Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2161-0517.21.10.206
O. Hamouda
Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the clinical aspects and to specify the fungal agents most frequently isolated in patients with onychomycosis consulting at the parasitology–mycology department at the university hospital center of Batna-Algeria. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted from January 1, 2010 to december 31, 2020, including patients in whom the diagnosis of onychomycosis had been asked. Socio-demographic, clinical, Biological data of patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. Results: 343 patients were included in this study. Their average age was 41, 54 years, they were mainly made up of men (55.10%). The main contributing factor found was heat and humidity (90.96%). Involvement exclusively of the toenails was predominant (72.30%). In 23 cases (6.71%), there was simultaneous involvement of the fingers and toes. The most common clinical appearance was distolateral subungual onychomycosis (41.04%). Dermatophytes (86.88%) were the most common pathogens, followed by yeasts (13.29%). Trichophyton rubrum (80.17%) were the majority species. Conclusion: Onychomycosis remains a neglected condition, dermatophytes remain the main fungal agents involved. The importance of mycological confirmation of onychomycosis in any patient with onychopathy, which allows treatment to be adapted and to avoid costly and ineffective lengthy treatment.
{"title":"Onychomycosis Diagnosed in the Department of Parasitologyandndash;Mycology at the University Hospital Center (UHC) of Batnaandndash;Algeria: 10 Years Assessment","authors":"O. Hamouda","doi":"10.37421/2161-0517.21.10.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2161-0517.21.10.206","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the clinical aspects and to specify the fungal agents most frequently isolated in patients with onychomycosis consulting at the parasitology–mycology department at the university hospital center of Batna-Algeria. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study conducted from January 1, 2010 to december 31, 2020, including patients in whom the diagnosis of onychomycosis had been asked. Socio-demographic, clinical, Biological data of patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. Results: 343 patients were included in this study. Their average age was 41, 54 years, they were mainly made up of men (55.10%). The main contributing factor found was heat and humidity (90.96%). Involvement exclusively of the toenails was predominant (72.30%). In 23 cases (6.71%), there was simultaneous involvement of the fingers and toes. The most common clinical appearance was distolateral subungual onychomycosis (41.04%). Dermatophytes (86.88%) were the most common pathogens, followed by yeasts (13.29%). Trichophyton rubrum (80.17%) were the majority species. Conclusion: Onychomycosis remains a neglected condition, dermatophytes remain the main fungal agents involved. The importance of mycological confirmation of onychomycosis in any patient with onychopathy, which allows treatment to be adapted and to avoid costly and ineffective lengthy treatment.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70047684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-30DOI: 10.20944/preprints202004.0542.v1
H. Geurdes, I. Koutsaroff
The premise regarding COVID-19 disease is that it is a spectrum which begins with infection with viral SARS-CoV-2 exposure via airborne or oral virus particles. The individual response to it depends on many factors including co-morbid conditions. An important aspect of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is the cytokine storm that develops after the infection. The immuno-chemical chaos created in this cytokine storm is to the benefit of the virus. In this meta analysis the authors explore ways to let the cytokine storm die down by looking into the role of histamine. Histamine is a metabolic product of the essential aminoacid histidine. Histamine has 4 known receptors: H1, H2, H3 and H4. The immunoglobulines IgE and IgM are indicative for a COVID-19 infection. This immune response is related to inflammation. Inflammation, in turn, runs mainly via histamine after e.g. virus inoculation. The goal of the meta-study is to gather evidence to primarily block the H4 receptor (H4R) in gastrointestinal cells to diminish the cytokine overproduction in the $approx$ 30% of the patients suffering from gastrointestinal problems caused by SARS-CoV-2. Our concept is as follows. If we can strike a careful balance between hampering the gastrointestinal spreading of the virus and histamine antagonists to tackle the cytokine storm, then the natural immunity can later on come on line again and attack the virus without being led astray by cytokine chaos. We will concentrate on H4R but also look at H1R and H2R related effects. The proposed substances in our systemic approach can be balanced for an effective early treatment. The nature of our work is by its method and results theoretical. In that respect we also may note the structural chemistry indol skeleton resemblance among a number of different drugs.
{"title":"Histamine Antagonists to Temper the Cytokine Overproduction in Gastrointestinal Cells Infected by SARS-CoV-2","authors":"H. Geurdes, I. Koutsaroff","doi":"10.20944/preprints202004.0542.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0542.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The premise regarding COVID-19 disease is that it is a spectrum which begins with infection with viral SARS-CoV-2 exposure via airborne or oral virus particles. The individual response to it depends on many factors including co-morbid conditions. An important aspect of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is the cytokine storm that develops after the infection. The immuno-chemical chaos created in this cytokine storm is to the benefit of the virus. In this meta analysis the authors explore ways to let the cytokine storm die down by looking into the role of histamine. Histamine is a metabolic product of the essential aminoacid histidine. Histamine has 4 known receptors: H1, H2, H3 and H4. The immunoglobulines IgE and IgM are indicative for a COVID-19 infection. This immune response is related to inflammation. Inflammation, in turn, runs mainly via histamine after e.g. virus inoculation. The goal of the meta-study is to gather evidence to primarily block the H4 receptor (H4R) in gastrointestinal cells to diminish the cytokine overproduction in the $approx$ 30% of the patients suffering from gastrointestinal problems caused by SARS-CoV-2. Our concept is as follows. If we can strike a careful balance between hampering the gastrointestinal spreading of the virus and histamine antagonists to tackle the cytokine storm, then the natural immunity can later on come on line again and attack the virus without being led astray by cytokine chaos. We will concentrate on H4R but also look at H1R and H2R related effects. The proposed substances in our systemic approach can be balanced for an effective early treatment. The nature of our work is by its method and results theoretical. In that respect we also may note the structural chemistry indol skeleton resemblance among a number of different drugs.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43483615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 is a deadly infectious (+) stranded RNA Virus which produces a 7098AA length polyprotein that degraded into sixteen polypeptides in infected human cells. As the Coronavirus infections now pandemic claiming >130000 peoples worldwide, discovery of molecular target is great. The biological functions of the Coronavirus non-structural nsp2 protein is unknown. BLAST search is the best method to understand the function of unknown protein on the basis of sequence homology among the known protein amino acid sequence available in the Genbank Database. Few type I DNA topoisomerases show RNA Topoisomerase activity and such activity was found in Nsp2 protein by homology search with Vibrio haemolyticus Type I and type IV DNA topoisomerase as well as E. coly gyrase and DNA primase. The RNA topoisomearse activity of COVID-19 needed to release the RNA-RNA knots and supercoils during (-) strand synthesis followed by sub-genomic mRNA synthesis. Such enzyme would be a target for DNA topoisomerases inhibitors used against bacterial infections and cancer. We concluded that Nsp2 protein is related to Type I and type IVDNA Topoisomerase of Vibrio haemolytica where NH2-terminas of topoVI has similarity to COOH terminas of Nsp2 protein and COOH domains of topoI has similarity stretches to the NH2-terminus of Nsp2 protein. Deed sea thermophillic bacteria like Desulfococcus sp and Marinobacter sp with 25%-30% homologies with stretches.. Thus, Nsp2 protein is a RNA Topoisomerase of Coronavirus and is a strong candidate for drug design and vaccine development. Thirty amino acids length peptide of Nsp2 protein (H2N-LVN KFL ALC ADS III GGA KLK ALN LGE TFV-CO2H) may be a good peptide vaccine for Coronavirus. We also designed nsp2F1 primer (5’-CCT GAT AGT CTT GCC GA-3’) and nsp2R1 primer (5’-GAG CAG TTT CAA GAG TGC GG-3’) for RT-PCR based diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. We are first to determine the function of Nsp2 protein using bioinformtic approach.
{"title":"Coronavirus Nsp2 Protein Homologies to the bacterial DNA Topoisomerase I and IV Suggest Nsp2 Protein is a unique RNA Topoisomerase with Novel Target for Drug and Vaccine Development","authors":"A. Chakraborty","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/tc9us","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/tc9us","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a deadly infectious (+) stranded RNA Virus which produces a 7098AA length polyprotein that degraded into sixteen polypeptides in infected human cells. As the Coronavirus infections now pandemic claiming >130000 peoples worldwide, discovery of molecular target is great. The biological functions of the Coronavirus non-structural nsp2 protein is unknown. BLAST search is the best method to understand the function of unknown protein on the basis of sequence homology among the known protein amino acid sequence available in the Genbank Database. Few type I DNA topoisomerases show RNA Topoisomerase activity and such activity was found in Nsp2 protein by homology search with Vibrio haemolyticus Type I and type IV DNA topoisomerase as well as E. coly gyrase and DNA primase. The RNA topoisomearse activity of COVID-19 needed to release the RNA-RNA knots and supercoils during (-) strand synthesis followed by sub-genomic mRNA synthesis. Such enzyme would be a target for DNA topoisomerases inhibitors used against bacterial infections and cancer. We concluded that Nsp2 protein is related to Type I and type IVDNA Topoisomerase of Vibrio haemolytica where NH2-terminas of topoVI has similarity to COOH terminas of Nsp2 protein and COOH domains of topoI has similarity stretches to the NH2-terminus of Nsp2 protein. Deed sea thermophillic bacteria like Desulfococcus sp and Marinobacter sp with 25%-30% homologies with stretches.. Thus, Nsp2 protein is a RNA Topoisomerase of Coronavirus and is a strong candidate for drug design and vaccine development. Thirty amino acids length peptide of Nsp2 protein (H2N-LVN KFL ALC ADS III GGA KLK ALN LGE TFV-CO2H) may be a good peptide vaccine for Coronavirus. We also designed nsp2F1 primer (5’-CCT GAT AGT CTT GCC GA-3’) and nsp2R1 primer (5’-GAG CAG TTT CAA GAG TGC GG-3’) for RT-PCR based diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. We are first to determine the function of Nsp2 protein using bioinformtic approach.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45107628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.192
Rafa Ay, M. Luisetto, N. Musa, A. Ob, A. Ilman, T. Haque
The related several penetration and fusion processes of SARS-COV-2 are very outstanding to observe with some phylogenetic features and pathogenesis of this very respiratory viral disease from the perspective of virology and epidemiology. Furthermore, very interesting to look at is SARS-COV-2, the largest RNA consistent Coronavirus with a substantial classification, sometimes found symptomatic or sometimes asymptomatic. To understand better, some additional figures are included here. Surely that SARS-COV-2 has a very complicated life cycle and genetic make-up and plasma therapeutic action is one of the successful fighters with the assistance of antigen. The role of Receptor Binding Domain and primary hosts in the diffusion of this disease is eventually undeniable.
{"title":"A Study on the Biological Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, its Impacts and Adversities on the Human Body and Medications to Alleviate its Impacts","authors":"Rafa Ay, M. Luisetto, N. Musa, A. Ob, A. Ilman, T. Haque","doi":"10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.192","url":null,"abstract":"The related several penetration and fusion processes of SARS-COV-2 are very outstanding to observe with some phylogenetic features and pathogenesis of this very respiratory viral disease from the perspective of virology and epidemiology. Furthermore, very interesting to look at is SARS-COV-2, the largest RNA consistent Coronavirus with a substantial classification, sometimes found symptomatic or sometimes asymptomatic. To understand better, some additional figures are included here. Surely that SARS-COV-2 has a very complicated life cycle and genetic make-up and plasma therapeutic action is one of the successful fighters with the assistance of antigen. The role of Receptor Binding Domain and primary hosts in the diffusion of this disease is eventually undeniable.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69977796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.193
M. Athar, R. Zakariya
Viruses alive first we have to define life it's not very easy to do and many people disagree on the exact definition on what is living but we have to have a definition otherwise we can't answer the question of whether viruses are alive or not so here we go something that's living should have most of these following properties it should be composed of one or more cells it should have homeostasis this is the ability to regulate important properties such as pH or temperature it should have the ability to make or generate energy to grow and to adapt to new environments by evolution also to respond to stimuli like a plant moving towards light and of course it must be able to make more of itself to reproduce here's a model of a simple virus that happens to be poliovirus
{"title":"Understanding about viruses alive or not: virologist","authors":"M. Athar, R. Zakariya","doi":"10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.193","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses alive first we have to define life it's not very easy to do and many people disagree on the exact definition on what is living but we have to have a definition otherwise we can't answer the question of whether viruses are alive or not so here we go something that's living should have most of these following properties it should be composed of one or more cells it should have homeostasis this is the ability to regulate important properties such as pH or temperature it should have the ability to make or generate energy to grow and to adapt to new environments by evolution also to respond to stimuli like a plant moving towards light and of course it must be able to make more of itself to reproduce here's a model of a simple virus that happens to be poliovirus","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69977882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.188
P. Gware, P. Rajput
An intense respiratory ailment, brought about by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, recently known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus sickness 2019 (COVID-19) has spread all through China and got overall consideration. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) formally proclaimed the COVID-19 pestilence as a general wellbeing crisis of global concern. The rise of SARS-CoV-2, since the serious intense respiratory disorder coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory disorder coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, denoted the third presentation of a profoundly pathogenic and enormous scope plague coronavirus into the human populace in the twenty-first century. Starting at 1 March 2020, a sum of 87,137 affirmed cases universally, 79,968 affirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 passings (3.4%) had been accounted for by WHO. In the interim, a few autonomous research bunches have recognized that SARS-CoV-2 has a place with β-coronavirus, with exceptionally indistinguishable genome to bat coronavirus, highlighting bat as the characteristic host. The epic coronavirus utilizes a similar receptor, angiotensin-changing over compound 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and for the most part spreads through the respiratory tract. Critically, progressively proof demonstrated supported human-to-human transmission, alongside many sent out cases over the globe. The clinical side effects of COVID-19 patients incorporate fever, hack, weariness and a little populace of patients showed up gastrointestinal contamination side effects. The old and individuals with basic ailments are helpless to contamination and inclined to genuine results, which might be related with intense respiratory trouble disorder (ARDS) and cytokine storm. At present, there are scarcely any particular antiviral methodologies, however a few intense applicants of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under examination.
{"title":"Systematic Review of the Approach towards Vaccination and Available Treatment for COVID-19 with Special Reference to India","authors":"P. Gware, P. Rajput","doi":"10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.188","url":null,"abstract":"An intense respiratory ailment, brought about by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, recently known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus sickness 2019 (COVID-19) has spread all through China and got overall consideration. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organisation (WHO) formally proclaimed the COVID-19 pestilence as a general wellbeing crisis of global concern. The rise of SARS-CoV-2, since the serious intense respiratory disorder coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory disorder coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, denoted the third presentation of a profoundly pathogenic and enormous scope plague coronavirus into the human populace in the twenty-first century. Starting at 1 March 2020, a sum of 87,137 affirmed cases universally, 79,968 affirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 passings (3.4%) had been accounted for by WHO. In the interim, a few autonomous research bunches have recognized that SARS-CoV-2 has a place with β-coronavirus, with exceptionally indistinguishable genome to bat coronavirus, highlighting bat as the characteristic host. The epic coronavirus utilizes a similar receptor, angiotensin-changing over compound 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and for the most part spreads through the respiratory tract. Critically, progressively proof demonstrated supported human-to-human transmission, alongside many sent out cases over the globe. The clinical side effects of COVID-19 patients incorporate fever, hack, weariness and a little populace of patients showed up gastrointestinal contamination side effects. The old and individuals with basic ailments are helpless to contamination and inclined to genuine results, which might be related with intense respiratory trouble disorder (ARDS) and cytokine storm. At present, there are scarcely any particular antiviral methodologies, however a few intense applicants of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under examination.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69978011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.190
T. Rehman
Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. They transmit viruses by biting a host. The vector enforces the virus to mutate. Evaluate the virus from mid gut to salivary gland, for the transmission of the virus to another host. This review is the recent one on arboviruses and on the method, which affect the arboviruses fitness and evolution. We emphasis the recent arboviruses research. West Nile virus and chikun gunya virus are used to compare the evolutionary pressure, mosquito bottlenecks and transmission of these viruses.
{"title":"Arboviral Bottlenecks and Challenges to Maintaining Diversity and Fitness during Mosquito Transmission","authors":"T. Rehman","doi":"10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.190","url":null,"abstract":"Arbovirus is an informal name used to refer to any viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. They transmit viruses by biting a host. The vector enforces the virus to mutate. Evaluate the virus from mid gut to salivary gland, for the transmission of the virus to another host. This review is the recent one on arboviruses and on the method, which affect the arboviruses fitness and evolution. We emphasis the recent arboviruses research. West Nile virus and chikun gunya virus are used to compare the evolutionary pressure, mosquito bottlenecks and transmission of these viruses.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69978079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.194
Z. Morehouse, C. Proctor, G. Ryan, R. Nash
The global COVID-19 pandemic has driven rapid innovation in everything from therapeutics to diagnostics surrounding SARS-CoV-2 infections, while highlighting the need for cost efficient and accessible developments in these fields. Novel innovation that increases access to diagnostic testing in resource limited areas is still critical in supporting the response to COVID-19. In this manuscript we discuss the applications of a direct-to-PCR approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection which may serve as a viable option for addressing the need of rapid and accurate diagnostics in resource limited communities.
{"title":"Direct-to-pcr viral diagnostic testing, a model to reduce cost and increase access for underserved communities","authors":"Z. Morehouse, C. Proctor, G. Ryan, R. Nash","doi":"10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2161-0517.20.9.194","url":null,"abstract":"The global COVID-19 pandemic has driven rapid innovation in everything from therapeutics to diagnostics surrounding SARS-CoV-2 infections, while highlighting the need for cost efficient and accessible developments in these fields. Novel innovation that increases access to diagnostic testing in resource limited areas is still critical in supporting the response to COVID-19. In this manuscript we discuss the applications of a direct-to-PCR approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection which may serve as a viable option for addressing the need of rapid and accurate diagnostics in resource limited communities.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69977986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100018
M. Wakeman, T. Bond, P. Mason
Background: Women face unique health challenges across their lifespan. Nutrition plays a key role in meeting these health challenges. This paper identifies micronutrient intakes and weight, health and health risks for females in the UK from 11-65 plus and to evaluate associations between nutrient intakes and health. Methods: Micronutrient intakes for women are calculated from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS-RP) and weight and health status from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2018. Results: Few women achieve recommended nutrient intakes across the lifespan. Intakes for several nutrients in women have fallen over the 9 years of the NDNS-RP. A significant proportion of women of all ages had micronutrient intakes below the Lower Reference Intake (LRNI) for vitamin A, riboflavin, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, selenium and zinc. Blood and serum levels of folate fell below WHO cut off points in up to 90 per cent of women of reproductive age and a significant proportion of women have blood levels of vitamin D below the recommended threshold. Intake of oily fish, the major source of long chain-omega-3 fatty acids is well below recommended intakes. Only 4 per cent of adult women and 2 per cent of teenage girls achieve recommended fibre intakes. More than two thirds of women are overweight or obese, 7 per cent have diabetes, 69 per cent of 45-54 year old women have raised cholesterol, 22 per cent of 17-19 year old women have poor mental health, 22 per cent of women have osteoporosis and 618,576 women in the UK have dementia. Conclusions: These low levels of micronutrients are associated with the many health challenges faced by women: bone health, brain health, cardiovascular health, digestive health, eye health, immune function, reproductive health. Intakes of micronutrients should achieve recommended levels, but current diets are creating a nutrient gap. Whilst diets should be improved, a supplement containing recommended intakes of all micronutrients as well as omega-3 fatty acids should be recommended. This includes 10 micrograms of vitamin D and for women during their reproductive years, 400 micrograms folic acid.
{"title":"Women’s Health in the UK-Dietary and Health Challenges across the Life Cycle with a Focus on Micronutrients","authors":"M. Wakeman, T. Bond, P. Mason","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Women face unique health challenges across their lifespan. Nutrition plays a key role in meeting these health challenges. This paper identifies micronutrient intakes and weight, health and health risks for females in the UK from 11-65 plus and to evaluate associations between nutrient intakes and health. Methods: Micronutrient intakes for women are calculated from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS-RP) and weight and health status from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2018. Results: Few women achieve recommended nutrient intakes across the lifespan. Intakes for several nutrients in women have fallen over the 9 years of the NDNS-RP. A significant proportion of women of all ages had micronutrient intakes below the Lower Reference Intake (LRNI) for vitamin A, riboflavin, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, selenium and zinc. Blood and serum levels of folate fell below WHO cut off points in up to 90 per cent of women of reproductive age and a significant proportion of women have blood levels of vitamin D below the recommended threshold. Intake of oily fish, the major source of long chain-omega-3 fatty acids is well below recommended intakes. Only 4 per cent of adult women and 2 per cent of teenage girls achieve recommended fibre intakes. More than two thirds of women are overweight or obese, 7 per cent have diabetes, 69 per cent of 45-54 year old women have raised cholesterol, 22 per cent of 17-19 year old women have poor mental health, 22 per cent of women have osteoporosis and 618,576 women in the UK have dementia. Conclusions: These low levels of micronutrients are associated with the many health challenges faced by women: bone health, brain health, cardiovascular health, digestive health, eye health, immune function, reproductive health. Intakes of micronutrients should achieve recommended levels, but current diets are creating a nutrient gap. Whilst diets should be improved, a supplement containing recommended intakes of all micronutrients as well as omega-3 fatty acids should be recommended. This includes 10 micrograms of vitamin D and for women during their reproductive years, 400 micrograms folic acid.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69482237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2161-0517.20.09.183
V. Strochkov, Y. Burashev, S. Nurlan, ybayev, G. Xie, T. Erkkila, H. Cui, J. Fair
Background: The remarkable diversity and mobility of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) includes virulent viruses of genotype VI. These viruses are often referred to as pigeon paramyxoviruses 1 because they are normally isolated and cause clinical disease in birds from the Columbidae family. Genotype VI viruses occasionally infect, and may also cause clinical disease in poultry. Thus, the evolution, current spread and detection of NDV are relevant to avian health. Methods: Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic studies of three Kazakhstan isolations were performed to characterize the complete fusion (F)-protein gene as well as whole genome sequence. Sequence data were compared with 106 Fusion genes representing different NDV genotypes and sub-genotypes, as well as 225 fusion genes and 37 whole genome of class VI NDV strains from different regions of the world at different time periods. Phylogenetic trees were constructed to determine evolutionary relationships among these strains. We analysed fusion (F) protein gene and whole genome sequences, including the cleavage site. Results: The complete genome of these 3 isolates contained 15142bp, 15085bp and 15102bp in length, similar to those of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains in genotypes VIg, with the gene order 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’. The cleavage site of the fusion protein was 112KRQKR116-F117, a feature generally associated with virulent NDV strains. Phylogenetic analysis, based on genomic sequences, SNP and fusion gene sequences, revealed that three isolates should be classified as class II genotype VIg NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NDV from various sites in Kazakhstan was highly similar genetically and that it clustered together with NDV of genotype VIg. Based on our data analysis, VIg isolates shared highest sequence identity with Russian and Ukraine isolates of the VIg subgenotype, suggests the possible spread of velogenic NDV in this region through cross-border live bird trade. Conclusion: Our study provides baseline information on the genetic characteristics of NDV circulating in Kazakhstan and we propose that the evolutionary and epidemiological study of virulent NDV could help to provide accurate molecular data about variants circulating in this region, thus aiding in the design of more efficient recombinant vaccines.
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