child’s odour from an odour line-up of 6 samples. We found that mothers were able to recognise their child’s odour at rates above chance, but toddlers were not. Neither breastfeeding duration nor hours spent together on an average day were associated with correct odour recognition by either mothers or children. However, higher perceived pleasantness of their child’s odour during testing was associated with higher identification success, suggesting a possible cue to correct identification in mothers. Mothers who correctly identified their child’s odour were also more likely to correctly identify the sex of odour donors. Our study contributes to the growing literature suggesting that odour may be important in maternal-child attachment.
{"title":"Mutual olfactory recognition between mother and child","authors":"Susan C. Roberts, Faize Eryaman","doi":"10.22330/HEB/321/042-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/321/042-052","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of infants to recognize their mother is an important factor in the development of mother-infant social relationships. Infants must be able to distinguish her from other individuals before they form strong maternal attachment, and learning individual characteristics of the child likely helps to cement the mother’s emotional bonding with the child. Existing evidence demonstrates that very young infants can discriminate their mother’s odour and that this facilitates the onset and duration of breastfeeding, but it is not known whether this ability is maintained after weaning. Here, we investigated recognition of mothers by children of toddler age (3 – 5 years), and maternal recognition of her child, through body odour. Nineteen mother-child pairs wore clean t-shirts for 2 consecutive nights, and both mothers and children were then tested for correct identification of their respective mother/ child’s odour from an odour line-up of 6 samples. We found that mothers were able to recognise their child’s odour at rates above chance, but toddlers were not. Neither breastfeeding duration nor hours spent together on an average day were associated with correct odour recognition by either mothers or children. However, higher perceived pleasantness of their child’s odour during testing was associated with higher identification success, suggesting a possible cue to correct identification in mothers. Mothers who correctly identified their child’s odour were also more likely to correctly identify the sex of odour donors. Our study contributes to the growing literature suggesting that odour may be important in maternal-child attachment.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":"42-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48798667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/314/015-033
J. Richer
WHAT THIS PAPER IS ABOUT This paper is about a number of connected issues: • Mentalism and why and how we are a mentalistic species. • Why there are two, equally important, stories about human behaviour, the mentalistic and scientific, whose differences need to be clearly understood. • Why the mentalistic story of human behaviour is flawed starting place for a scientific study of ourselves, though absolutely necessary for everyday life. That necessity and utility has seduced many psychologists erroneously to start their would-be science with mentalistic concepts. • And yet, in the manner of those practicing biomimetics, how scientists can learn from evolved mentalism, and in particular the pervasiveness of the mentalistic understanding people at the level of motivations (feelings, intentions, etc.), and work on the heuristic expectation that patterns in behaviour will be found, not at the behavioural level, but at the level of motivation albeit inferred from the observed behaviour.
{"title":"Mentalistic and Scientific Stories about Human Behavior, Biomimetic Heuristics and Psychology's Confusions","authors":"J. Richer","doi":"10.22330/HEB/314/015-033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/314/015-033","url":null,"abstract":"WHAT THIS PAPER IS ABOUT This paper is about a number of connected issues: • Mentalism and why and how we are a mentalistic species. • Why there are two, equally important, stories about human behaviour, the mentalistic and scientific, whose differences need to be clearly understood. • Why the mentalistic story of human behaviour is flawed starting place for a scientific study of ourselves, though absolutely necessary for everyday life. That necessity and utility has seduced many psychologists erroneously to start their would-be science with mentalistic concepts. • And yet, in the manner of those practicing biomimetics, how scientists can learn from evolved mentalism, and in particular the pervasiveness of the mentalistic understanding people at the level of motivations (feelings, intentions, etc.), and work on the heuristic expectation that patterns in behaviour will be found, not at the behavioural level, but at the level of motivation albeit inferred from the observed behaviour.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"31 1","pages":"15-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68344742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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