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FCS-Net: Feather condition scoring of broilers based on dense feature fusion of RGB and thermal infrared images FCS-Net:基于 RGB 和热红外图像密集特征融合的肉鸡羽毛状况评分法
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.002

Assessing the feather condition of broilers is crucial for monitoring the animal welfare status and detecting the occurrence of feather pecking activities. Currently, the feather condition of individual broilers is manually scored by trained experts. To provide a more objective and efficient tool for feather condition scoring, a novel deep learning-based model, named Feather Condition Scoring Network (FCS-Net), was proposed based on RGB and thermal infrared images. The FCS-Net model combined the ResNet18 architecture with the proposed Dense Feature Fusion (DFF) module, which can effectively learn the feature mapping relationship between RGB and thermal infrared images. Before inputting the images into the network, an image registration process was conducted to align the RGB and thermal infrared images. The results showed that the FCS-Net model had a good performance for feather condition scoring, with the Accuracy of 97.02%, the Precision of 96.99%, the Recall of 97.04%, the F1 of 97.01%, and the Inference speed of 15.34 fps. Compared to the ResNet18_RGB model, which only utilise RGB images, the FCS-Net model showed notable improvements in Accuracy by 4.02%, Precision by 3.90%, Recall by 4.08%, and F1 by 4.01%. Moreover, it was observed that the FCS-Net model focused more on the back region of the broilers through heatmap visualization. Furthermore, the algorithm was compared with six typical image recognition algorithms including VGG16, ResNet18, SE-ResNet18, DenseNet121, Mobilenet_V2, and Shufflenet_V2_x1_0, as well as the state-of-the-art (SOTA) feather condition assessment methods. The results showed that the FCS-Net model achieved better performance than the six algorithms and the SOTA feather condition assessment methods. This study provided a valuable reference for automated monitoring of feather condition scoring of broilers in smart farming.

评估肉鸡的羽毛状况对于监测动物福利状况和检测啄羽行为的发生至关重要。目前,个体肉鸡的羽毛状况由训练有素的专家进行人工评分。为了提供一种更客观、更高效的羽毛状况评分工具,我们提出了一种基于 RGB 和热红外图像的新型深度学习模型,名为羽毛状况评分网络(FCS-Net)。FCS-Net 模型将 ResNet18 架构与所提出的密集特征融合(DFF)模块相结合,可有效学习 RGB 和热红外图像之间的特征映射关系。在将图像输入网络之前,进行了图像配准处理,以对齐 RGB 和热红外图像。结果表明,FCS-Net 模型在羽毛状况评分方面表现良好,准确率为 97.02%,精确率为 96.99%,召回率为 97.04%,F1 为 97.01%,推理速度为 15.34 fps。与只使用 RGB 图像的 ResNet18_RGB 模型相比,FCS-Net 模型的准确率显著提高了 4.02%,精确率提高了 3.90%,召回率提高了 4.08%,F1 提高了 4.01%。此外,通过热图可视化观察还发现,FCS-Net 模型更关注肉鸡的背部区域。此外,该算法还与六种典型的图像识别算法进行了比较,包括 VGG16、ResNet18、SE-ResNet18、DenseNet121、Mobilenet_V2 和 Shufflenet_V2_x1_0,以及最先进的(SOTA)羽毛状况评估方法。结果表明,FCS-Net 模型的性能优于六种算法和 SOTA 羽绒状况评估方法。该研究为智能养殖中肉鸡羽毛状况评分的自动监测提供了有价值的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Sowing depth control strategy based on the downforce measurement and control system of ‘T’-shaped furrow opener 基于 "T "形开沟器下压力测量和控制系统的播种深度控制策略
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.004

Sowing depth is a critical factor in crop growth and is determined by both the soil conditions and the force of the opener. The trend for the future is to control sowing depth based on soil dynamic parameters. Therefore, this paper developed a downforce measurement and control system based on the ‘T’-shaped furrow opener and investigated the influence of soil dynamic parameters and opener downforce on sowing depth. A test-rig was constructed and the accuracy of the system in measuring downforce and controlling downforce and sowing depth was verified. The study shows that at different sowing depths, soil moisture, bulk density and their interaction have a significant effect on downforce (P < 0.01). As the moisture content decreases and the bulk density increases, the required downforce increases for the same sowing depth. A mathematical model of downforce-sowing depth-soil bulk density-soil moisture content was established using experimental data, with an R2 of 0.916, VIF <5 and a Durbin-Watson value of 1.628. Field experiments show that, at an operating speed of 6 km h−1, the control strategy based on the soil dynamic parameters predicted by downforce theory significantly outperformed the strategy of adjusting the downforce in response to perceived changes in downforce. This indicates that after dynamic and rapid measurement of soil bulk density and moisture content during field operations, sowing depth can be accurately controlled based on the directed downforce of the opener. The mathematical model provides a theoretical basis for sowing depth control based on soil dynamic parameters.

播种深度是作物生长的关键因素,由土壤条件和开沟器的作用力共同决定。根据土壤动态参数控制播种深度是未来的发展趋势。因此,本文开发了基于 "T "形开沟器的下压力测量和控制系统,并研究了土壤动态参数和开沟器下压力对播种深度的影响。构建了一个测试平台,并验证了该系统在测量下压力、控制下压力和播种深度方面的准确性。研究表明,在不同的播种深度,土壤水分、容重及其相互作用对下压力有显著影响(P < 0.01)。随着含水量的降低和容重的增加,相同播种深度下所需的下压力会增加。利用实验数据建立了下压力-播种深度-土壤容重-土壤含水量的数学模型,R2 为 0.916,VIF 为 5,Durbin-Watson 值为 1.628。现场实验表明,在运行速度为 6 km h-1 的情况下,基于下压力理论预测的土壤动力参数的控制策略明显优于根据感知到的下压力变化调整下压力的策略。这表明,在田间作业时对土壤容重和含水量进行动态快速测量后,可根据开沟器的定向下压力准确控制播种深度。该数学模型为基于土壤动态参数的播种深度控制提供了理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
Development and evaluation of a sensor-based slope-compensation system for camera-guided hoeing in maize 开发和评估基于传感器的坡度补偿系统,用于玉米相机导航锄地
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.006

Sensor technologies were integrated into a commercial sensor-guided hoeing system to counteract the force of gravity and reduce crop damage caused by the offset of hoeing in maize fields on sloping terrains. For this study, a hoe was equipped with a contact disc, sensors, an electric cylinder, and a decision support system. The offset of the hoe could be compensated in real time based on the automatic adjustment angle of the support wheel. In maize, three field experiments were conducted over two years to evaluate the system on three different slope gradients (between 4 and 12°). Plant populations were measured in each plot one day before and during hoeing to evaluate crop damage. However, for support wheel angle, Slope Compensation Intensity (SCI) 2 and 3, there were no significant crop plant losses in any trials. As a result, there was no hoe drifting during the sensor-based guidance along the rows. It has been verified that the development presented is functional and can counteract the force of gravity on slopes. This development aims to optimise the use of precision mechanical weed control and support farmers during hoeing on hilly terrain.

将传感器技术集成到商用传感器导向锄地系统中,以抵消重力,减少在坡地玉米田中因锄地偏移而造成的作物损害。在这项研究中,锄头配备了接触盘、传感器、电动缸和决策支持系统。锄头的偏移可根据支撑轮的自动调节角度进行实时补偿。在玉米地里,进行了为期两年的三项田间试验,以评估该系统在三种不同坡度(4 至 12°)上的效果。在锄草前一天和锄草过程中对每个地块的植物数量进行了测量,以评估作物损害情况。然而,对于支撑轮角度、坡度补偿强度(SCI)2 和 3,在任何试验中都没有出现明显的作物损失。因此,在传感器沿行引导过程中,锄头没有发生漂移。经过验证,所展示的开发成果是实用的,能够抵消斜坡上的重力。这项开发旨在优化精准机械除草的使用,并为农民在丘陵地带锄草提供支持。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of porous media type and nozzle design on the backwashing regime of pressurised porous media filters 多孔介质类型和喷嘴设计对加压多孔介质过滤器反冲洗机制的影响
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.005

Pressurised sand filters used in drip irrigation need periodic backwashing to flush the contaminant particles out of the porous media. This process consumes high amounts of energy and water. The selection of more efficient backwashing operational conditions requires accurate information of the pressure drop and the bed expansion, the latter being not measured in commercial filters. An experimental study with a scaled filter that used a window to observe the bed expansion was conducted with three porous media types (glass microspheres and two silica sands), two packed media bed heights (200 mm and 300 mm) and four nozzles (one commercial and three prototypes). The 24 combinations of the filter experimental configuration were investigated for different superficial velocities. Both data and video recordings for all the 705 tests conducted were carefully analysed to obtain mean values and standard deviations of the height of the expanded bed. The behaviour of the fluidised bed dynamics was characterised. Results indicated that the nozzle design had a strong influence on the pressure drop, and, in consequence, on the power required for backwashing. It also had an observable impact on the fluidised bed dynamics although its effect on determining the overall height of the expanded bed was limited, this being more dependent on the type of the porous media. The most effective combination in terms of energy efficiency and porosity of the expanded bed was obtained with microspheres, though its retention efficiency might be questionable from the literature review, and the frustoconical nozzle geometry.

滴灌中使用的加压砂滤器需要定期反冲洗,以便将杂质颗粒从多孔介质中冲出。这一过程需要消耗大量的能源和水。要选择更有效的反冲洗操作条件,就必须准确了解压降和床层膨胀的信息,而后者在商用过滤器中是无法测量的。一项实验研究使用了一个比例过滤器,利用窗口观察床层膨胀情况,该过滤器有三种多孔介质类型(玻璃微球和两种硅砂)、两种填料介质床层高度(200 毫米和 300 毫米)和四个喷嘴(一个商用喷嘴和三个原型喷嘴)。针对不同的表面速度,对过滤器实验配置的 24 种组合进行了研究。对所有 705 次测试的数据和视频记录进行了仔细分析,以获得膨胀床高度的平均值和标准偏差。对流化床的动力学特性进行了分析。结果表明,喷嘴设计对压降有很大影响,因此也影响反冲洗所需的功率。喷嘴设计对流化床动力学也有明显的影响,但其对决定膨胀床总高度的影响有限,这主要取决于多孔介质的类型。就能量效率和膨胀床的孔隙率而言,微球是最有效的组合,尽管从文献综述来看,微球的保留效率可能值得怀疑,而且微球喷嘴的几何形状是圆锥形的。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling and verification of the liquorice-soil composite based on pulling test 基于拉力试验的液土复合材料建模与验证
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.09.003

In the liquorice-soil composite shear test, flexible thick roots bend to create soil resistance which makes measurement results inaccurate. However, the liquorice pulling force characterises the contact strength of the liquorice-soil composite and can be used to study the root-soil interactions. This paper proposed a three-part modelling method to model the liquorice-soil composite at harvesting period. The mechanical parameters of soil particles were calibrated using the soil unconfined compressive strength test. The calibration results showed that the errors of peak force and peak displacement for soil unconfined compressive strength tests were 1.09% and 1.64%, respectively. The flexible liquorice model was constructed based on 3D scanning and particle filling methods, and the simulation model was calibrated based on compression properties. The relative errors in calibration of the flexible liquorice's radial and axial compression forces were 1.35% and 3.9%, respectively. Simplifying liquorice pulling force and liquorice surface area into a linear correlation effectively supports the general modelling method. The contact parameters between soil and liquorice were determined using liquorice pulling force as the target value, and the proportional calibration method was used to improve simulation efficiency. The calibration error for the liquorice pulling force is 4.39%. In addition, the results of the pulling force for the different surface areas show that the calibrated parameters are valid within a liquorice surface area of 0.0075–0.0181 m2. This study provided a general and accurate simulation method to the liquorice-soil composite, which can be used as the reference for modelling the long root-soil composite, and provide methodological support for developing root crop harvesters.

在甘草-土壤复合材料剪切试验中,柔软的粗根弯曲时会产生土壤阻力,从而导致测量结果不准确。然而,甘草拉力表征了甘草-土壤复合材料的接触强度,可用于研究根-土壤相互作用。本文提出了一种由三部分组成的建模方法,用于对收获期的甘草-土壤复合材料进行建模。利用土壤无侧限抗压强度试验对土壤颗粒的力学参数进行了标定。标定结果表明,土壤无侧限抗压强度试验的峰值力和峰值位移误差分别为 1.09% 和 1.64%。基于三维扫描和颗粒填充方法构建了柔性甘草模型,并根据压缩特性对模拟模型进行了校准。柔性甘草径向和轴向压缩力校准的相对误差分别为 1.35% 和 3.9%。将甘草拉力和甘草表面积简化为线性相关关系可有效支持一般建模方法。以甘草拉力为目标值确定土壤与甘草的接触参数,并采用比例校准法提高模拟效率。甘草拉力的校准误差为 4.39%。此外,不同表面积的拉力结果表明,在甘草表面积为 0.0075-0.0181 m2 的范围内,校准参数是有效的。该研究为甘草-土壤复合体提供了一种通用而精确的模拟方法,可作为长根-土壤复合体建模的参考,并为开发根茎类作物收割机提供方法支持。
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引用次数: 0
Reduction of ammonia emissions in fattening pig houses through the application of a urease inhibitor using different application techniques 采用不同的施用技术,通过施用脲酶抑制剂减少育肥猪舍的氨气排放
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.011

Investigations into the use of urease inhibitors for reducing ammonia emission in dairy farming have been published in several papers. The aim of this study is to expand the existing knowledge on the use of urease inhibitors for reducing ammonia emissions in fattening pig houses. In this respect, in addition to the proven standard application approach using a backpack sprayer, the investigation was extended to include different application techniques.

Urease inhibitor was applied on two farms over six experimental periods throughout the year using three different application techniques: a backpack sprayer, and a semi-automatic system that applies the inhibitor both on-floor and under-floor. Two identical compartments, alternated between treatment and control, were used on each farm. A linear mixed model with repeated measurements was used to quantify the reduction effect of the urease inhibitor.

The use of the backpack sprayer led to a reduction in ammonia emissions of 22.9% (standard error, SE: 4.9%). The on-floor application system reduced the emissions by 16.6% (SE: 4.9%), and the under-floor application system resulted in no significant reduction.

The development of the semi-automatic application system can be considered beneficial for reducing emissions. However, further development and improvement of this application system is necessary for its widespread practical use, especially regarding the distribution accuracy of the application liquid, contamination issues, and the manual workload. In addition, the effects of the presence of the animals during the application process need to be investigated in more detail.

关于使用脲酶抑制剂减少奶牛场氨气排放的研究已发表在多篇论文中。本研究的目的是扩展现有知识,了解如何使用脲酶抑制剂减少育肥猪舍的氨气排放。在这方面,除了使用背负式喷雾器这种经过验证的标准施用方法外,调查还扩展到了不同的施用技术。在全年的六个实验期内,使用三种不同的施用技术在两个农场施用了脲酶抑制剂:一种是背负式喷雾器,另一种是在地板上和地板下施用抑制剂的半自动系统。每个农场使用两个相同的隔间,在处理和对照之间交替使用。使用背负式喷雾器可使氨气排放量减少 22.9%(标准误差:4.9%)。地板上喷洒系统减少了 16.6%(标准误差:4.9%)的排放量,而地板下喷洒系统没有显著减少排放量。半自动喷涂系统的开发可被视为有益于减少排放,但要广泛实用,还需要进一步开发和改进该喷涂系统,特别是在喷涂液体的分布精度、污染问题和人工工作量方面。此外,还需要对施用过程中动物的存在所产生的影响进行更详细的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing sustainable food packaging design: A machine learning approach to predict ventilated corrugated paperboard strength 加强可持续食品包装设计:预测通风瓦楞纸板强度的机器学习方法
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.012

In the food packaging industry, ventilated corrugated paperboard boxes are crucial for sustainable transport of fresh products. While these boxes' ventilation holes advance air circulation, they also impact the material's compression or buckling strength. Variations in hole geometry and location affecting this strength are explored, considering the composite material, multi-layered structure. Traditional mechanical analyses, which often require simplifications, may not fully capture this complexity, leading to less accurate predictions of the paperboard's strength. To address these challenges, a machine learning (ML) approach was utilized, employing the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) to develop a predictive model for the buckling strength of corrugated paperboard boxes with ventilation cutouts. This physics-informed ML model, trained on a compression dataset resulting from experimental tests for plates with a single cutout in three shapes and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for plates with various patterns of circular cutouts, provides highly accurate estimates of the plates' buckling strength. It achieved 91.7% accuracy on experimental data and 94.68% on FEM simulation data, showcasing its reliability. A new tool for predicting the buckling strength of corrugated paperboard is provided by this research, along with insights that can inform the design of more sustainable packaging solutions. Furthermore, the methodology and findings have broader applications, potentially benefiting sectors like aerospace and construction, where similar structural materials are used.

在食品包装行业,通风瓦楞纸板箱对于新鲜产品的可持续运输至关重要。这些纸箱的通风孔在促进空气流通的同时,也会影响材料的抗压或抗弯强度。考虑到复合材料的多层结构,我们探讨了影响这种强度的孔几何形状和位置的变化。传统的机械分析通常需要简化,可能无法完全捕捉到这种复杂性,导致对纸板强度的预测不够准确。为了应对这些挑战,我们采用了一种机器学习(ML)方法,利用光梯度提升机(LGBM)开发了一种带通风口的瓦楞纸板箱屈曲强度预测模型。该物理信息 ML 模型是在对三种形状的单开口板材进行实验测试和对具有各种圆形开口图案的板材进行有限元法(FEM)模拟后得到的压缩数据集上进行训练的,可对板材的屈曲强度进行高精度估算。实验数据的准确率为 91.7%,有限元模拟数据的准确率为 94.68%,充分显示了其可靠性。这项研究为预测瓦楞纸板的屈曲强度提供了一种新工具,同时也为设计更具可持续性的包装解决方案提供了启示。此外,该方法和研究结果还具有更广泛的应用前景,有可能惠及航空航天和建筑等使用类似结构材料的行业。
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引用次数: 0
Development and application of a low-cost and portable multi-channel spectral detection system for mutton adulteration 开发和应用低成本便携式多通道羊肉掺假光谱检测系统
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.015

It is important to develop low-cost, fast and portable meat adulteration detection systems to ensure the meat authenticity and safety in complex market environments. A multi-channel spectral detection system for meat adulteration was developed in this study. The core hardware of the system mainly includes a designed spectral module and a Raspberry pi controller. The spectral module consists of three multi-channel spectral sensors and LED lamps with specific wavelengths, containing 18 channels covering a range of 410–940 nm. The software was developed based on PyQt5. After completing the construction of the system, the detection distance was discussed and determined to be 4 mm. Based on the spectral data collected by the developed system, the models for classifying pure mutton, pure pork, mutton flavour essence adulteration, colourant adulteration and adulterated mutton with pork were established and compared. Four intelligent optimisation algorithms were further used to improve the model performance. The results of the test set showed that the support vector classification (SVC) model optimised by a sparrow search algorithm (SSA) obtained the best classification performance, with an accuracy of 97.59% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.9696. After the SSA-SVC was incorporated into the sensor software, the system performance was evaluated using external validation samples. The overall accuracy of the system was 94.29%. The system took about 5.31 s to detect a sample, and the total weight of the system was 1.55 kg. Overall, the developed portable spectral system has considerable potential to rapidly and accurately discriminate adulterated mutton in the field.

开发低成本、快速和便携式的肉类掺假检测系统以确保复杂市场环境中肉类的真实性和安全性非常重要。本研究开发了一种用于肉类掺假的多通道光谱检测系统。系统的核心硬件主要包括一个设计好的光谱模块和一个 Raspberry pi 控制器。光谱模块由三个多通道光谱传感器和特定波长的 LED 灯组成,包含 18 个通道,波长范围为 410-940 nm。软件基于 PyQt5 开发。系统构建完成后,经讨论确定检测距离为 4 毫米。根据所开发系统收集的光谱数据,建立并比较了纯羊肉、纯猪肉、羊肉香精掺假、着色剂掺假和羊肉与猪肉掺假的分类模型。为提高模型性能,还进一步使用了四种智能优化算法。测试集的结果表明,采用麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化的支持向量分类(SVC)模型的分类性能最好,准确率为 97.59%,Kappa 系数为 0.9696。将 SSA-SVC 纳入传感器软件后,使用外部验证样本对系统性能进行了评估。系统的总体准确率为 94.29%。系统检测一个样品的时间约为 5.31 秒,系统总重量为 1.55 千克。总之,所开发的便携式光谱系统在现场快速准确地鉴别掺假羊肉方面具有相当大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Measurements and predictions of seedling emergence forces 秧苗萌发力的测量和预测
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.014

Quantifying seedling emergence pressure or forces (soil impedance to seedling) during the process of plant emergence is difficult in a practical setting. In this study, a mechanical seedling testing device was designed and calibrated to measure seedling emergence pressures experienced by conical or spherical mechanical seedling in soil with varying compaction levels. The data were analysed to generate regression models for predicting seedling emergence forces. Results showed a high correlation between the seedling emergence pressure and soil resistance. The resultant regression model produced a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99. After incorporating the morphological characteristics of soybean cotyledon and maize coleoptile into the model, the predicted seedling emergence forces increased with the soil compaction level. During the emergence process, average emergence force of the soybean seedlings was 11.8 N for the lowest compaction level and 28.5 N for the highest compaction level, and the corresponding values of the maize seedlings were 0.2 N and 0.6 N. In a non-compacted field plot, maize crop had a 95.4% emergence rate and soybean crop had 97.2%, whereas for a compacted plot, the corresponding emergence rates were decreased to 19.1% and 60.5%. Inferences made from the study provide information on the dynamics of soil-seedling interaction, which have important implications for managing soil compaction in crop production.

在实际环境中,很难量化植物出苗过程中的出苗压力或力(土壤对幼苗的阻力)。在这项研究中,设计并校准了一种机械秧苗测试装置,用于测量锥形或球形机械秧苗在不同压实度土壤中承受的秧苗萌发压力。通过对数据进行分析,生成了预测秧苗萌发力的回归模型。结果表明,秧苗萌发压力与土壤阻力之间存在高度相关性。由此产生的回归模型的判定系数 (R2) 为 0.99。将大豆子叶和玉米小叶的形态特征纳入模型后,预测的出苗力随土壤压实程度的增加而增加。在出苗过程中,压实度最低时大豆幼苗的平均出苗力为 11.8 N,压实度最高时为 28.5 N,玉米幼苗的相应值分别为 0.2 N 和 0.6 N。这项研究提供了土壤与幼苗相互作用的动态信息,对作物生产中的土壤压实管理具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial-spectral feature extraction for in-field chlorophyll content estimation using hyperspectral imaging 利用高光谱成像进行空间光谱特征提取以估算田间叶绿素含量
IF 4.4 1区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2024.08.008

In-situ leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) estimation based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is crucial to track the growth status of crops for field management. However, spatial and spectral features of HSI data, suffering from interference of growth dynamic effect and soil, pose the challenge on accuracy and robustness of LCC estimation in several years and growth stages. Therefore, a joint spectral-spatial feature extraction method was proposed by cascade of three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3DCNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to reduce the interference for optimising the LCC estimation. Firstly, crop pixels were separated from soil with vegetation index segmentation method. Secondly, when raw images and segmented pixels were input, sensitive bands were selected by random frog (RF bands), and 3DCNN-LSTM was used to extract the joint spectral-spatial features. Finally, models established by RF bands, 3DCNN and 3DCNN-LSTM were compared, and robustness in individual years and stages was validated. Results showed that RF bands and 3DCNN obtained RP2 of 0.76 and 0.84 when not segmented. After segmentation, performance of 3DCNN improved (RP2 = 0.85) compared to RF bands (RP2 = 0.80). Spectral-spatial features by 3DCNN reduced the interference of soil. 3DCNN-LSTM without and with segmentation obtained good performance with RP2 of 0.95 and 0.96, and the proposed method could reduce the image segmentation process. The optimal model achieved RP2 above 0.93 in individual years (RP2 = 0.96 in 2021, RP2 = 0.94 in 2021) and RP2 in the range of 0.87–0.97 at individual stages. This paper provides a method to track growth variability between soil and crop for the LCC estimation optimisation.

基于高光谱成像(HSI)的原位叶片叶绿素含量(LCC)估算对于田间管理中跟踪作物生长状况至关重要。然而,高光谱成像数据的空间和光谱特征会受到生长动态效应和土壤的干扰,对不同年份和生长阶段叶绿素含量估算的准确性和鲁棒性提出了挑战。因此,通过三维卷积神经网络(3DCNN)和长短期记忆(LSTM)的级联,提出了一种光谱空间联合特征提取方法,以减少干扰,优化 LCC 估算。首先,利用植被指数分割法将作物像素从土壤中分离出来。其次,在输入原始图像和分割后的像素时,通过随机蛙法(RF 波段)选择敏感波段,并使用 3DCNN-LSTM 提取光谱空间联合特征。最后,比较了 RF 波段、3DCNN 和 3DCNN-LSTM 所建立的模型,并验证了其在个别年份和阶段的鲁棒性。结果表明,RF 带和 3DCNN 在未分割时的 RP2 分别为 0.76 和 0.84。分割后,3DCNN 的性能比 RF 波段(RP2 = 0.80)有所提高(RP2 = 0.85)。3DCNN 的光谱空间特征减少了土壤的干扰。无分割和有分割的 3DCNN-LSTM 均获得了良好的性能,RP2 分别为 0.95 和 0.96。最优模型在个别年份的 RP2 超过了 0.93(2021 年的 RP2 = 0.96,2021 年的 RP2 = 0.94),在个别阶段的 RP2 在 0.87-0.97 之间。本文提供了一种跟踪土壤与作物生长变异性的方法,用于土地碳链估算优化。
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Biosystems Engineering
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