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In situ determination of soybean leaves nutritional status by portable X-ray fluorescence: An initial approach for data collection and predictive modelling 利用便携式 X 射线荧光原位测定大豆叶片的营养状况:数据收集和预测建模的初步方法
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.011
Thainara Rebelo da Silva , Eduardo de Almeida , Tiago Rodrigues Tavares , Fábio Luiz Melquiades , Murilo Mesquita Baesso , Rachel Ferraz de Camargo , Marcos Henrique Feresin Gomes , Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalho

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses are fast, clean, non-destructive, and compatible with on-field operations, which are some advantages over traditional determinations using coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The aim of this study was to advance in situ XRF approaches for assessing the nutritional status of soybean leaves (i.e., P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). More specifically, we propose a protocol to ensure accuracy of in-field analysis and then evaluate the predictive performance of XRF via different data modelling strategies for macro- and micronutrient determination. Therefore, the XRF sensor dwell time of 60 s and the maximum time of 5 min were determined for the analysis of the leaves after leaf abscission, taking into account the influence of moisture loss on the signal intensity of the lighter elements. Regarding the predictive performance of XRF data for nutrients determination, multiple linear regression (MLR) models resulted in lower root mean square errors (RMSE) for P (433 mg kg−1), S (204 mg kg−1) and K (1957 mg kg−1); Partial least squares regression (PLS) for Ca (519 mg kg−1); and simple linear regression (SLR) for Mn (9 mg kg−1), Fe (18 mg kg−1), Zn (5 mg kg−1). The different modelling strategies exhibited equivalent RMSE for Cu (2 mg kg−1). These prediction errors are within a ±20% range, demonstrating that the in situ protocols developed in this research are useful for predicting the nutrients concentration in soybean leaves. Our study shows the possibility of using the in situ XRF sensor for the rapid and practical nutrients determination in soybean leaves, presenting good potential as a crop diagnosis tool.

X 射线荧光 (XRF) 分析具有快速、清洁、无损、与现场操作兼容等特点,与使用耦合等离子体光学发射光谱 (ICP-OES) 进行的传统测定相比具有一些优势。本研究旨在推进原位 XRF 方法,以评估大豆叶片的营养状况(即 P、S、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Cu 和 Zn)。更具体地说,我们提出了一个确保田间分析准确性的方案,然后通过不同的数据建模策略来评估 XRF 在宏观和微观营养素测定方面的预测性能。因此,考虑到水分流失对轻元素信号强度的影响,我们确定了在叶片脱落后对叶片进行分析时 XRF 传感器的停留时间为 60 秒,最长时间为 5 分钟。关于 XRF 数据对养分测定的预测性能,多元线性回归(MLR)模型对 P(433 毫克/千克-1)、S(204 毫克/千克-1)和 K(1957 毫克/千克-1)的均方根误差(RMSE)较低;部分最小二乘回归(PLS)对 Ca(519 毫克/千克-1)的均方根误差较低;简单线性回归(SLR)对 Mn(9 毫克/千克-1)、Fe(18 毫克/千克-1)和 Zn(5 毫克/千克-1)的均方根误差较低。对于铜(2 毫克千克-1),不同的建模策略表现出相同的均方根误差。这些预测误差都在±20%的范围内,表明本研究开发的原位规程可用于预测大豆叶片中的养分浓度。我们的研究表明,原位 XRF 传感器可用于快速、实用地测定大豆叶片中的营养成分,具有作为作物诊断工具的良好潜力。
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引用次数: 0
In ovo sexing of chickens: Evaluating volatile organic compounds analysis techniques and daily prediction performance from the onset of incubation 鸡体内性别鉴定:评估挥发性有机化合物分析技术和从孵化开始的每日预测性能
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.013
Matthias Corion , Miguel Portillo-Estrada , Simão Monteiro Belo dos Santos , Nadia Everaert , Jeroen Lammertyn , Maarten Hertog , Bart De Ketelaere

In ovo sexing identifies chicken embryo sex before or during incubation to avoid euthanising male chicks after hatching, enhancing animal welfare in the laying hen industry. Recently, researchers demonstrated the potential for non-invasive and early in ovo sexing through the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by eggs. However, a knowledge gap remains in understanding prediction model robustness, the efficacy of faster acquisition techniques, and day-to-day performance. In this study, two experiments were performed to fill these gaps. In Experiment 1, passive VOC extractions were performed on 110 eggs on incubation day 10 using sampling bags employing headspace sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HSSE-GC-MS), proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), and selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Prediction models were built using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and variable selection methods. As a result, prediction accuracies ranged from 57.6 % to 61.4 %, indicating no significant difference between the devices and highlighting the need for further optimisations. In Experiment 2, passive VOC samplings were performed on 42 eggs in glass jars during the initial 12 days of incubation using HSSE-GC-MS. Consequently, the optimised setup yielded higher accuracies ranging from 63.1 % (on day 0) to 71.4 % (on days 4, 6, and 12), revealing VOCs consistently elevated in relative abundance for a specific sex, and overall VOC abundance was higher in male embryos. Suggestions for future experiments to increase the accuracy of VOC in ovo sexing include active sampling with inert materials, expanding sample sets, and targeting consistent compounds.

胚胎性别鉴定可在孵化前或孵化过程中识别鸡胚胎性别,避免孵化后对雄性雏鸡实施安乐死,从而提高蛋鸡行业的动物福利。最近,研究人员通过分析鸡蛋释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),证明了非侵入式早期胚胎性别鉴定的潜力。然而,在了解预测模型的稳健性、更快采集技术的功效以及日常性能方面仍存在知识空白。本研究进行了两项实验来填补这些空白。实验 1 采用顶空吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用仪(HSSE-GC-MS)、质子转移反应-飞行时间-质谱联用仪(PTR-TOF-MS)和选择离子流管-质谱联用仪(SIFT-MS)对孵化第 10 天的 110 枚蛋进行了被动挥发性有机化合物萃取。利用偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和变量选择方法建立了预测模型。结果表明,预测准确率在 57.6 % 到 61.4 % 之间,表明不同装置之间没有显著差异,需要进一步优化。在实验 2 中,使用 HSSE-GC-MS 对孵化最初 12 天内玻璃瓶中的 42 枚鸡蛋进行了被动 VOC 采样。结果,优化设置产生了更高的准确度,从 63.1 %(第 0 天)到 71.4 %(第 4、6 和 12 天)不等,揭示了特定性别的挥发性有机化合物相对丰度持续升高,雄性胚胎的总体挥发性有机化合物丰度更高。为提高卵中挥发性有机化合物性别鉴定的准确性,建议未来的实验包括使用惰性材料进行主动采样、扩大样品集以及针对一致的化合物。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on temperature difference between the interior and exterior of the vehicle transporting weaner pigs 运输断奶猪的车辆内外温差实验研究
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.001
Guoxing Chen , Cecilie Kobek-Kjeldager , Line D. Jensen , Jens K. Kristensen , Marianne Kaiser , Karen Thodberg , Guoqiang Zhang , Li Rong , Mette S. Herskin , Leslie Foldager

Transporting pigs poses a significant challenge in maintaining proper interior thermal conditions. This study conducted 36 field trials run in Denmark and collected data from a certified livestock vehicle, during journeys of 8 h and 23 h respectively. This study aims to investigate the air temperature inside a livestock vehicle during the transportation and the influence of five factors on DT (difference in air temperature between interior of the vehicle and exterior): compartment location, deck height, height of openings for natural ventilation, wind speed and vehicle speed. The compartment location was the most important influencing factor of interior air temperature. The maximum percentage of time when air temperature exceeded 30 °C was 13.6% observed in the front compartment of trailer. The maximum difference in mean DT between the front and rear compartments at the same deck was 11.0 ± 0.67 °C occurred in the lorry. The maximum differences in mean DT between the two investigated deck heights were 1.2 ± 0.39 °C in the lorry (70 vs. 90 cm) and 0.9 ± 0.26 °C in the trailer (60 vs. 80 cm), respectively. The DT decreased with increasing height of opening for natural ventilation and wind speed, while the DT was insensitive to vehicle speed. Extra sensors installed on the front partition wall during the last 4 journeys showed significant temperature variability (up to 12 °C) within compartment. Further studies identifying the efficient monitoring of thermal condition and prompt interior environmental control are needed in vehicles for pig transport.

猪的运输对保持适当的车内热量条件提出了巨大挑战。本研究在丹麦进行了 36 次实地试验,分别收集了一辆经过认证的牲畜运输车辆在 8 小时和 23 小时旅程中的数据。本研究旨在调查运输过程中牲畜车内的空气温度,以及以下五个因素对 DT(车内外空气温度差)的影响:车厢位置、甲板高度、自然通风开口高度、风速和车速。车厢位置是影响车内空气温度的最重要因素。在拖车前部车厢观察到的空气温度超过 30 °C 的最大时间百分比为 13.6%。在同一甲板上,货车前后车厢平均 DT 的最大差异为 11.0 ± 0.67 °C。货车(70 厘米对 90 厘米)和拖车(60 厘米对 80 厘米)两个调查甲板高度之间的平均 DT 最大差异分别为 1.2 ± 0.39 °C和 0.9 ± 0.26 °C。随着自然通风开口高度和风速的增加,DT 下降,而 DT 对车速不敏感。在最后 4 次旅程中,安装在前隔墙上的额外传感器显示,车厢内的温度变化很大(最高达 12 °C)。需要进一步研究如何有效监测猪运输车辆的热状况并及时进行车内环境控制。
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引用次数: 0
FCS-Net: Feather condition scoring of broilers based on dense feature fusion of RGB and thermal infrared images FCS-Net:基于 RGB 和热红外图像密集特征融合的肉鸡羽毛状况评分法
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.002
Xiaomin Zhang , Tao Xu , Yanning Zhang , Yuan Gao , Jinming Pan , Xiuqin Rao

Assessing the feather condition of broilers is crucial for monitoring the animal welfare status and detecting the occurrence of feather pecking activities. Currently, the feather condition of individual broilers is manually scored by trained experts. To provide a more objective and efficient tool for feather condition scoring, a novel deep learning-based model, named Feather Condition Scoring Network (FCS-Net), was proposed based on RGB and thermal infrared images. The FCS-Net model combined the ResNet18 architecture with the proposed Dense Feature Fusion (DFF) module, which can effectively learn the feature mapping relationship between RGB and thermal infrared images. Before inputting the images into the network, an image registration process was conducted to align the RGB and thermal infrared images. The results showed that the FCS-Net model had a good performance for feather condition scoring, with the Accuracy of 97.02%, the Precision of 96.99%, the Recall of 97.04%, the F1 of 97.01%, and the Inference speed of 15.34 fps. Compared to the ResNet18_RGB model, which only utilise RGB images, the FCS-Net model showed notable improvements in Accuracy by 4.02%, Precision by 3.90%, Recall by 4.08%, and F1 by 4.01%. Moreover, it was observed that the FCS-Net model focused more on the back region of the broilers through heatmap visualization. Furthermore, the algorithm was compared with six typical image recognition algorithms including VGG16, ResNet18, SE-ResNet18, DenseNet121, Mobilenet_V2, and Shufflenet_V2_x1_0, as well as the state-of-the-art (SOTA) feather condition assessment methods. The results showed that the FCS-Net model achieved better performance than the six algorithms and the SOTA feather condition assessment methods. This study provided a valuable reference for automated monitoring of feather condition scoring of broilers in smart farming.

评估肉鸡的羽毛状况对于监测动物福利状况和检测啄羽行为的发生至关重要。目前,个体肉鸡的羽毛状况由训练有素的专家进行人工评分。为了提供一种更客观、更高效的羽毛状况评分工具,我们提出了一种基于 RGB 和热红外图像的新型深度学习模型,名为羽毛状况评分网络(FCS-Net)。FCS-Net 模型将 ResNet18 架构与所提出的密集特征融合(DFF)模块相结合,可有效学习 RGB 和热红外图像之间的特征映射关系。在将图像输入网络之前,进行了图像配准处理,以对齐 RGB 和热红外图像。结果表明,FCS-Net 模型在羽毛状况评分方面表现良好,准确率为 97.02%,精确率为 96.99%,召回率为 97.04%,F1 为 97.01%,推理速度为 15.34 fps。与只使用 RGB 图像的 ResNet18_RGB 模型相比,FCS-Net 模型的准确率显著提高了 4.02%,精确率提高了 3.90%,召回率提高了 4.08%,F1 提高了 4.01%。此外,通过热图可视化观察还发现,FCS-Net 模型更关注肉鸡的背部区域。此外,该算法还与六种典型的图像识别算法进行了比较,包括 VGG16、ResNet18、SE-ResNet18、DenseNet121、Mobilenet_V2 和 Shufflenet_V2_x1_0,以及最先进的(SOTA)羽毛状况评估方法。结果表明,FCS-Net 模型的性能优于六种算法和 SOTA 羽绒状况评估方法。该研究为智能养殖中肉鸡羽毛状况评分的自动监测提供了有价值的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Sowing depth control strategy based on the downforce measurement and control system of ‘T’-shaped furrow opener 基于 "T "形开沟器下压力测量和控制系统的播种深度控制策略
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.004
Lei Liu , Xianliang Wang , Xiangcai Zhang , Xiupei Cheng , Zhongcai Wei , Jiangtao Ji , Hui Li , Huaye Zhang , Min Wang

Sowing depth is a critical factor in crop growth and is determined by both the soil conditions and the force of the opener. The trend for the future is to control sowing depth based on soil dynamic parameters. Therefore, this paper developed a downforce measurement and control system based on the ‘T’-shaped furrow opener and investigated the influence of soil dynamic parameters and opener downforce on sowing depth. A test-rig was constructed and the accuracy of the system in measuring downforce and controlling downforce and sowing depth was verified. The study shows that at different sowing depths, soil moisture, bulk density and their interaction have a significant effect on downforce (P < 0.01). As the moisture content decreases and the bulk density increases, the required downforce increases for the same sowing depth. A mathematical model of downforce-sowing depth-soil bulk density-soil moisture content was established using experimental data, with an R2 of 0.916, VIF <5 and a Durbin-Watson value of 1.628. Field experiments show that, at an operating speed of 6 km h−1, the control strategy based on the soil dynamic parameters predicted by downforce theory significantly outperformed the strategy of adjusting the downforce in response to perceived changes in downforce. This indicates that after dynamic and rapid measurement of soil bulk density and moisture content during field operations, sowing depth can be accurately controlled based on the directed downforce of the opener. The mathematical model provides a theoretical basis for sowing depth control based on soil dynamic parameters.

播种深度是作物生长的关键因素,由土壤条件和开沟器的作用力共同决定。根据土壤动态参数控制播种深度是未来的发展趋势。因此,本文开发了基于 "T "形开沟器的下压力测量和控制系统,并研究了土壤动态参数和开沟器下压力对播种深度的影响。构建了一个测试平台,并验证了该系统在测量下压力、控制下压力和播种深度方面的准确性。研究表明,在不同的播种深度,土壤水分、容重及其相互作用对下压力有显著影响(P < 0.01)。随着含水量的降低和容重的增加,相同播种深度下所需的下压力会增加。利用实验数据建立了下压力-播种深度-土壤容重-土壤含水量的数学模型,R2 为 0.916,VIF 为 5,Durbin-Watson 值为 1.628。现场实验表明,在运行速度为 6 km h-1 的情况下,基于下压力理论预测的土壤动力参数的控制策略明显优于根据感知到的下压力变化调整下压力的策略。这表明,在田间作业时对土壤容重和含水量进行动态快速测量后,可根据开沟器的定向下压力准确控制播种深度。该数学模型为基于土壤动态参数的播种深度控制提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Development and evaluation of a sensor-based slope-compensation system for camera-guided hoeing in maize 开发和评估基于传感器的坡度补偿系统,用于玉米相机导航锄地
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.006
Michael Spaeth , Marcus Saile , Daniel Riehle , Christian Kirchhoff , Roland Gerhards

Sensor technologies were integrated into a commercial sensor-guided hoeing system to counteract the force of gravity and reduce crop damage caused by the offset of hoeing in maize fields on sloping terrains. For this study, a hoe was equipped with a contact disc, sensors, an electric cylinder, and a decision support system. The offset of the hoe could be compensated in real time based on the automatic adjustment angle of the support wheel. In maize, three field experiments were conducted over two years to evaluate the system on three different slope gradients (between 4 and 12°). Plant populations were measured in each plot one day before and during hoeing to evaluate crop damage. However, for support wheel angle, Slope Compensation Intensity (SCI) 2 and 3, there were no significant crop plant losses in any trials. As a result, there was no hoe drifting during the sensor-based guidance along the rows. It has been verified that the development presented is functional and can counteract the force of gravity on slopes. This development aims to optimise the use of precision mechanical weed control and support farmers during hoeing on hilly terrain.

将传感器技术集成到商用传感器导向锄地系统中,以抵消重力,减少在坡地玉米田中因锄地偏移而造成的作物损害。在这项研究中,锄头配备了接触盘、传感器、电动缸和决策支持系统。锄头的偏移可根据支撑轮的自动调节角度进行实时补偿。在玉米地里,进行了为期两年的三项田间试验,以评估该系统在三种不同坡度(4 至 12°)上的效果。在锄草前一天和锄草过程中对每个地块的植物数量进行了测量,以评估作物损害情况。然而,对于支撑轮角度、坡度补偿强度(SCI)2 和 3,在任何试验中都没有出现明显的作物损失。因此,在传感器沿行引导过程中,锄头没有发生漂移。经过验证,所展示的开发成果是实用的,能够抵消斜坡上的重力。这项开发旨在优化精准机械除草的使用,并为农民在丘陵地带锄草提供支持。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of porous media type and nozzle design on the backwashing regime of pressurised porous media filters 多孔介质类型和喷嘴设计对加压多孔介质过滤器反冲洗机制的影响
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.005
Jonathan Graciano-Uribe , Toni Pujol , Miquel Duran-Ros , Gerard Arbat , Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena , Jaume Puig-Bargués

Pressurised sand filters used in drip irrigation need periodic backwashing to flush the contaminant particles out of the porous media. This process consumes high amounts of energy and water. The selection of more efficient backwashing operational conditions requires accurate information of the pressure drop and the bed expansion, the latter being not measured in commercial filters. An experimental study with a scaled filter that used a window to observe the bed expansion was conducted with three porous media types (glass microspheres and two silica sands), two packed media bed heights (200 mm and 300 mm) and four nozzles (one commercial and three prototypes). The 24 combinations of the filter experimental configuration were investigated for different superficial velocities. Both data and video recordings for all the 705 tests conducted were carefully analysed to obtain mean values and standard deviations of the height of the expanded bed. The behaviour of the fluidised bed dynamics was characterised. Results indicated that the nozzle design had a strong influence on the pressure drop, and, in consequence, on the power required for backwashing. It also had an observable impact on the fluidised bed dynamics although its effect on determining the overall height of the expanded bed was limited, this being more dependent on the type of the porous media. The most effective combination in terms of energy efficiency and porosity of the expanded bed was obtained with microspheres, though its retention efficiency might be questionable from the literature review, and the frustoconical nozzle geometry.

滴灌中使用的加压砂滤器需要定期反冲洗,以便将杂质颗粒从多孔介质中冲出。这一过程需要消耗大量的能源和水。要选择更有效的反冲洗操作条件,就必须准确了解压降和床层膨胀的信息,而后者在商用过滤器中是无法测量的。一项实验研究使用了一个比例过滤器,利用窗口观察床层膨胀情况,该过滤器有三种多孔介质类型(玻璃微球和两种硅砂)、两种填料介质床层高度(200 毫米和 300 毫米)和四个喷嘴(一个商用喷嘴和三个原型喷嘴)。针对不同的表面速度,对过滤器实验配置的 24 种组合进行了研究。对所有 705 次测试的数据和视频记录进行了仔细分析,以获得膨胀床高度的平均值和标准偏差。对流化床的动力学特性进行了分析。结果表明,喷嘴设计对压降有很大影响,因此也影响反冲洗所需的功率。喷嘴设计对流化床动力学也有明显的影响,但其对决定膨胀床总高度的影响有限,这主要取决于多孔介质的类型。就能量效率和膨胀床的孔隙率而言,微球是最有效的组合,尽管从文献综述来看,微球的保留效率可能值得怀疑,而且微球喷嘴的几何形状是圆锥形的。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling and verification of the liquorice-soil composite based on pulling test 基于拉力试验的液土复合材料建模与验证
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.003
Lipengcheng Wan , Yonglei Li , Jinyu Song , Zongtian Liu , Xiangqian Dong , Xiang Ma , Xiaopei Zheng

In the liquorice-soil composite shear test, flexible thick roots bend to create soil resistance which makes measurement results inaccurate. However, the liquorice pulling force characterises the contact strength of the liquorice-soil composite and can be used to study the root-soil interactions. This paper proposed a three-part modelling method to model the liquorice-soil composite at harvesting period. The mechanical parameters of soil particles were calibrated using the soil unconfined compressive strength test. The calibration results showed that the errors of peak force and peak displacement for soil unconfined compressive strength tests were 1.09% and 1.64%, respectively. The flexible liquorice model was constructed based on 3D scanning and particle filling methods, and the simulation model was calibrated based on compression properties. The relative errors in calibration of the flexible liquorice's radial and axial compression forces were 1.35% and 3.9%, respectively. Simplifying liquorice pulling force and liquorice surface area into a linear correlation effectively supports the general modelling method. The contact parameters between soil and liquorice were determined using liquorice pulling force as the target value, and the proportional calibration method was used to improve simulation efficiency. The calibration error for the liquorice pulling force is 4.39%. In addition, the results of the pulling force for the different surface areas show that the calibrated parameters are valid within a liquorice surface area of 0.0075–0.0181 m2. This study provided a general and accurate simulation method to the liquorice-soil composite, which can be used as the reference for modelling the long root-soil composite, and provide methodological support for developing root crop harvesters.

在甘草-土壤复合材料剪切试验中,柔软的粗根弯曲时会产生土壤阻力,从而导致测量结果不准确。然而,甘草拉力表征了甘草-土壤复合材料的接触强度,可用于研究根-土壤相互作用。本文提出了一种由三部分组成的建模方法,用于对收获期的甘草-土壤复合材料进行建模。利用土壤无侧限抗压强度试验对土壤颗粒的力学参数进行了标定。标定结果表明,土壤无侧限抗压强度试验的峰值力和峰值位移误差分别为 1.09% 和 1.64%。基于三维扫描和颗粒填充方法构建了柔性甘草模型,并根据压缩特性对模拟模型进行了校准。柔性甘草径向和轴向压缩力校准的相对误差分别为 1.35% 和 3.9%。将甘草拉力和甘草表面积简化为线性相关关系可有效支持一般建模方法。以甘草拉力为目标值确定土壤与甘草的接触参数,并采用比例校准法提高模拟效率。甘草拉力的校准误差为 4.39%。此外,不同表面积的拉力结果表明,在甘草表面积为 0.0075-0.0181 m2 的范围内,校准参数是有效的。该研究为甘草-土壤复合体提供了一种通用而精确的模拟方法,可作为长根-土壤复合体建模的参考,并为开发根茎类作物收割机提供方法支持。
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引用次数: 0
Reduction of ammonia emissions in fattening pig houses through the application of a urease inhibitor using different application techniques 采用不同的施用技术,通过施用脲酶抑制剂减少育肥猪舍的氨气排放
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.011
Henning Schulte , Christian Ammon , Frauke Hagenkamp-Korth , Eberhard Hartung

Investigations into the use of urease inhibitors for reducing ammonia emission in dairy farming have been published in several papers. The aim of this study is to expand the existing knowledge on the use of urease inhibitors for reducing ammonia emissions in fattening pig houses. In this respect, in addition to the proven standard application approach using a backpack sprayer, the investigation was extended to include different application techniques.

Urease inhibitor was applied on two farms over six experimental periods throughout the year using three different application techniques: a backpack sprayer, and a semi-automatic system that applies the inhibitor both on-floor and under-floor. Two identical compartments, alternated between treatment and control, were used on each farm. A linear mixed model with repeated measurements was used to quantify the reduction effect of the urease inhibitor.

The use of the backpack sprayer led to a reduction in ammonia emissions of 22.9% (standard error, SE: 4.9%). The on-floor application system reduced the emissions by 16.6% (SE: 4.9%), and the under-floor application system resulted in no significant reduction.

The development of the semi-automatic application system can be considered beneficial for reducing emissions. However, further development and improvement of this application system is necessary for its widespread practical use, especially regarding the distribution accuracy of the application liquid, contamination issues, and the manual workload. In addition, the effects of the presence of the animals during the application process need to be investigated in more detail.

关于使用脲酶抑制剂减少奶牛场氨气排放的研究已发表在多篇论文中。本研究的目的是扩展现有知识,了解如何使用脲酶抑制剂减少育肥猪舍的氨气排放。在这方面,除了使用背负式喷雾器这种经过验证的标准施用方法外,调查还扩展到了不同的施用技术。在全年的六个实验期内,使用三种不同的施用技术在两个农场施用了脲酶抑制剂:一种是背负式喷雾器,另一种是在地板上和地板下施用抑制剂的半自动系统。每个农场使用两个相同的隔间,在处理和对照之间交替使用。使用背负式喷雾器可使氨气排放量减少 22.9%(标准误差:4.9%)。地板上喷洒系统减少了 16.6%(标准误差:4.9%)的排放量,而地板下喷洒系统没有显著减少排放量。半自动喷涂系统的开发可被视为有益于减少排放,但要广泛实用,还需要进一步开发和改进该喷涂系统,特别是在喷涂液体的分布精度、污染问题和人工工作量方面。此外,还需要对施用过程中动物的存在所产生的影响进行更详细的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing sustainable food packaging design: A machine learning approach to predict ventilated corrugated paperboard strength 加强可持续食品包装设计:预测通风瓦楞纸板强度的机器学习方法
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.012
Khadijeh Shirzad, Amin Joodaky

In the food packaging industry, ventilated corrugated paperboard boxes are crucial for sustainable transport of fresh products. While these boxes' ventilation holes advance air circulation, they also impact the material's compression or buckling strength. Variations in hole geometry and location affecting this strength are explored, considering the composite material, multi-layered structure. Traditional mechanical analyses, which often require simplifications, may not fully capture this complexity, leading to less accurate predictions of the paperboard's strength. To address these challenges, a machine learning (ML) approach was utilized, employing the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) to develop a predictive model for the buckling strength of corrugated paperboard boxes with ventilation cutouts. This physics-informed ML model, trained on a compression dataset resulting from experimental tests for plates with a single cutout in three shapes and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for plates with various patterns of circular cutouts, provides highly accurate estimates of the plates' buckling strength. It achieved 91.7% accuracy on experimental data and 94.68% on FEM simulation data, showcasing its reliability. A new tool for predicting the buckling strength of corrugated paperboard is provided by this research, along with insights that can inform the design of more sustainable packaging solutions. Furthermore, the methodology and findings have broader applications, potentially benefiting sectors like aerospace and construction, where similar structural materials are used.

在食品包装行业,通风瓦楞纸板箱对于新鲜产品的可持续运输至关重要。这些纸箱的通风孔在促进空气流通的同时,也会影响材料的抗压或抗弯强度。考虑到复合材料的多层结构,我们探讨了影响这种强度的孔几何形状和位置的变化。传统的机械分析通常需要简化,可能无法完全捕捉到这种复杂性,导致对纸板强度的预测不够准确。为了应对这些挑战,我们采用了一种机器学习(ML)方法,利用光梯度提升机(LGBM)开发了一种带通风口的瓦楞纸板箱屈曲强度预测模型。该物理信息 ML 模型是在对三种形状的单开口板材进行实验测试和对具有各种圆形开口图案的板材进行有限元法(FEM)模拟后得到的压缩数据集上进行训练的,可对板材的屈曲强度进行高精度估算。实验数据的准确率为 91.7%,有限元模拟数据的准确率为 94.68%,充分显示了其可靠性。这项研究为预测瓦楞纸板的屈曲强度提供了一种新工具,同时也为设计更具可持续性的包装解决方案提供了启示。此外,该方法和研究结果还具有更广泛的应用前景,有可能惠及航空航天和建筑等使用类似结构材料的行业。
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Biosystems Engineering
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