{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Gesture Encoding: How consistently can ethologists encode what they observe?","authors":"H. Prossinger, Susanne Schmehl, E. Oberzaucher","doi":"10.22330/he/34/173-193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/173-193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87328244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to identify the Darwinian and Non-Darwinian influences upon William James’s theory about the naturalization of mind presented on his book Principles of Psychology. This effort intends to include the identification of William James’ original proposals to of a naturalized and scientific approach of Mind. We identified some general aspects of evolutionary ideas in William James' book on the Principles of Psychology: a) his evolutionary ideas were influenced by his readings of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer; b) James assimilates these influences in an original way, reconciling the generality of evolution as a natural phenomenon (inspired by Spencer-Lamarck) with the probabilistic and selective principles of Darwinian evolution; c) James departs from the philosophical problem of intentionality and mental causality to propose a natural theory for the origin of thought as a source of variability, and conscience as a selection agent and efficient cause of habits formation duringt the ontogenesis of organisms; d) James defines two processes for psychogenesis (random variation and adaptation), whose origins are phylogenetic and ontogenetic, respectively; and e) It proposes a material basis (nervous system) and a causal principle (i.e. consciousness forming habits from the selection of reflex instincts and actions) to deal with the evolutionary origin of consciousness as a biological function. We conclude that the Principles of Psychology written by William James incorporates evolutionary ideas that are not exclusively Darwinian.and that James appropriates this matrix of influences and proposes an original enterprise for psychological science, integrating a new probabilistic-selective causal principle, a psychobiological mechanic for consciousness as a unified agent and a biological function, and a comparative perspective that would allow the study of psychological functions in nonhuman animals given the factual generality of zoological evolution. Keywords: William James, Naturalization of Mind, Darwinism, Evolution and Psychology. __________________________________________________________ * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. Santana, L.H. (2019). Evolutionary Ideas and the Naturalization of Mind in William James. Human Ethology, 34, 104-116. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/144-158 submitted: 23.Mar. 2019; revised: 25.June 2019; accepted: 15.July 2019 Santana, L.H. et al. (2019). JAMES & EVOLUTION Human Ethology, 34, 144-158
{"title":"Evolutionary Ideas and the Naturalization of Mind in William James","authors":"Luiz Henrique Santana","doi":"10.22330/he/34/144-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/144-158","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to identify the Darwinian and Non-Darwinian influences upon William James’s theory about the naturalization of mind presented on his book Principles of Psychology. This effort intends to include the identification of William James’ original proposals to of a naturalized and scientific approach of Mind. We identified some general aspects of evolutionary ideas in William James' book on the Principles of Psychology: a) his evolutionary ideas were influenced by his readings of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer; b) James assimilates these influences in an original way, reconciling the generality of evolution as a natural phenomenon (inspired by Spencer-Lamarck) with the probabilistic and selective principles of Darwinian evolution; c) James departs from the philosophical problem of intentionality and mental causality to propose a natural theory for the origin of thought as a source of variability, and conscience as a selection agent and efficient cause of habits formation duringt the ontogenesis of organisms; d) James defines two processes for psychogenesis (random variation and adaptation), whose origins are phylogenetic and ontogenetic, respectively; and e) It proposes a material basis (nervous system) and a causal principle (i.e. consciousness forming habits from the selection of reflex instincts and actions) to deal with the evolutionary origin of consciousness as a biological function. We conclude that the Principles of Psychology written by William James incorporates evolutionary ideas that are not exclusively Darwinian.and that James appropriates this matrix of influences and proposes an original enterprise for psychological science, integrating a new probabilistic-selective causal principle, a psychobiological mechanic for consciousness as a unified agent and a biological function, and a comparative perspective that would allow the study of psychological functions in nonhuman animals given the factual generality of zoological evolution. Keywords: William James, Naturalization of Mind, Darwinism, Evolution and Psychology. __________________________________________________________\u2028 * Paper presented at XXIV Biennial Conference of Human Ethology 2018, in Santiago, Chile. \u2029 Santana, L.H. (2019). Evolutionary Ideas and the Naturalization of Mind in William James. Human Ethology, 34, 104-116. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/144-158 submitted: 23.Mar. 2019; revised: 25.June 2019; accepted: 15.July 2019 Santana, L.H. et al. (2019). JAMES & EVOLUTION Human Ethology, 34, 144-158","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90361309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence of apparently costly and wasteful ritual behavior has long been puzzling for evolutionary scholars. We summarize two models of ritual behavior anchored in the theory of honest signaling. First, the costly signaling theory of ritual (CSTR) is introduced as a solution to the problem of cooperation by allowing ritual participants to signal their commitment to the social norms, which are often fostered by supernatural agents. Second, credibility enhancing displays (CREDs) are proposed as a cultural evolutionary extension of CSTR, which helps to spread the ritual practice and the associated commitment to moralizing supernatural agents. In our view, both mechanisms promote cooperation, and thus help spread and preserve costly ritual behavior. We outline a framework in which CSTR and CREDs can be hierarchically integrated and discuss the outstanding questions related to both CSTR and CREDs, including suggestions for future research.
{"title":"An Integrative Framework of Commitment Displays in Religious Systems","authors":"Radim Chvaja, Dan Řezníček","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/041-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/041-052","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of apparently costly and wasteful ritual behavior has long been puzzling for evolutionary scholars. We summarize two models of ritual behavior anchored in the theory of honest signaling. First, the costly signaling theory of ritual (CSTR) is introduced as a solution to the problem of cooperation by allowing ritual participants to signal their commitment to the social norms, which are often fostered by supernatural agents. Second, credibility enhancing displays (CREDs) are proposed as a cultural evolutionary extension of CSTR, which helps to spread the ritual practice and the associated commitment to moralizing supernatural agents. In our view, both mechanisms promote cooperation, and thus help spread and preserve costly ritual behavior. We outline a framework in which CSTR and CREDs can be hierarchically integrated and discuss the outstanding questions related to both CSTR and CREDs, including suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77509456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intergroup competition was a powerful selection force shaping human coalitional psychology. Individuals presenting multiple loyalties among competing groups represent a threat for defection. Thus, there is likely to be a social norm that loyalty should be unilateral among competing groups. Four studies provided evidence supporting this notion, however some of the results have been challenged and suggested to be products of methodological confounds. Also, some participants reported being confused by some of the experimental content, thus providing inaccurate responses. The current study is a modified replication of the survey project (Study 3), controlling for the suggested methodological confounds and revising instructions to clarify participant tasks. The original effects were reproduced, increasing the confidence in the interpretation of results. In addition, data were gathered in an additional set of items that were original to this study. These items directly tested the relative mutual exclusivity of loyalties based on the relationships among teams. Results from these items provide further evidence for a social norm of unilateral group loyalty.
{"title":"Replicating and extending evidence for the unilaterality of group loyalty","authors":"D. Kruger","doi":"10.22330/he/34/053-069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/053-069","url":null,"abstract":"Intergroup competition was a powerful selection force shaping human coalitional psychology. Individuals presenting multiple loyalties among competing groups represent a threat for defection. Thus, there is likely to be a social norm that loyalty should be unilateral among competing groups. Four studies provided evidence supporting this notion, however some of the results have been challenged and suggested to be products of methodological confounds. Also, some participants reported being confused by some of the experimental content, thus providing inaccurate responses. The current study is a modified replication of the survey project (Study 3), controlling for the suggested methodological confounds and revising instructions to clarify participant tasks. The original effects were reproduced, increasing the confidence in the interpretation of results. In addition, data were gathered in an additional set of items that were original to this study. These items directly tested the relative mutual exclusivity of loyalties based on the relationships among teams. Results from these items provide further evidence for a social norm of unilateral group loyalty.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"25 9-10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85949404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Animal and Human Emotions in an Evolutionary Context","authors":"K. Carlson","doi":"10.22330/he/34/006-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/006-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77084516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research investigated how the effects of a discrepancy in the attractiveness of the members of a couple and how long the couple has been in the relationship effect poaching decisions. Heterosexual men (N = 222) saw a photo where the man was more attractive than the woman, both were equally attractive, or the woman was more attractive than the man. Accompanying the photos were three different descriptions regarding the couple's relationship duration (2 months, 4 years, or 8 years). Items were then presented regarding the attractiveness of the couple and poaching attempts. The 2-month couple, where the woman is more attractive than the man, was expected to be more likely to be selected for poaching of the woman. Also, attractiveness discrepancy and relationship duration main effects were expected where, in general, the couple where the woman is more attractive than the man would be more likely to be a mate poaching target, and long-duration couples, were expected to be less likely to be mate poaching targets. Results revealed that, contrary to prior survey research on mate poaching, when a couple is equal in attractiveness and when the woman is more attractive than the man, participants indicate they would have more success poaching the woman in the couple. Keywords: mate poaching, couple’s attractiveness, assortative mating, relationship duration, couple’s discrepancy. __________________________________________________________ Moran, J.B. & Wade, T.J. (2019). Self-Perceived Success in Mate Poaching: How A Couple's Attractiveness And Relationship Duration Impact Men’s Short-term Poaching Intentions. Human Ethology, 34, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/026-040 submitted: 19.Sep. 2018; revised: 18.Dec. 2018; accepted: 25.Feb. 2019 Moran, J.B. & Wade, T.J. (2019): Self-Perceived Success in Mate Poaching Human Ethology, 34, 26-40
{"title":"Self-Perceived Success in Mate Poaching: How A Couple’s Attractiveness And Relationship Duration Impact Men’s Short-term Poaching Intentions","authors":"James B. Moran, T. Wade","doi":"10.22330/HE/34/026-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/HE/34/026-040","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated how the effects of a discrepancy in the attractiveness of the members of a couple and how long the couple has been in the relationship effect poaching decisions. Heterosexual men (N = 222) saw a photo where the man was more attractive than the woman, both were equally attractive, or the woman was more attractive than the man. Accompanying the photos were three different descriptions regarding the couple's relationship duration (2 months, 4 years, or 8 years). Items were then presented regarding the attractiveness of the couple and poaching attempts. The 2-month couple, where the woman is more attractive than the man, was expected to be more likely to be selected for poaching of the woman. Also, attractiveness discrepancy and relationship duration main effects were expected where, in general, the couple where the woman is more attractive than the man would be more likely to be a mate poaching target, and long-duration couples, were expected to be less likely to be mate poaching targets. Results revealed that, contrary to prior survey research on mate poaching, when a couple is equal in attractiveness and when the woman is more attractive than the man, participants indicate they would have more success poaching the woman in the couple. Keywords: mate poaching, couple’s attractiveness, assortative mating, relationship duration, couple’s discrepancy.\u2028 __________________________________________________________ \u2029 Moran, J.B. & Wade, T.J. (2019). Self-Perceived Success in Mate Poaching: How A Couple's Attractiveness And Relationship Duration Impact Men’s Short-term Poaching Intentions. Human Ethology, 34, 26-40. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/ 34/026-040 submitted: 19.Sep. 2018; revised: 18.Dec. 2018; accepted: 25.Feb. 2019 Moran, J.B. & Wade, T.J. (2019): Self-Perceived Success in Mate Poaching Human Ethology, 34, 26-40","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89199666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Human Ethology Bulletin to Human Ethology","authors":"C. Hendrie","doi":"10.22330/he/34/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90993398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.22330/heb/334/037-048
María Teresa Barbato, A. Fernández, C. Rodríguez-Sickert
In long-term mating, individuals take advantage of all the benefits inherent to a cooperative heterosexual relationship. If we consider that natural selection produced sex differences in the design of adaptations to solve the problems surrounding reproduction, then the design of human jealousy, which is an emotion triggered by lost of a valued relationship, must also be triggered by distinct evoking acts that are specific adaptive challenges for women and men in their exclusivity of their pair-bond. We present a pilot study with a novel method to experimentally trigger the adaptive sex-differences in jealousy. Specifically, we use a game theory protocol in which each member of 28 committed couples (n=56) participated in two interpersonal dictator games against an opposite sex third party and a control condition. In the first dictator game, each member of the dyad performs the role of allocator. In the second game, the members of the couple perform the role of the recipient. The outcome of both games is informed to the partner (jealousy evoking protocol). We hypothesize that i) self-reported evoked jealousy will be greater for women when informed about the outcome of the game in which her partner plays the role of the allocator (the game represents a situation in which their male partner invests resources in another female); and conversely, ii) self-reported jealousy will be greater for male subjects when their partner plays the role of the recipient (the game represents a situation in which his female partner receives resources from another male). The results show that this protocol exerted the expected evocation of jealousy for both sexes. We discuss sex-differences in the treatments and possible alternative modifications to improve the similarity of the game to actual jealousy.
{"title":"JEALOUSLY IN THE LAB: THE EFFECT OF A THIRD PARTY INVESTMENT IN THE ROMANTIC PARTNER","authors":"María Teresa Barbato, A. Fernández, C. Rodríguez-Sickert","doi":"10.22330/heb/334/037-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/334/037-048","url":null,"abstract":"In long-term mating, individuals take advantage of all the benefits inherent to a cooperative heterosexual relationship. If we consider that natural selection produced sex differences in the design of adaptations to solve the problems surrounding reproduction, then the design of human jealousy, which is an emotion triggered by lost of a valued relationship, must also be triggered by distinct evoking acts that are specific adaptive challenges for women and men in their exclusivity of their pair-bond. We present a pilot study with a novel method to experimentally trigger the adaptive sex-differences in jealousy. Specifically, we use a game theory protocol in which each member of 28 committed couples (n=56) participated in two interpersonal dictator games against an opposite sex third party and a control condition. In the first dictator game, each member of the dyad performs the role of allocator. In the second game, the members of the couple perform the role of the recipient. The outcome of both games is informed to the partner (jealousy evoking protocol). We hypothesize that i) self-reported evoked jealousy will be greater for women when informed about the outcome of the game in which her partner plays the role of the allocator (the game represents a situation in which their male partner invests resources in another female); and conversely, ii) self-reported jealousy will be greater for male subjects when their partner plays the role of the recipient (the game represents a situation in which his female partner receives resources from another male). The results show that this protocol exerted the expected evocation of jealousy for both sexes. We discuss sex-differences in the treatments and possible alternative modifications to improve the similarity of the game to actual jealousy.","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47588287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.22330/heb/334/001-002
M. Fisher, I. Stephen
{"title":"EDITORIAL FOR SPECIAL ISSUE HIGHLIGHTING STUDENT RESEARCH IN HUMAN ETHOLOGY","authors":"M. Fisher, I. Stephen","doi":"10.22330/heb/334/001-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/334/001-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91082,"journal":{"name":"Human ethology bulletin","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47897046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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