Pub Date : 2017-07-24DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000168
T. Alemayehu, W. Abebe, Daniel Hailu
Introduction and objectives: Early life Cytomegalovirus infection is an under-recognized disease. Infection can present as congenital, perinatal or acquired forms. Though mostly asymptomatic, it can lead to fatal complications. Case presentation: The clinical presentations of four Ethiopian children with acute Cytomegalovirus infections are reviewed. Three had neonatal disease while one had an acquired infection. Two of the neonatal infections involved preterm deliveries while all three presented with persistent direct hyperbilirubinemia. Serologic tests were used to diagnose their infections. Discussion: Childhood Cytomegalovirus infections involve multiple organs. Viral DNA detection and serologic tests are utilized to diagnose infection at different ages of childhood. Treatment was provided to one of our patients based on existing recommendations while the other three did not receive anti-viral drugs. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and management of pediatric Cytomegalovirus infections will prevent long-term hearing and neurologic disabilities.
{"title":"Childhood Cytomegalovirus Infection: Case Series and Literature Review","authors":"T. Alemayehu, W. Abebe, Daniel Hailu","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction and objectives: Early life Cytomegalovirus infection is an under-recognized disease. Infection can present as congenital, perinatal or acquired forms. Though mostly asymptomatic, it can lead to fatal complications. \u0000Case presentation: The clinical presentations of four Ethiopian children with acute Cytomegalovirus infections are reviewed. Three had neonatal disease while one had an acquired infection. Two of the neonatal infections involved preterm deliveries while all three presented with persistent direct hyperbilirubinemia. Serologic tests were used to diagnose their infections. \u0000Discussion: Childhood Cytomegalovirus infections involve multiple organs. Viral DNA detection and serologic tests are utilized to diagnose infection at different ages of childhood. Treatment was provided to one of our patients based on existing recommendations while the other three did not receive anti-viral drugs. \u0000Conclusions: Early diagnosis and management of pediatric Cytomegalovirus infections will prevent long-term hearing and neurologic disabilities.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-20DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000167
T. Alemayehu
Background: Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection affecting mainly the immunecompromised population. Untreated, it is a fatal disorder. Case details: An 8 year old Ethiopian boy under care for Pancytopenia due to aplastic anemia developed bilateral maxillary swelling while on treatment for febrile neutropenia. He had bilateral nasal discharge mixed with blood, stuffiness, high grade fever and a soft palate ulcer. Diagnosis was made clinically and using paranasal sinus imaging. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in patients at risk can prevent disfigurement, bacterial super-infection, invasion to contiguous structures and death.
{"title":"Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis: Neglected Mycoses in Childhood Malignancies","authors":"T. Alemayehu","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000167","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection affecting mainly the immunecompromised population. Untreated, it is a fatal disorder. \u0000Case details: An 8 year old Ethiopian boy under care for Pancytopenia due to aplastic anemia developed bilateral maxillary swelling while on treatment for febrile neutropenia. He had bilateral nasal discharge mixed with blood, stuffiness, high grade fever and a soft palate ulcer. Diagnosis was made clinically and using paranasal sinus imaging. \u0000Conclusion: Early diagnosis of Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in patients at risk can prevent disfigurement, bacterial super-infection, invasion to contiguous structures and death.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49372632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-03DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000166
Gwa Vi, N. Ao
Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from rotted Dioscorea rotundata tubers. The experiments were performed at Advanced Plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Fungi organisms isolated and identified from the rotted white yam tubers were Botryodiploidia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Pestalotia sp. Pathogenicity tests done confirmed F. moniliforme as one of the organisms responsible for the rot in yam tubers in this location. The antagonist was introduced same time with the pathogen, two days before the inoculation of the pathogen and two days after the inoculation of the pathogen. Plates were incubated for 192 hours and measurements of mycelial radial growths were done at intervals of 24 hours beginning from the third day of inoculation. The results of in vitro dual culture interactions between T. harzianum and F. moniliforme showed that T. harzianum has potentials to significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibit the growth of F. moniliforme irrespective of the time of introduction of antagonist and duration of incubation. Mean Percentage growth inhibition was highest (58.70%) when the antagonist was introduced 2 days before inoculation of the pathogen, followed by (52.54%) introduction of the antagonist same time with the pathogen while the least percentage growth inhibition (34.33%) was recorded when T. harzianum was introduced 2 days after inoculation of F. moniliforme. Minimum inhibition concentration showed moderately effective to effective control depending on the time of introduction of the antagonist. In conclusion, biological control agents should be used since they are biodegradable, eco-friendly, less expensive and target specific. The introduction is done before the arrival of pathogenic organisms in order to achieve highest level of effectiveness in controlling post-harvest rots causing organisms.
{"title":"In Vitro Antagonistic Potential of Trichoderma harzianum for Biological Control of Fusarium moniliforme Isolated from Dioscorea rotundata Tubers. Virol-mycol 6:166","authors":"Gwa Vi, N. Ao","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from rotted Dioscorea rotundata tubers. The experiments were performed at Advanced Plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Fungi organisms isolated and identified from the rotted white yam tubers were Botryodiploidia theobromae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Pestalotia sp. Pathogenicity tests done confirmed F. moniliforme as one of the organisms responsible for the rot in yam tubers in this location. The antagonist was introduced same time with the pathogen, two days before the inoculation of the pathogen and two days after the inoculation of the pathogen. Plates were incubated for 192 hours and measurements of mycelial radial growths were done at intervals of 24 hours beginning from the third day of inoculation. The results of in vitro dual culture interactions between T. harzianum and F. moniliforme showed that T. harzianum has potentials to significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibit the growth of F. moniliforme irrespective of the time of introduction of antagonist and duration of incubation. Mean Percentage growth inhibition was highest (58.70%) when the antagonist was introduced 2 days before inoculation of the pathogen, followed by (52.54%) introduction of the antagonist same time with the pathogen while the least percentage growth inhibition (34.33%) was recorded when T. harzianum was introduced 2 days after inoculation of F. moniliforme. Minimum inhibition concentration showed moderately effective to effective control depending on the time of introduction of the antagonist. In conclusion, biological control agents should be used since they are biodegradable, eco-friendly, less expensive and target specific. The introduction is done before the arrival of pathogenic organisms in order to achieve highest level of effectiveness in controlling post-harvest rots causing organisms.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"2017 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42930464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-18DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517-C1-019
G. S. Anusuya
{"title":"Metadichol and infectious diseases: One process many diseases, many possible cures","authors":"G. S. Anusuya","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517-C1-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517-C1-019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-18DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517-C1-020
Limin Chen
{"title":"Risk of Human papilloma virus in causing cervical cancer and the recent advancement in vaccination as a preventive measure","authors":"Limin Chen","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517-C1-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517-C1-020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70462808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-13DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000165
Duopeng An, Jun Li, Z. Guan, Xiang Wang, Shui Yu, Yun-Yi Zhu, Hai Huang, Xiaoyuan Yang, Jiyang Li
Flavonoids have been previously shown to possess anti-viral activities In vitro. Oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucoside (OAG), a flavonoids produced by microbial conversion, and its substrate baicalin, were assayed for antiviral function against hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and influenza A virus (H3N2). Incubation with 100 μg/ml OAG or baicalin for 9 days reduced human HBV-transfected liver cell line HepG2 2.2.15 secretion of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by 83.17%, and 47.175%, respectively, and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by 27.35%, 25.56% respectively. OAG and baicalin inhibited HSV-II-induced cell death in a concentration dependent manner (ranging from by 75% and 62.5%, respectively at 12.5 μg/ml and 50%, 37.5%, respectively at 6.25 μg/ml). OAG (100 μg/ml) and biacalin (50 μg/ml) also effectively inhibited H3N2-induced toxicity in MDCK by 62.5% and 50%, respectively. In summary, OAG and baicalin could inhibit several viruses In vitro and OAG was more potent than baicalin. OAG may represent a candidate antiviral with broad activity against HBV, HSV-2 and H3N2 infection.
黄酮类化合物在体外已被证明具有抗病毒活性。研究了微生物转化制备的黄酮类化合物Oroxylin a -7- o -β-D-glucoside (OAG)及其底物黄芩苷对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)和甲型流感病毒(H3N2)的抗病毒作用。100 μg/ml OAG或黄芩苷孵育9 d后，人乙肝病毒转染的肝细胞株HepG2 2.2.15分泌的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)分别降低83.17%、47.175%，乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)分别降低27.35%、25.56%。OAG和黄芩苷抑制hsv - ii诱导的细胞死亡呈浓度依赖性(12.5 μg/ml时分别为75%和62.5%;6.25 μg/ml时分别为50%和37.5%)。OAG (100 μg/ml)和biacalin (50 μg/ml)对h3n2诱导的MDCK毒性的抑制作用分别为62.5%和50%。综上所述，OAG和黄芩苷对多种病毒均有体外抑制作用，且OAG的抑制作用强于黄芩苷。OAG可能是一种对HBV、HSV-2和H3N2感染具有广泛活性的候选抗病毒药物。
{"title":"In vitro Broad Antiviral Function against HBV, HSV, H3N2 Replication byBaicalin and Oroxylin A-7-O-ÃÂ-D-Glucoside","authors":"Duopeng An, Jun Li, Z. Guan, Xiang Wang, Shui Yu, Yun-Yi Zhu, Hai Huang, Xiaoyuan Yang, Jiyang Li","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"Flavonoids have been previously shown to possess anti-viral activities In vitro. Oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glucoside (OAG), a flavonoids produced by microbial conversion, and its substrate baicalin, were assayed for antiviral function against hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and influenza A virus (H3N2). Incubation with 100 μg/ml OAG or baicalin for 9 days reduced human HBV-transfected liver cell line HepG2 2.2.15 secretion of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by 83.17%, and 47.175%, respectively, and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by 27.35%, 25.56% respectively. \u0000OAG and baicalin inhibited HSV-II-induced cell death in a concentration dependent manner (ranging from by 75% and 62.5%, respectively at 12.5 μg/ml and 50%, 37.5%, respectively at 6.25 μg/ml). \u0000OAG (100 μg/ml) and biacalin (50 μg/ml) also effectively inhibited H3N2-induced toxicity in MDCK by 62.5% and 50%, respectively. \u0000In summary, OAG and baicalin could inhibit several viruses In vitro and OAG was more potent than baicalin. OAG may represent a candidate antiviral with broad activity against HBV, HSV-2 and H3N2 infection.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44551139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-10DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.C1.016
Sita Awasthi
{"title":"A trivalent protein subunit vaccine for the treatment of Genital Herpes disease and subclinical infection in a pre-clinical model","authors":"Sita Awasthi","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.C1.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.C1.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42897714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-14DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000164
S. K. Snehi, Anita Singh Purvia, G. Gupta, S. S. Parihar, vinod k. singh
The natural occurrence of a Begomovirus associated with severe mosaic disease on Chaya (Cnidoscolus acontifolia) has been detected by PCR from Madhya Pradesh, India. The Begomovirus showed highest nucleotide sequence identities and distinct phylogenetic relationships of coat protein gene (CP) with several isolates of Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus (SrLCMV). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SrLCMV infecting Cnidoscolus acontifolia, and it is a new host of Begomovirus from India.
{"title":"Molecular Detection of a Begomovirus Species on Chaya (Cnidoscolusacontifolia) from Madhya Pradesh, India which is Distantly Related to SriLankan Cassava Mosaic Virus","authors":"S. K. Snehi, Anita Singh Purvia, G. Gupta, S. S. Parihar, vinod k. singh","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"The natural occurrence of a Begomovirus associated with severe mosaic disease on Chaya (Cnidoscolus acontifolia) has been detected by PCR from Madhya Pradesh, India. The Begomovirus showed highest nucleotide sequence identities and distinct phylogenetic relationships of coat protein gene (CP) with several isolates of Sri Lankan Cassava Mosaic Virus (SrLCMV). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SrLCMV infecting Cnidoscolus acontifolia, and it is a new host of Begomovirus from India.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41967932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-08DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000163
R. Thakur, J. Shankar
Aspergillus species such as A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. terreus are among the leading opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. They are the causative agent of pulmonary or invasive aspergillosis, or various allergic manifestations such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) [1]. The mortality rate is 60% to 85% in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and 22% in patients having solid organ transplant [2]. The emergence of drug resistance Aspergillus species possess a new threat to these individuals. Over the last few years, the use of azole fungicides in agriculture have been increased that lead to emergence of azole resistant Aspergillus species strains [3]. Chowdhary et al. reported the prevalence of triazole resistance environmental isolates of A. fumigatus (4.8% to 7%) over different years [4]. Thus the emergence of resistance Aspergillus species strains and drug toxicity to immunocompromised patients put forward a new challenging task to control Aspergillus infections. To overcome these challenges, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy can play an important role [5]. Recently, studies on Thelper cells have been carried out to protect patients from fungal infections. Studies in mouse and human suggested the importance of TH1 and TH17 cells in controlling invasive aspergillosis and T-helper subset showed promising regime to eliminate invasive Aspergillus infections [6]. Studies in patients demonstrated that the early release of IFN-γ suppress the activation of TH2 T-helper cells and increase the activity of TH1 cells. These TH1 cells showed the promising role in protection against aspergillosis [5]. Further, over the last few years, different methods have been developed for the proliferation or expanding of functionally active or fungal characterized T-helper cells. Along with this, now a day’s more data is available on the use of donor derived T-cells (Virus specific T-cells) associated to viral infections in allogeneic stem cell transplantations, which suggest the negligible severe adverse effects in recipients [7]. However, only few studies have been reported on adoptive T-cell immunotherapy against fungal infections. Perruccio et al. demonstrated the adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in haploidentical stem cell patients having T-cell depleted graft. Study has been performed in patient having invasive aspergillosis and a promising result was observed. Ten recipients of haploidentical stem cell transplant having evidence of invasive aspergillosis received a single dose of 1 × 105 – 1 × 106 donor derived anti-Aspergillus expanded T-cell clones. Within three weeks of infusion of anti-Aspergillus T-cells, CD4+ T-cells have detected in recipients and 9 of 10 recipients also clear the Aspergillus infection within 7.8 ± 3.4 weeks. Further, glactomannan level progressively declined below 1 ng/ml within the measured period of 6 to 12 week of infusion. Whereas in control individuals, who did not receive antiAspergillus T
{"title":"New Treatment Regime for Aspergillus Mediated Infections","authors":"R. Thakur, J. Shankar","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"Aspergillus species such as A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. terreus are among the leading opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. They are the causative agent of pulmonary or invasive aspergillosis, or various allergic manifestations such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) [1]. The mortality rate is 60% to 85% in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and 22% in patients having solid organ transplant [2]. The emergence of drug resistance Aspergillus species possess a new threat to these individuals. Over the last few years, the use of azole fungicides in agriculture have been increased that lead to emergence of azole resistant Aspergillus species strains [3]. Chowdhary et al. reported the prevalence of triazole resistance environmental isolates of A. fumigatus (4.8% to 7%) over different years [4]. Thus the emergence of resistance Aspergillus species strains and drug toxicity to immunocompromised patients put forward a new challenging task to control Aspergillus infections. To overcome these challenges, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy can play an important role [5]. Recently, studies on Thelper cells have been carried out to protect patients from fungal infections. Studies in mouse and human suggested the importance of TH1 and TH17 cells in controlling invasive aspergillosis and T-helper subset showed promising regime to eliminate invasive Aspergillus infections [6]. Studies in patients demonstrated that the early release of IFN-γ suppress the activation of TH2 T-helper cells and increase the activity of TH1 cells. These TH1 cells showed the promising role in protection against aspergillosis [5]. Further, over the last few years, different methods have been developed for the proliferation or expanding of functionally active or fungal characterized T-helper cells. Along with this, now a day’s more data is available on the use of donor derived T-cells (Virus specific T-cells) associated to viral infections in allogeneic stem cell transplantations, which suggest the negligible severe adverse effects in recipients [7]. However, only few studies have been reported on adoptive T-cell immunotherapy against fungal infections. Perruccio et al. demonstrated the adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in haploidentical stem cell patients having T-cell depleted graft. Study has been performed in patient having invasive aspergillosis and a promising result was observed. Ten recipients of haploidentical stem cell transplant having evidence of invasive aspergillosis received a single dose of 1 × 105 – 1 × 106 donor derived anti-Aspergillus expanded T-cell clones. Within three weeks of infusion of anti-Aspergillus T-cells, CD4+ T-cells have detected in recipients and 9 of 10 recipients also clear the Aspergillus infection within 7.8 ± 3.4 weeks. Further, glactomannan level progressively declined below 1 ng/ml within the measured period of 6 to 12 week of infusion. Whereas in control individuals, who did not receive antiAspergillus T","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43103866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-15DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000161
Bin Yang, X. Lan, Y. Qiu
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a severe threat to the swine industry and has caused heavy economic losses worldwide. The currently used inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have several shortcomings, such as unsafety and low protection rate, so it is urgent to develop a new vaccine. To explore and develop a novel vaccine against PRRSV, a bi-functional recombinant adeno-associated virus, expressing ORF5 and ORF6 proteins as well as a short interfering RNA (shRNA) against ORF7, was constructed. The shRNA against ORF7 was inserted into the sequence forward of the U6 promoter of pAAV-U6-IRES-hrGFP, and ORF5 and ORF6 were cloned into the sequence after the CMV promoter. 293T cells that were co-transfected with this vector along with pAAV-RC and pHelper produced a recombinant adeno-associated virus. 293T cells transduced with this recombinant virus expressed GP5 and M proteins, and Marc145 cells transduced with this recombinant virus suppressed the replication of PRRSV. The infective titer of the reconstructed virus was 1.9 × 1010 v.gmL as measured by the dot blotting method, and GP5 and M proteins were detected by western blot. The successful construction of rAAV-shRNA-ORF5-6 paves the way for the development of novel bi-functional vaccines against PRRSV.
{"title":"Construction and Detection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Co-Expressing PRRSV GP5, M Proteins and shRNA","authors":"Bin Yang, X. Lan, Y. Qiu","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a severe threat to the swine industry and has caused heavy economic losses worldwide. The currently used inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have several shortcomings, such as unsafety and low protection rate, so it is urgent to develop a new vaccine. To explore and develop a novel vaccine against PRRSV, a bi-functional recombinant adeno-associated virus, expressing ORF5 and ORF6 proteins as well as a short interfering RNA (shRNA) against ORF7, was constructed. The shRNA against ORF7 was inserted into the sequence forward of the U6 promoter of pAAV-U6-IRES-hrGFP, and ORF5 and ORF6 were cloned into the sequence after the CMV promoter. 293T cells that were co-transfected with this vector along with pAAV-RC and pHelper produced a recombinant adeno-associated virus. 293T cells transduced with this recombinant virus expressed GP5 and M proteins, and Marc145 cells transduced with this recombinant virus suppressed the replication of PRRSV. The infective titer of the reconstructed virus was 1.9 × 1010 v.gmL as measured by the dot blotting method, and GP5 and M proteins were detected by western blot. The successful construction of rAAV-shRNA-ORF5-6 paves the way for the development of novel bi-functional vaccines against PRRSV.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46477185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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