Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.008
Shaomin Xu , Sifang Long , Zixian Su , Khawar Hayat , Lijuan Xie , Jinming Pan
The culling of day-old male chicks remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry. While in ovo sexing technology has made strides, it has yet to achieve an optimal balance between early identification of sex at hatching, high sensitivity, and non-invasive operation. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in in ovo sexing from various perspectives and to explore potential solutions in light of industrial practices and key technological bottlenecks. This study describes an efficient detection method for low-concentration samples and provides recommendations for the rapid detection of sex markers in chicken embryo allantoic fluid. Given the complexity of optical signals and the significant individual differences among eggs, the paper underscores the importance of evaluating egg characteristics in advancing in ovo sex determination technology. Based on this core concept, the use of multimodal data fusion strategies are advocated for in ovo sexing. This approach aims to deepen researchers' understanding of the complex relationship between sex labels and the high-dimensional data of breeding eggs, thereby injecting new momentum and direction into the development of this field.
{"title":"Egg characteristics assessment as an enabler for in-ovo sexing technology: A review","authors":"Shaomin Xu , Sifang Long , Zixian Su , Khawar Hayat , Lijuan Xie , Jinming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The culling of day-old male chicks remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry. While <em>in ovo</em> sexing technology has made strides, it has yet to achieve an optimal balance between early identification of sex at hatching, high sensitivity, and non-invasive operation. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in <em>in ovo</em> sexing from various perspectives and to explore potential solutions in light of industrial practices and key technological bottlenecks. This study describes an efficient detection method for low-concentration samples and provides recommendations for the rapid detection of sex markers in chicken embryo allantoic fluid. Given the complexity of optical signals and the significant individual differences among eggs, the paper underscores the importance of evaluating egg characteristics in advancing <em>in ovo</em> sex determination technology. Based on this core concept, the use of multimodal data fusion strategies are advocated for <em>in ovo</em> sexing. This approach aims to deepen researchers' understanding of the complex relationship between sex labels and the high-dimensional data of breeding eggs, thereby injecting new momentum and direction into the development of this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"249 ","pages":"Pages 41-57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.017
Liu Zhenji , Long Yangjuan , Li Junfeng , Liu Dongdong
The three-dimensional filter cake structure is the focus of screen filter research. In order to explore the variation trend of filter cake thickness and thickness homogeneity under different inlet flow rates and different particle concentrations, the clogged mesh filters were studied by prototype and the CFD-DEM coupling experiment. The results showed that, as particle concentration increased, clogged filter cake thickness increased at first and dropped subsequently during the prototype experiment, which was determined by the number of particles per unit of time touching the screen and the particles of the force of interaction. Likewise, with an increasing inlet flow rate, the clogging cake thickness showed a slow decline and then tended to be stable during the prototype experiment, which was determined by the number of particles per unit of time touching the screen and the force of the flow field on the particles. The prototype experiment and simulation experiment showed the consistency of this trend. It was discovered that with the increase flow rate, the filter cake grade first increased then decreased after reaching a critical flow rate (160 m3 h−1), and with the increase particle concentration the filter cake grade increased and then stabilised after reaching the saturation concentration (0.279 kg m−³). The best operating parameters were identified for filter functioning in actual irrigation based on the filter cake grade, to reduce clogging and simplifying future flushing.
{"title":"Analysis of three-dimensional cake thickness structure characteristics in a screen filter for drip irrigation based on the CFD‒DEM coupling method","authors":"Liu Zhenji , Long Yangjuan , Li Junfeng , Liu Dongdong","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The three-dimensional filter cake structure is the focus of screen filter research. In order to explore the variation trend of filter cake thickness and thickness homogeneity under different inlet flow rates and different particle concentrations, the clogged mesh filters were studied by prototype and the CFD-DEM coupling experiment. The results showed that, as particle concentration increased, clogged filter cake thickness increased at first and dropped subsequently during the prototype experiment, which was determined by the number of particles per unit of time touching the screen and the particles of the force of interaction. Likewise, with an increasing inlet flow rate, the clogging cake thickness showed a slow decline and then tended to be stable during the prototype experiment, which was determined by the number of particles per unit of time touching the screen and the force of the flow field on the particles. The prototype experiment and simulation experiment showed the consistency of this trend. It was discovered that with the increase flow rate, the filter cake grade first increased then decreased after reaching a critical flow rate (160 m<sup>3</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), and with the increase particle concentration the filter cake grade increased and then stabilised after reaching the saturation concentration (0.279 kg m<sup>−</sup>³). The best operating parameters were identified for filter functioning in actual irrigation based on the filter cake grade, to reduce clogging and simplifying future flushing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.018
Sangik Lee , Jong-hyuk Lee , Byung-hun Seo , Dong-su Kim , Dongwoo Kim , Yerim Jo , Won Choi
Greenhouse structures, essential for modern agriculture, often experience significant uncertainties due to varying environmental conditions, leading to frequent damage and economic losses. Accurately analysing the structural responses of these greenhouses is particularly challenging due to the difficulty in understanding the actual behaviour of connections using steel clamps. This study focuses on evaluating the stiffness and mechanical behaviour of semi-rigid connections using steel clamps in plastic greenhouses. A specialised load-deformation testing apparatus was developed to assess the relationships between force and displacement or moment and rotation for these connections with various deformation modes. The experimental results were used to model stiffness coefficients and ultimate limit loads, providing a detailed understanding of the mechanical properties of these connections. Findings reveal that steel clamps introduce complex structural behaviours that differ significantly from traditional connections, highlighting the need for advanced modelling techniques. This comprehensive analysis offers new insights into the behaviour of semi-rigid connections in greenhouse structures and underscores the importance of detailed empirical studies. The research contributes to improving the structural design and safety assessments of agricultural facilities, ensuring better resilience against environmental stresses. The outcomes are crucial for developing more effective and reliable greenhouse designs that can withstand adverse conditions, ultimately supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
{"title":"Stiffness evaluation of semi-rigid connection using steel clamps in plastic greenhouse structure","authors":"Sangik Lee , Jong-hyuk Lee , Byung-hun Seo , Dong-su Kim , Dongwoo Kim , Yerim Jo , Won Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenhouse structures, essential for modern agriculture, often experience significant uncertainties due to varying environmental conditions, leading to frequent damage and economic losses. Accurately analysing the structural responses of these greenhouses is particularly challenging due to the difficulty in understanding the actual behaviour of connections using steel clamps. This study focuses on evaluating the stiffness and mechanical behaviour of semi-rigid connections using steel clamps in plastic greenhouses. A specialised load-deformation testing apparatus was developed to assess the relationships between force and displacement or moment and rotation for these connections with various deformation modes. The experimental results were used to model stiffness coefficients and ultimate limit loads, providing a detailed understanding of the mechanical properties of these connections. Findings reveal that steel clamps introduce complex structural behaviours that differ significantly from traditional connections, highlighting the need for advanced modelling techniques. This comprehensive analysis offers new insights into the behaviour of semi-rigid connections in greenhouse structures and underscores the importance of detailed empirical studies. The research contributes to improving the structural design and safety assessments of agricultural facilities, ensuring better resilience against environmental stresses. The outcomes are crucial for developing more effective and reliable greenhouse designs that can withstand adverse conditions, ultimately supporting sustainable agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"250 ","pages":"Pages 15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.011
Wanjia Hua , Wenqiang Zhang , Zhao Zhang , Xiaohang Liu , Mengning Huang , C. Igathinathane , Stavros Vougioukas , Chayan Kumer Saha , N.S. Mustafa , Dina Saber Salama , Yao Zhang , Man Zhang
Timely harvesting of fresh apples faces challenges due to labour shortage, and the modern approach of robotic harvesting has the potential to address this issue. The prevailing process of apple harvest robotics could not meet the demands of practical applications, mainly due to the lack of a suitable manipulator, because the existing ones are associated with low picking rates, fruit damage, and high costs. A prototype apple harvesting manipulator was developed, which includes a vacuum three-revolute-degrees-of-freedom end-effector, a three-prismatic-degrees-of-freedom Cartesian system, an RGB-D camera, and system integration. The vision positioning system and controller were designed to realise precise positioning and detachment of the manipulator. The major contribution of the current study is the three-revolute-degrees-of-freedom vacuum suction end-effector, whose performance evaluation was conducted in a commercial apple orchard. Experimental results showed that a 33ϕ mm diameter suction cup achieved superior performance over a 43ϕ mm cup. The method of rotation followed by pull proved to be more effective than only pulling for apple detachment. The results indicated that the apple’s equatorial region was the optimal area for suction. Furthermore, the vacuum pressure should be at least −65 kPa to guarantee successful detachment. Experimental results showed that 83.1% of harvested apples had stems intact. For the developed manipulator, a 33ϕ mm diameter suction cup, a rotate-and-pull separation method, and −65 kPa were recommended for practical applications. With the integrated new manipulator, the developed apple harvest robot has been demonstrated to have the potential to realise robotic apple harvesting.
{"title":"Vacuum suction end-effector development for robotic harvesters of fresh market apples","authors":"Wanjia Hua , Wenqiang Zhang , Zhao Zhang , Xiaohang Liu , Mengning Huang , C. Igathinathane , Stavros Vougioukas , Chayan Kumer Saha , N.S. Mustafa , Dina Saber Salama , Yao Zhang , Man Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timely harvesting of fresh apples faces challenges due to labour shortage, and the modern approach of robotic harvesting has the potential to address this issue. The prevailing process of apple harvest robotics could not meet the demands of practical applications, mainly due to the lack of a suitable manipulator, because the existing ones are associated with low picking rates, fruit damage, and high costs. A prototype apple harvesting manipulator was developed, which includes a vacuum three-revolute-degrees-of-freedom end-effector, a three-prismatic-degrees-of-freedom Cartesian system, an RGB-D camera, and system integration. The vision positioning system and controller were designed to realise precise positioning and detachment of the manipulator. The major contribution of the current study is the three-revolute-degrees-of-freedom vacuum suction end-effector, whose performance evaluation was conducted in a commercial apple orchard. Experimental results showed that a 33<em>ϕ</em> mm diameter suction cup achieved superior performance over a 43<em>ϕ</em> mm cup. The method of rotation followed by pull proved to be more effective than only pulling for apple detachment. The results indicated that the apple’s equatorial region was the optimal area for suction. Furthermore, the vacuum pressure should be at least −65 kPa to guarantee successful detachment. Experimental results showed that 83.1% of harvested apples had stems intact. For the developed manipulator, a 33<em>ϕ</em> mm diameter suction cup, a rotate-and-pull separation method, and −65 kPa were recommended for practical applications. With the integrated new manipulator, the developed apple harvest robot has been demonstrated to have the potential to realise robotic apple harvesting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"249 ","pages":"Pages 28-40"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.013
Manon Dat , Hervé Plaisance , Jane Vignau-Laulhere , Sylvain Bourrigaud , Valérie Desauziers
Sex pheromones are introduced in the cultivated areas to create mating disruption and thus to protect crops from pests. This article deals with the release characteristics of a model pheromone (dodecyl acetate) encapsulated in a solid matrix developed as a passive dispenser. Released kinetics were obtained both in the field by extracting and quantifying the remaining pheromone in the dispenser over time and in laboratory by emission chamber tests under controlled conditions. Results showed that the release profiles follow pseudo-zero-order kinetics with a quasi-constant release rate of 1.53 mg day-1 under field conditions for the first sixty days. Emission data showed that two key parameters, i.e., the matrix/air partition coefficient (Kma) and the convective transfer coefficient in the gas phase (hm) govern the release rate of the dispenser. Estimates of Kma varied from 1×106 to 4.55×106 and hm from 3.2×10-3 to 5×10-3 m s-1 depending on the air velocity and temperature conditions. Temperature dependence of Kma was most significant and was addressed by estimating the enthalpy of the pheromone partitioning between the matrix dispenser and air (102 kJ mol-1). The results led to the development of a model based on Kma and hm as the main parameters describing pheromone release from the matrix dispenser. A good agreement was found between the measurements obtained in field and model predictions. This model could be an effective tool for adjusting the release rate of pheromone dispensers under practise conditions.
{"title":"Modelling of pheromone release from solid matrix dispenser for integrated pest management","authors":"Manon Dat , Hervé Plaisance , Jane Vignau-Laulhere , Sylvain Bourrigaud , Valérie Desauziers","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex pheromones are introduced in the cultivated areas to create mating disruption and thus to protect crops from pests. This article deals with the release characteristics of a model pheromone (dodecyl acetate) encapsulated in a solid matrix developed as a passive dispenser. Released kinetics were obtained both in the field by extracting and quantifying the remaining pheromone in the dispenser over time and in laboratory by emission chamber tests under controlled conditions. Results showed that the release profiles follow pseudo-zero-order kinetics with a quasi-constant release rate of 1.53 mg day<sup>-1</sup> under field conditions for the first sixty days. Emission data showed that two key parameters, i.e., the matrix/air partition coefficient (K<sub>ma</sub>) and the convective transfer coefficient in the gas phase (h<sub>m</sub>) govern the release rate of the dispenser. Estimates of K<sub>ma</sub> varied from 1×10<sup>6</sup> to 4.55×10<sup>6</sup> and h<sub>m</sub> from 3.2×10<sup>-3</sup> to 5×10<sup>-3</sup> m s<sup>-1</sup> depending on the air velocity and temperature conditions. Temperature dependence of K<sub>ma</sub> was most significant and was addressed by estimating the enthalpy of the pheromone partitioning between the matrix dispenser and air <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>Δ</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mtext>ma</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> (102 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>). The results led to the development of a model based on K<sub>ma</sub> and h<sub>m</sub> as the main parameters describing pheromone release from the matrix dispenser. A good agreement was found between the measurements obtained in field and model predictions. This model could be an effective tool for adjusting the release rate of pheromone dispensers under practise conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"249 ","pages":"Pages 18-27"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.015
Xiaochuan Zhao , Janguo Zhao , Jiale Zhao , Zhikai Ma , Jianchang Li , Binhao Dai , Meilin An , Jiaping Wang , Jianjun Hao
This study addresses the prevalent issue of rotary blade fractures in tillage operations by designing a new type of reinforcing rib that mitigates neck force and alleviates stress concentration. Initially, utilising traditional design concepts, the side-plate reinforcing rib was segmented into units and analysed using ANSYS to develop an initial model. Evaluation indices such as specific strength structural efficiency and specific stiffness structural efficiency were employed to perform orthogonal optimisation of the rib dimensions, achieving optimal measurements of 72.9 mm in length, 15.7 mm in width, and 3.5 mm in thickness. These dimensions enhance the specific strength structural efficiency by 14.14% and the specific stiffness structural efficiency by 0.95% compared to the initial model. Further, the rib's mathematical model was refined and generalised by a curve-fitting method across different rotary blade models (IT series), followed by topological optimisation to fine-tune morphological features. This optimisation reduced the model's mass by 9.78% and improved efficiency metrics by 2.6% (strength) and 0.5% (stiffness). Comparative experiments using DEM-FEM coupled analysis were conducted on three optimised models to assess the redesigned blade's performance. The experiments evaluated key performance metrics such as neck force, maximum stress, fatigue life, and ultimate fracture stress. The results indicate that after two rounds of optimisation, the blade's neck force was reduced by 16.85%, the maximum stress decreased by 15.22%, the fatigue life increased by 76.03%, and the ultimate fracture stress improved by 20.16%. These changes align with the optimisation objectives. Subsequent control and calibration tests produced a load-strain curve that validated the simulation data with a marginal error range of 3%–10%, validating the simulation's accuracy. This research provides a robust theoretical framework for optimising the reinforcing rib and fracture resistance of rotary blades.
{"title":"Optimisation design and experimental analysis of rotary blade reinforcing ribs using DEM-FEM techniques","authors":"Xiaochuan Zhao , Janguo Zhao , Jiale Zhao , Zhikai Ma , Jianchang Li , Binhao Dai , Meilin An , Jiaping Wang , Jianjun Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the prevalent issue of rotary blade fractures in tillage operations by designing a new type of reinforcing rib that mitigates neck force and alleviates stress concentration. Initially, utilising traditional design concepts, the side-plate reinforcing rib was segmented into units and analysed using ANSYS to develop an initial model. Evaluation indices such as specific strength structural efficiency and specific stiffness structural efficiency were employed to perform orthogonal optimisation of the rib dimensions, achieving optimal measurements of 72.9 mm in length, 15.7 mm in width, and 3.5 mm in thickness. These dimensions enhance the specific strength structural efficiency by 14.14% and the specific stiffness structural efficiency by 0.95% compared to the initial model. Further, the rib's mathematical model was refined and generalised by a curve-fitting method across different rotary blade models (IT series), followed by topological optimisation to fine-tune morphological features. This optimisation reduced the model's mass by 9.78% and improved efficiency metrics by 2.6% (strength) and 0.5% (stiffness). Comparative experiments using DEM-FEM coupled analysis were conducted on three optimised models to assess the redesigned blade's performance. The experiments evaluated key performance metrics such as neck force, maximum stress, fatigue life, and ultimate fracture stress. The results indicate that after two rounds of optimisation, the blade's neck force was reduced by 16.85%, the maximum stress decreased by 15.22%, the fatigue life increased by 76.03%, and the ultimate fracture stress improved by 20.16%. These changes align with the optimisation objectives. Subsequent control and calibration tests produced a load-strain curve that validated the simulation data with a marginal error range of 3%–10%, validating the simulation's accuracy. This research provides a robust theoretical framework for optimising the reinforcing rib and fracture resistance of rotary blades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"249 ","pages":"Pages 1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.003
Xinyue Zhang , Qingjie Wang , Chao Wang , Xiuhong Wang , Zhengxin Xu , Caiyun Lu
Precision agriculture advancements are epitomised by precision mechanical weeding, which contributes significantly to sustainable farming practices. Traditional leaf-recognition technologies fail to meet the stringent requirements of precision weeding because they do not adequately guide weeding tools that operate close to seedling roots, such as finger weeders, to minimise crop damage. To address this issue, a novel method is developed to delineate paths for weeding tools, thereby preventing harm to seedlings. This method employs an advanced version of YOLOv8Pose to detect weeding areas around maize seedlings by pinpointing key points on the maize seedlings. To enhance the detection accuracy, a multi-scale dilation attention (MSDA) module and a lightweight reparameterisable EfficientRep module were used. The root connection line of the maize row was obtained by sequentially connecting the key point positions. The guide line for the weeding component was then determined by correcting this root connection line using the median absolute deviation (MAD) as the threshold. The approach demonstrated a remarkable precision in guiding weeding lines with an angular error of only 0–3° and a recognition rate of 100 FPS. In actual weeding operations, the effective weeding rate was 95.6%, which was far better than the 74.2% obtained by the leaf recognition-based method. This innovative method not only enhances weeding precision but also significantly reduces crop damage risk, thereby fostering more effective and sustainable agricultural practices.
{"title":"Guidelines for mechanical weeding: Developing weed control lines through point extraction at maize root zones","authors":"Xinyue Zhang , Qingjie Wang , Chao Wang , Xiuhong Wang , Zhengxin Xu , Caiyun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precision agriculture advancements are epitomised by precision mechanical weeding, which contributes significantly to sustainable farming practices. Traditional leaf-recognition technologies fail to meet the stringent requirements of precision weeding because they do not adequately guide weeding tools that operate close to seedling roots, such as finger weeders, to minimise crop damage. To address this issue, a novel method is developed to delineate paths for weeding tools, thereby preventing harm to seedlings. This method employs an advanced version of YOLOv8Pose to detect weeding areas around maize seedlings by pinpointing key points on the maize seedlings. To enhance the detection accuracy, a multi-scale dilation attention (MSDA) module and a lightweight reparameterisable EfficientRep module were used. The root connection line of the maize row was obtained by sequentially connecting the key point positions. The guide line for the weeding component was then determined by correcting this root connection line using the median absolute deviation (MAD) as the threshold. The approach demonstrated a remarkable precision in guiding weeding lines with an angular error of only 0–3° and a recognition rate of 100 FPS. In actual weeding operations, the effective weeding rate was 95.6%, which was far better than the 74.2% obtained by the leaf recognition-based method. This innovative method not only enhances weeding precision but also significantly reduces crop damage risk, thereby fostering more effective and sustainable agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"248 ","pages":"Pages 321-336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.010
Xiaofang Chen , Rui Chen , Jian Wang , Hong Li , Weibin Zhang
A model that describes the water distribution of a single fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS) based on the harmonic analysis was proposed. The relationship between the pressure head, nozzle diameter, mean sprinkler irrigation depth, and amplitude was established. An analytical model for evaluating the sprinkler irrigation uniformity coefficient of a multi-sprinkler combination was developed by introducing a weighting coefficient. In conjunction with the sprinkler irrigation system's finite element hydraulic calculation model, the impact of the pipe diameter, sprinkler number, and sprinkler spacing on system energy loss, pressure head, and sprinkler irrigation system uniformity was assessed. The results demonstrated that under varying pressures and nozzle diameters, the Camargo and Sentelhas coefficient (c) between the measured and fitted mean value of the sprinkler irrigation depth of a single FSPS was greater than 0.99, while the c between the measured and fitted amplitude value was approximately 0.93. Under different combinations of nozzle, pressure head, and sprinkler spacings, the measured, derived, and calculated values of 54 sprinkler irrigation uniformity combinations were basically consistent. The uniformity of the combined FSPS under a linear-move sprinkler system was significantly affected by nozzle diameter, pipe diameter, sprinkler spacing, and inlet pressure head at 0.01 level. The number of sprinklers also had a significant impact at 0.05 level. The findings of this study could serve as a theoretical foundation for the proper design of linear-move sprinkler irrigation systems.
{"title":"Evaluation of water distribution and uniformity of sprinkler irrigation based on harmonic analysis and finite element method","authors":"Xiaofang Chen , Rui Chen , Jian Wang , Hong Li , Weibin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A model that describes the water distribution of a single fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS) based on the harmonic analysis was proposed. The relationship between the pressure head, nozzle diameter, mean sprinkler irrigation depth, and amplitude was established. An analytical model for evaluating the sprinkler irrigation uniformity coefficient of a multi-sprinkler combination was developed by introducing a weighting coefficient. In conjunction with the sprinkler irrigation system's finite element hydraulic calculation model, the impact of the pipe diameter, sprinkler number, and sprinkler spacing on system energy loss, pressure head, and sprinkler irrigation system uniformity was assessed. The results demonstrated that under varying pressures and nozzle diameters, the Camargo and Sentelhas coefficient (<em>c</em>) between the measured and fitted mean value of the sprinkler irrigation depth of a single FSPS was greater than 0.99, while the <em>c</em> between the measured and fitted amplitude value was approximately 0.93. Under different combinations of nozzle, pressure head, and sprinkler spacings, the measured, derived, and calculated values of 54 sprinkler irrigation uniformity combinations were basically consistent. The uniformity of the combined FSPS under a linear-move sprinkler system was significantly affected by nozzle diameter, pipe diameter, sprinkler spacing, and inlet pressure head at 0.01 level. The number of sprinklers also had a significant impact at 0.05 level. The findings of this study could serve as a theoretical foundation for the proper design of linear-move sprinkler irrigation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"248 ","pages":"Pages 308-320"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.007
Mads Kjærgaard Nielsen , Simon Klinge Nielsen , Torben Tambo
This research focuses on optimising biomass pellet manufacturing processes by detecting roller gap variations in rotary ring die pelleting (RRDP) technology. Integrating experimental testing, response surface modelling (RSM), and vibration-based machine learning, this study aims to ensure optimal conditions for biomass pellet mill operation. Vibration-based machine learning techniques offer an approach for detecting roller gap variations, while RSM provides mathematical models to understand process dynamics for identifying optimisation criteria. Experimental testing explores the impact of process variables on pellet quality metrics. Results demonstrate machine learning model performance in detecting roller gap variations with F1-scores ranging from 88.1% to 100.0% across a pilot- and industrial-scaled setup. ANOVA results underscore significant relationships between roller gap, feedstock layer mass, and pelleting process metrics, while the created RSM models all have determination coefficients of . Overall, this comprehensive approach contributes valuable insights into optimising efficiency and product quality in the biomass industry through an integrated framework.
{"title":"A vibration-based machine learning approach for roller gap detection in biomass pellet production","authors":"Mads Kjærgaard Nielsen , Simon Klinge Nielsen , Torben Tambo","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research focuses on optimising biomass pellet manufacturing processes by detecting roller gap variations in rotary ring die pelleting (RRDP) technology. Integrating experimental testing, response surface modelling (RSM), and vibration-based machine learning, this study aims to ensure optimal conditions for biomass pellet mill operation. Vibration-based machine learning techniques offer an approach for detecting roller gap variations, while RSM provides mathematical models to understand process dynamics for identifying optimisation criteria. Experimental testing explores the impact of process variables on pellet quality metrics. Results demonstrate machine learning model performance in detecting roller gap variations with F1-scores ranging from 88.1% to 100.0% across a pilot- and industrial-scaled setup. ANOVA results underscore significant relationships between roller gap, feedstock layer mass, and pelleting process metrics, while the created RSM models all have determination coefficients <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> of <span><math><mrow><mo>≥</mo><mn>0.90</mn></mrow></math></span>. Overall, this comprehensive approach contributes valuable insights into optimising efficiency and product quality in the biomass industry through an integrated framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"248 ","pages":"Pages 283-296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.006
Georgios T. Xanthopoulos , Samuel Paytosh , Robert S. Dungan , Nora Olsen , Rhett Spear , Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira
Potatoes are typically stored at low temperatures (5.5–8.9 °C) and high relative humidity (95–97%) to reduce water loss, the primary factor contributing to tuber weight loss. Water loss occurs mainly through transpiration from the tuber skin (97.6%), with only 2.4% through the lenticels. However, ignoring respiration as a water-loss mechanism can lead to inaccurate weight-loss determinations. This study aimed to evaluate respiration's contribution to mass loss (water loss) in russet-type potatoes. Four russet-type cultivars (Russet Burbank, Ivory Russet, Dakota Russet, and Rainier Russet) were cured at 12.8 °C and 95% relative humidity for 14 days. After curing, the temperature was gradually reduced to 5.5 °C, 7.2 °C, or 8.9 °C with 95% RH and stored for up to 9 months. Dakota Russet had the highest and Ivory Russet the lowest weight loss during storage, irrespective of temperature. The transpiration rate per unit of initial mass varied by storage temperature, from 14 ± 50.014±0.005 g kg−1 h−1 at 5.5 °C, 16 ± 60.016±0.006 g kg−1 h−1 at 7.2 °C, and 17 ± 70.017±0.007 g kg−1 h−1 at 8.9 °C. The transpiration rate per unit area decreased until the 4th -5th month of storage. The water vapor pressure deficit was the main factor contributing to total weight loss, with respiration rates contributing less than 10%. Further studies are needed to understand why Dakota Russet experiences significantly greater weight loss than other russet cultivars, despite the observed data on respiration rates.
{"title":"Relative contributions of respiration and transpiration to the weight loss of russet-type potatoes","authors":"Georgios T. Xanthopoulos , Samuel Paytosh , Robert S. Dungan , Nora Olsen , Rhett Spear , Gustavo Henrique de Almeida Teixeira","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Potatoes are typically stored at low temperatures (5.5–8.9 °C) and high relative humidity (95–97%) to reduce water loss, the primary factor contributing to tuber weight loss. Water loss occurs mainly through transpiration from the tuber skin (97.6%), with only 2.4% through the lenticels. However, ignoring respiration as a water-loss mechanism can lead to inaccurate weight-loss determinations. This study aimed to evaluate respiration's contribution to mass loss (water loss) in russet-type potatoes. Four russet-type cultivars (Russet Burbank, Ivory Russet, Dakota Russet, and Rainier Russet) were cured at 12.8 °C and 95% relative humidity for 14 days. After curing, the temperature was gradually reduced to 5.5 °C, 7.2 °C, or 8.9 °C with 95% RH and stored for up to 9 months. Dakota Russet had the highest and Ivory Russet the lowest weight loss during storage, irrespective of temperature. The transpiration rate per unit of initial mass varied by storage temperature, from 14 ± 50.014±0.005 g kg<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> at 5.5 °C, 16 ± 60.016±0.006 g kg<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> at 7.2 °C, and 17 ± 70.017±0.007 g kg<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> at 8.9 °C. The transpiration rate per unit area decreased until the 4th -5th month of storage. The water vapor pressure deficit was the main factor contributing to total weight loss, with respiration rates contributing less than 10%. Further studies are needed to understand why Dakota Russet experiences significantly greater weight loss than other russet cultivars, despite the observed data on respiration rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"248 ","pages":"Pages 297-307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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