Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100014
E. Mbaye
Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].
{"title":"program against cancer in bolivia","authors":"E. Mbaye","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100014","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69482181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000182
Hadrich I, T. H., N. S., S. H, M. F., Cheikhrouhou F, Ayadi A
Purpose: Candida krusei strains are intrinsically resistant for the first choice antifungal. Fast identification of C. krusei as an infectious agent will decrease the risk of choice of not correct therapy. The aim of the present work was to study the epidemiology of Candida krusei infections during 10 years. We also attempt to study the phylogeny of these isolates by PCR- RFLP. Methods: Two hundred five cases of C. krusei candidiasis were referred to laboratory of parasitology mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba of Sfax-Tunisia during 10 years (2006 to 2016). Identification of our strains was performed by conventional methods and by PCR-ITS amplification followed by a digestion with three restriction enzymes MspI, HinfI and HincII. Result: The mean frequency of cases of C. krusei candidiasis was 17.08 per year. Invasive infection represented 10.24%. The superficial infections with C. krusei represented 89.76% of cases. Analysis of the phylogeny tree allowed us to deduce that there is a great diversity in C. krusei strains. No particular genotype has been associated with the sampling site, or department or year of infection. We noted that patient P4 was hosted by three strains with the same genotype. Conclusion: The modification in epidemiology of candidiasis emphasizes the necessity to monitor local incidence, species distribution and susceptibility in order to optimize therapy and outcome. Molecular methods are essential for correct identification of the Candida species in order to obtain clues regarding the source of infection and to apply the correct therapy for the infected individual.
{"title":"Epidemiology and Molecular Typing of Candida krusei Based on PCRRFLP of the ITS rDNA Regions","authors":"Hadrich I, T. H., N. S., S. H, M. F., Cheikhrouhou F, Ayadi A","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000182","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Candida krusei strains are intrinsically resistant for the first choice antifungal. Fast identification of C. krusei as an infectious agent will decrease the risk of choice of not correct therapy. The aim of the present work was to study the epidemiology of Candida krusei infections during 10 years. We also attempt to study the phylogeny of these isolates by PCR- RFLP. Methods: Two hundred five cases of C. krusei candidiasis were referred to laboratory of parasitology mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba of Sfax-Tunisia during 10 years (2006 to 2016). Identification of our strains was performed by conventional methods and by PCR-ITS amplification followed by a digestion with three restriction enzymes MspI, HinfI and HincII. Result: The mean frequency of cases of C. krusei candidiasis was 17.08 per year. Invasive infection represented 10.24%. The superficial infections with C. krusei represented 89.76% of cases. Analysis of the phylogeny tree allowed us to deduce that there is a great diversity in C. krusei strains. No particular genotype has been associated with the sampling site, or department or year of infection. We noted that patient P4 was hosted by three strains with the same genotype. Conclusion: The modification in epidemiology of candidiasis emphasizes the necessity to monitor local incidence, species distribution and susceptibility in order to optimize therapy and outcome. Molecular methods are essential for correct identification of the Candida species in order to obtain clues regarding the source of infection and to apply the correct therapy for the infected individual.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"07 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70457471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100007
E. Mbaye
Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].
{"title":"program against cancer in angola","authors":"E. Mbaye","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100007","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69481157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100008
E. Mbaye
Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].
{"title":"program against cancer in albania","authors":"E. Mbaye","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100008","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69481169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100010
E. Mbaye
Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].
{"title":"program against cancer in bangladesh","authors":"E. Mbaye","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100010","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Cancer causes more deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined [1]. When countries are grouped according to economic development, cancer is the leading cause of death in developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries [2]. Rates of cancers common in Western countries will continue to rise in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied [3-5]. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase to 19.3 million new cancer cases per year by 2025, due to growth and ageing of the global population. Incidence has been increasing in most regions of the world, but there are huge inequalities between rich and poor countries. More than half of all cancers (56.8%) and cancer deaths (64.9%) in 2012 occurred in less developed regions of the world, and these proportions will increase further by 2025 [6]. By 2030, the global burden is expected to grow to 21.4 million new cancer cases and 13.2 million cancer deaths [7]. Rates of cancers will continue to rise by 2035 with 23,980,858 new cancer cases [3-5].","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69481282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.29011/2688-8750.100004
Raed Abu Serriya, N. Ghuneim
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is very common. HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses [1]. HPV is an infection of the basal epithelium and transmission can occur either by direct contact or during childbirth. More than 40 HPV types can be easily spread through direct sexual contact, from the skin and mucous membranes of infected people to the skin and mucous membranes of their partners [2]. They can be spread by vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Other HPV types are responsible for non-genital warts, which are not sexually transmitted.
{"title":"a case report about generalized verrucosis as an unusual clinical presentation of a disseminated hpv infection the tree man syndrome case study","authors":"Raed Abu Serriya, N. Ghuneim","doi":"10.29011/2688-8750.100004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-8750.100004","url":null,"abstract":"Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is very common. HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses [1]. HPV is an infection of the basal epithelium and transmission can occur either by direct contact or during childbirth. More than 40 HPV types can be easily spread through direct sexual contact, from the skin and mucous membranes of infected people to the skin and mucous membranes of their partners [2]. They can be spread by vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Other HPV types are responsible for non-genital warts, which are not sexually transmitted.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69481329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000173
J. Bueno
{"title":"Biodefense the Challenge for a New Microbial Hunter","authors":"J. Bueno","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70456835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000174
J. Bueno
Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the greatest challenges and threats to the health of populations, in which two fundamental problems come together, such as the inappropriate use of antibiotics as well as the implementation of deficient measures for the control of infections [1]. Because the use of an antimicrobial inevitably leads to the emergence of resistance, a constant search for new molecules is required with which to deal with outbreaks and decrease the infection rate [2]. This indiscriminate use of anti-infectives both in humans and in agriculture makes possible the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains (MDR). Between them the most reported MDR microorganisms are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to fluoroquinolones, Klebsiella pneumonia resistant to ceftazidime, Acinetobacter baumannii, and isoniazid-rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [3]. Additionally, this very serious public health problem is complicated by the lack of availability and research into new active medicines against MDR microorganisms [4]. So several initiatives have been proposed as 10 × 20 initiative from Infectious Disease Society of America that propose the global union of several leading institutions in order to develop 10 new antimicrobial drugs by 2020 [5,6]. In this order of ideas, to assume this great challenge makes it necessary to overcome the mechanisms of microbial defense that induce resistance as biofilms that allows the survival of microorganisms in their interior through chemically induced environmental changes that favor their adaptation [7-9]. Also, research into new antibiotics has decreased because they have a lower rate of return than drugs used to treat chronic diseases [10,11].
抗微生物药物耐药性目前是对人群健康的最大挑战和威胁之一，其中两个基本问题同时存在，例如抗生素的不当使用以及控制感染措施的实施不足。由于抗菌药物的使用不可避免地导致耐药性的出现，因此需要不断寻找新的分子来应对疫情并降低感染率。这种在人类和农业中不加区分地使用抗感染药物的做法，使得出现耐多药菌株(MDR)成为可能。其中报告最多的耐多药微生物是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药的大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌、对头孢他啶耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和对异烟肼-利福平耐药的结核分枝杆菌。此外，由于缺乏针对耐多药微生物的新活性药物的供应和研究，这一非常严重的公共卫生问题变得更加复杂。因此，美国传染病学会(Infectious Disease Society of America)提出了10 × 20倡议，建议全球多家领先机构联合起来，到2020年开发出10种新的抗菌药物[5,6]。按照这种思路，要承担这一巨大挑战，就有必要克服微生物防御机制，即诱导耐药性的生物膜，使微生物能够通过化学诱导的环境变化在其内部生存，从而有利于其适应[7-9]。此外，对新型抗生素的研究也有所减少，因为它们的回报率低于用于治疗慢性疾病的药物[10,11]。
{"title":"Natural Products Solution against Superbugs: A Challenge of Biodiversity in a Public Health Issue","authors":"J. Bueno","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000174","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the greatest challenges and threats to the health of populations, in which two fundamental problems come together, such as the inappropriate use of antibiotics as well as the implementation of deficient measures for the control of infections [1]. Because the use of an antimicrobial inevitably leads to the emergence of resistance, a constant search for new molecules is required with which to deal with outbreaks and decrease the infection rate [2]. This indiscriminate use of anti-infectives both in humans and in agriculture makes possible the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains (MDR). Between them the most reported MDR microorganisms are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to fluoroquinolones, Klebsiella pneumonia resistant to ceftazidime, Acinetobacter baumannii, and isoniazid-rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis [3]. Additionally, this very serious public health problem is complicated by the lack of availability and research into new active medicines against MDR microorganisms [4]. So several initiatives have been proposed as 10 × 20 initiative from Infectious Disease Society of America that propose the global union of several leading institutions in order to develop 10 new antimicrobial drugs by 2020 [5,6]. In this order of ideas, to assume this great challenge makes it necessary to overcome the mechanisms of microbial defense that induce resistance as biofilms that allows the survival of microorganisms in their interior through chemically induced environmental changes that favor their adaptation [7-9]. Also, research into new antibiotics has decreased because they have a lower rate of return than drugs used to treat chronic diseases [10,11].","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70457003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000179
Vega Yl, Paulo Lb, Belsy Acosta, O. Valdés, S. Borroto, A. Arencibía, Gonzalez Gb, Maria Gg
This paper is aimed to assess Zika virus (ZIKV) spatiotemporal historical distribution, the potential mechanisms and contributing risk factors for epidemic emerging, the attempt to mitigate, and its future aspect. Available literature from the years 1900 to 2018 were assessed and compiled. Previous analyses on the partial structural envelope as well as the non-structural proteins gene sequences suggests the occurrence of ZIKV strains ancestor erstwhile in the beginning of 1900s in Uganda. Infection with the virus was also first reported in Uganda since 1947. It gradually distributed to different countries in the world until the present 2018. It was found that ZIKV has multifactorial health challenges from several corners. Its epidemiology has wide reservoirs, susceptible and vector hosts, and different mode of transmission. The potential mechanisms of epidemic occurrences are viral evolution changes in mosquito, presence of human viremia and immunity in endemic exposures, and stochastic introduction to new areas. Moreover, climate change which disrupts health security and sociology-economy favors vector mosquito make ZIKV adaptation and causes global emerging epidemics. Presence of global travel with possibility of human-to-human transmission, urban area preference of the vector mosquito, and climate change adaptation of both the virus and the vector are core current risk for the epidemic. Presence of crossreactors, absence of both therapeutic drug and vaccine (the only promising future vaccine being ZIKV sub-unit recombinant biotechnology) were exacerbating the risk of Zika infections. The present sole preventive strategy is vector control. Therefore, defined and prioritized research on the epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, therapeutic drug and preventive vaccine development are recommended. Burst feed transmission should be checked. Capacity building on diagnostic laboratories and risk communication are relevant for developing countries.
{"title":"Influenza's Response to Climatic Variability in the Tropical Climate: Case Study Cuba","authors":"Vega Yl, Paulo Lb, Belsy Acosta, O. Valdés, S. Borroto, A. Arencibía, Gonzalez Gb, Maria Gg","doi":"10.4172/2161-0517.1000179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0517.1000179","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aimed to assess Zika virus (ZIKV) spatiotemporal historical distribution, the potential mechanisms and contributing risk factors for epidemic emerging, the attempt to mitigate, and its future aspect. Available literature from the years 1900 to 2018 were assessed and compiled. Previous analyses on the partial structural envelope as well as the non-structural proteins gene sequences suggests the occurrence of ZIKV strains ancestor erstwhile in the beginning of 1900s in Uganda. Infection with the virus was also first reported in Uganda since 1947. It gradually distributed to different countries in the world until the present 2018. It was found that ZIKV has multifactorial health challenges from several corners. Its epidemiology has wide reservoirs, susceptible and vector hosts, and different mode of transmission. The potential mechanisms of epidemic occurrences are viral evolution changes in mosquito, presence of human viremia and immunity in endemic exposures, and stochastic introduction to new areas. Moreover, climate change which disrupts health security and sociology-economy favors vector mosquito make ZIKV adaptation and causes global emerging epidemics. Presence of global travel with possibility of human-to-human transmission, urban area preference of the vector mosquito, and climate change adaptation of both the virus and the vector are core current risk for the epidemic. Presence of crossreactors, absence of both therapeutic drug and vaccine (the only promising future vaccine being ZIKV sub-unit recombinant biotechnology) were exacerbating the risk of Zika infections. The present sole preventive strategy is vector control. Therefore, defined and prioritized research on the epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, therapeutic drug and preventive vaccine development are recommended. Burst feed transmission should be checked. Capacity building on diagnostic laboratories and risk communication are relevant for developing countries.","PeriodicalId":91631,"journal":{"name":"Virology & mycology : infectious diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-0517.1000179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70457032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-04DOI: 10.4172/2161-0517.1000171
Madzokere Et
The ongoing spread of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) throughout China threatens and diminishes proceeds from production of tobacco and other crops. Determining how and when TMV first emerged in China, its current evolutionary rate, diffusion pathways, spatial and plant host distributions, can help minimize the risk associated with mosaic disease (MD). Here, 110 TMV Coat Protein (CP) gene sequences sampled from 12 distinct plant hosts between 1997 and 2015 from 18 geographical locations within China (14 Provinces, two Municipalities and two Autonomous regions) were used in a probabilistic Bayesian inferential framework implemented in BEAST v1.8.1 to reconstruct TMV's evolutionary history from emergence to spatiotemporal diffusion. This entailed estimating and inferring; (a) the time when and location where TMV's most recent common ancestor (MRCA) emerged, (b) the evolutionary rate, (c) diffusion pathways, (d) levels of genetic diversity and, (e) phylogenetic relationships amongst viruses. This study infers that TMV emerged around 1924 (95% HPD; 1860 to 1971) in Henan province. Its mean nucleotide substitution rate of 1.09 × 10-3 is marginally higher than previous TMV and Tobamovirus species rates. TMV's current wide spatial and plant host distribution across China is due largely to (i) utilization of 15 Bayes factor supported diffusion pathways, 60% of which were outward bound viral movements from Yunnan province to proximal and distant sampling locations and (ii) a growing shift toward cost-efficient tobacco crop substitution alternatives and adoption of a mixed-crop farming system. These analyses also suggest that Yunnan province is most probably both a source rather than a sink of TMV dispersal throughout China and a major thoroughfare of trans-China TMV movements. Finally, results also indicate that TMV populations exhibited both low effective population sizes and levels of genetic diversity, while individuals from distinct hosts were phylogenetically similar probably due to strong bottlenecks and purifying selection.
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