Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/332/048-057
D. Kruger, M. Falbo, Camille Gazoul, Ethan Cole, Noreen Nader, Sophie Blanchard, Ailiya Duan, Shannon Murphy, Dóra Juhász, Claire M. Saunders, Peter A. Sonnega, J. Kruger, J. Elhai
Mobile cell phones are integral to social fabric of the contemporary United States and other technologically advanced societies. There is considerable research on the psychology and behavior of cell phone use, though most of the scientific literature is based on survey studies and experience sampling applications. Cell phone use while driving increases the risk of automobile accidents. Survey responses regarding controversial and illegal behaviors are often biased by socially-desirable responding. Precise data on population usage patterns are typically proprietary. Naturalistic observations may provide unique information that complements findings from self-report survey methods and address research questions outside the proper scope of surveys and topics on which socially-desirably responding may occur. We examined cell phone use among drivers (N = 2538) in a Midwestern USA college town. In the study setting , texting while driving is illegal, whereas both hands-free (e.g., Bluetooth-enabled) and phone-inhand calls are permitted. However, drivers cited for traffic violations may also be charged with careless driving due to cell phone use. Overall, 23% of drivers were observed using their phones; 9% were talking with their phones in hand, 9% were texting , and 6.4% of those with no passengers in the car were observed talking (likely on a hands-free, or Bluetooth, call). Older drivers were less likely to be texting. Drivers were less likely to be using their phones when they had passengers and when it was raining. We demonstrate the value of observational studies for understanding technology use; our results complement those of self-report survey research.
{"title":"Counting Blue(tooth) Cars: Assessing Cellphone Use Among Vehicle Drivers in the Midwestern USA","authors":"D. Kruger, M. Falbo, Camille Gazoul, Ethan Cole, Noreen Nader, Sophie Blanchard, Ailiya Duan, Shannon Murphy, Dóra Juhász, Claire M. Saunders, Peter A. Sonnega, J. Kruger, J. Elhai","doi":"10.22330/HEB/332/048-057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/332/048-057","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile cell phones are integral to social fabric of the contemporary United States and other technologically advanced societies. There is considerable research on the psychology and behavior of cell phone use, though most of the scientific literature is based on survey studies and experience sampling applications. Cell phone use while driving increases the risk of automobile accidents. Survey responses regarding controversial and illegal behaviors are often biased by socially-desirable responding. Precise data on population usage patterns are typically proprietary. Naturalistic observations may provide unique information that complements findings from self-report survey methods and address research questions outside the proper scope of surveys and topics on which socially-desirably responding may occur. We examined cell phone use among drivers (N = 2538) in a Midwestern USA college town. In the study setting , texting while driving is illegal, whereas both hands-free (e.g., Bluetooth-enabled) and phone-inhand calls are permitted. However, drivers cited for traffic violations may also be charged with careless driving due to cell phone use. Overall, 23% of drivers were observed using their phones; 9% were talking with their phones in hand, 9% were texting , and 6.4% of those with no passengers in the car were observed talking (likely on a hands-free, or Bluetooth, call). Older drivers were less likely to be texting. Drivers were less likely to be using their phones when they had passengers and when it was raining. We demonstrate the value of observational studies for understanding technology use; our results complement those of self-report survey research.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46422535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/332/022-036
Espen A. Sjoberg, E. Johansen
{"title":"Impulsivity or Sub-optimal Reward Maximization in Delay Discounting? A Critical Discussion","authors":"Espen A. Sjoberg, E. Johansen","doi":"10.22330/HEB/332/022-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/332/022-036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45189811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.22330/HEB/332/005-012
D. Kruger, Dóra Juhász, Claire Saunder, Stephanie L. Misevich, Ailiya Duan, Anna M. Heyblom, Camille V. Phaneuf
Cellphones are an integral part of life for many adults in technologically advanced societies. There is extensive research and literature on cellphones and social technology, with most studies conducted through self-report surveys, experience sampling, and system log data. Although selfreport survey methods are useful for examining how individuals perceive and feel about cellphone related issues, self-reported cellphone usage behavior is only moderately correlated with objective system log data. Naturalistic observations complement findings from self-report survey methods and may be the best method of objectively assessing both the patterns of and influences on cellphone use in real-world social contexts. Observers documented cellphone use among individuals (N = 4079) in seven public areas within or immediately surrounding a large public university campus in the Midwestern USA. Observers recorded whether or not individuals were using their cellphones, as well as individual’s sex, approximate age (undergraduate or older), group size, if the individual was engaged in live conversation with companions, and the prevailing weather conditions. Those engaged in live conversation were less likely to be using their cellphones than those who were not conversing with companions. Younger adults (those appearing to be in the typical undergraduate age range) were more likely to be using their cellphones than those who appeared older. Women were more likely to be using their cellphones than men. Phone use was higher in warmer weather than on colder days. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of observational studies for understanding technology use in social contexts.
{"title":"Factors Predicting Observed Cellphone Use in a Midwestern USA University Campus Area","authors":"D. Kruger, Dóra Juhász, Claire Saunder, Stephanie L. Misevich, Ailiya Duan, Anna M. Heyblom, Camille V. Phaneuf","doi":"10.22330/HEB/332/005-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/332/005-012","url":null,"abstract":"Cellphones are an integral part of life for many adults in technologically advanced societies. There is extensive research and literature on cellphones and social technology, with most studies conducted through self-report surveys, experience sampling, and system log data. Although selfreport survey methods are useful for examining how individuals perceive and feel about cellphone related issues, self-reported cellphone usage behavior is only moderately correlated with objective system log data. Naturalistic observations complement findings from self-report survey methods and may be the best method of objectively assessing both the patterns of and influences on cellphone use in real-world social contexts. Observers documented cellphone use among individuals (N = 4079) in seven public areas within or immediately surrounding a large public university campus in the Midwestern USA. Observers recorded whether or not individuals were using their cellphones, as well as individual’s sex, approximate age (undergraduate or older), group size, if the individual was engaged in live conversation with companions, and the prevailing weather conditions. Those engaged in live conversation were less likely to be using their cellphones than those who were not conversing with companions. Younger adults (those appearing to be in the typical undergraduate age range) were more likely to be using their cellphones than those who appeared older. Women were more likely to be using their cellphones than men. Phone use was higher in warmer weather than on colder days. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of observational studies for understanding technology use in social contexts.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48674373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.22330/heb/331/056-058
Steve Bowman
{"title":"What Did The Bonobo Say To The Atheist","authors":"Steve Bowman","doi":"10.22330/heb/331/056-058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/331/056-058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"56-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43609343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.22330/heb/331/049-052
F. Pazhoohi
{"title":"On the Origin of Fairness and Cooperation","authors":"F. Pazhoohi","doi":"10.22330/heb/331/049-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/331/049-052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47371853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/015-038
W. Schleidt, M. D. Shalter
As an alternative to the domestication hypothesis, it has been proposed that “Wolves met humans in a phase of human apprenticeship to wolf pastoralism and, in a subsequent process of coevolution, wolves turned into dogs." (Schleidt, 1998, p. 4). Here we provide an update in the context of new information, notably on Pleistocene climate and ecology, and new insights from canid and human genetics and genomics.
{"title":"Dogs and mankind: Coevolution on the move - An update","authors":"W. Schleidt, M. D. Shalter","doi":"10.22330/HEB/331/015-038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/331/015-038","url":null,"abstract":"As an alternative to the domestication hypothesis, it has been proposed that “Wolves met humans in a phase of human apprenticeship to wolf pastoralism and, in a subsequent process of coevolution, wolves turned into dogs.\" (Schleidt, 1998, p. 4). Here we provide an update in the context of new information, notably on Pleistocene climate and ecology, and new insights from canid and human genetics and genomics.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"15-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46103234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/001-002
C. Hendrie
{"title":"When Back in the Day was in the Here and Now","authors":"C. Hendrie","doi":"10.22330/HEB/331/001-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/331/001-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44661419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-25DOI: 10.22330/HEB/331/003-014
C. Dunkel, S. Hertler, E. Mathes, T. C. Baca
The covariance among a large cache of biopsychosocial individual differences (e.g., identity) has been explained by differences in life history (LH) strategies. The current investigation was premised on the proposition that the LH nomological network may extend to individual differences on projective tests. In order to test this hypothesis, responses on a projective test of identity (the Twenty Statements Test), using three separate data sets (each from a different decade and spanning a period of 45 years), were scored using the LH Rating Form and in turn those scores were correlated with psychometric and biodemographic indices of LH strategy. The pattern of results was consistent with the hypothesis. The TST responses of slow LH strategy participants appeared more likely to include references to religion and family, while the TST responses of fast LH participants seemed to refer to sex and drugs more often. These qualitative interpretations were consistent with the quantitative analyses, which were, in general, supportive of the predicted linear association between scored TST responses and the psychometric and biodemographic measures of LH strategy. In light of the findings, the relationship between LH strategy and identity is discussed. Further investigation on the association between LH strategy and projective tests appears warranted.
{"title":"The Identification of Life History Strategy in a Short Projective Test","authors":"C. Dunkel, S. Hertler, E. Mathes, T. C. Baca","doi":"10.22330/HEB/331/003-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HEB/331/003-014","url":null,"abstract":"The covariance among a large cache of biopsychosocial individual differences (e.g., identity) has been explained by differences in life history (LH) strategies. The current investigation was premised on the proposition that the LH nomological network may extend to individual differences on projective tests. In order to test this hypothesis, responses on a projective test of identity (the Twenty Statements Test), using three separate data sets (each from a different decade and spanning a period of 45 years), were scored using the LH Rating Form and in turn those scores were correlated with psychometric and biodemographic indices of LH strategy. The pattern of results was consistent with the hypothesis. The TST responses of slow LH strategy participants appeared more likely to include references to religion and family, while the TST responses of fast LH participants seemed to refer to sex and drugs more often. These qualitative interpretations were consistent with the quantitative analyses, which were, in general, supportive of the predicted linear association between scored TST responses and the psychometric and biodemographic measures of LH strategy. In light of the findings, the relationship between LH strategy and identity is discussed. Further investigation on the association between LH strategy and projective tests appears warranted.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"33 1","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42027265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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