Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad030
E. Urtubey, María C Klusch, T. Stuessy
Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, Barnadesioideae have been proposed to be the basal subfamily of Asteraceae. This is a complex of 10 genera and 87 species distributed primarily along the Andean mountains, Patagonia, and into southern Brazil and Uruguay. Phylogenetic analyses have recovered all genera as monophyletic groups and have provided insights to their inter-relationships. Four generic clades have been substantiated: (1) Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Duseniella; (2) Dasyphyllum; (3) Barnadesia and Huarpea; and (4) Archidasyphyllum, Arnaldoa, and Fulcaldea. The remaining genus, the monospecific Schlechtendalia, has been an outlier in the subfamily, with some previous analyses recovering it as basal for the entire subfamily, and others showing it as sister to Barnadesia and Huarpea (with weak support) as well as to other genera. Recent massive sampling of loci has confirmed Schlechtendalia as the sister genus for the subfamily. Schlechtendalia luzulifolia has morphology atypical for Asteraceae. The capitula are loose aggregations of florets, and the leaves are long and strap shaped, more reminiscent of monocots. Morphological and anatomical investigations of the leaves reveal long, laminar blades with parallelodromous vascularization. The vesture is often with ‘barnadesioid trichomes’, especially towards the base of the plant, plus additional uniseriate trichomes consisting of 3 to many cells, newly reported for the subfamily. Some glandular trichomes with 2-4 short cells also occur. The transverse anatomy of the leaves reveals a single epidermal layer on both surfaces, which also contain the stomata (the leaf being amphistomatic). The mesophyll is undifferentiated; the vascular traces are surrounded by sclerenchyma that not only encircles the traces but also extends towards the epidermis and connects with it. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Schlechtendalia are divergent in comparison with other genera of the subfamily. Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Huarpea have leaf adaptations for survival in xeric habitats, such as dense pubescence, grey surfaces, and revolute margins. Schlechtendalia, in contrast, is adapted to a more mesic environment, especially near the Atlantic Ocean and along the Uruguay and La Plata rivers. The leaves are oriented upright, which correlates with undifferentiated mesophyll and stomata on both epidermal layers. The stem is an underground rhizome, an adaptation that permits survival during seasonal drought in the austral summer in Uruguay and adjacent regions. It is hypothesized that Schlechtendalia may have become adapted to more mesic environments in the Miocene prior to the rise of the Andes and development of the modern arid environments, into which many of the other genera of the subfamily subsequently radiated.
{"title":"Leaf morphology and anatomy of Schlechtendalia luzulifolia, a basal member of subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae)","authors":"E. Urtubey, María C Klusch, T. Stuessy","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, Barnadesioideae have been proposed to be the basal subfamily of Asteraceae. This is a complex of 10 genera and 87 species distributed primarily along the Andean mountains, Patagonia, and into southern Brazil and Uruguay. Phylogenetic analyses have recovered all genera as monophyletic groups and have provided insights to their inter-relationships. Four generic clades have been substantiated: (1) Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Duseniella; (2) Dasyphyllum; (3) Barnadesia and Huarpea; and (4) Archidasyphyllum, Arnaldoa, and Fulcaldea. The remaining genus, the monospecific Schlechtendalia, has been an outlier in the subfamily, with some previous analyses recovering it as basal for the entire subfamily, and others showing it as sister to Barnadesia and Huarpea (with weak support) as well as to other genera. Recent massive sampling of loci has confirmed Schlechtendalia as the sister genus for the subfamily. Schlechtendalia luzulifolia has morphology atypical for Asteraceae. The capitula are loose aggregations of florets, and the leaves are long and strap shaped, more reminiscent of monocots. Morphological and anatomical investigations of the leaves reveal long, laminar blades with parallelodromous vascularization. The vesture is often with ‘barnadesioid trichomes’, especially towards the base of the plant, plus additional uniseriate trichomes consisting of 3 to many cells, newly reported for the subfamily. Some glandular trichomes with 2-4 short cells also occur. The transverse anatomy of the leaves reveals a single epidermal layer on both surfaces, which also contain the stomata (the leaf being amphistomatic). The mesophyll is undifferentiated; the vascular traces are surrounded by sclerenchyma that not only encircles the traces but also extends towards the epidermis and connects with it. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Schlechtendalia are divergent in comparison with other genera of the subfamily. Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Huarpea have leaf adaptations for survival in xeric habitats, such as dense pubescence, grey surfaces, and revolute margins. Schlechtendalia, in contrast, is adapted to a more mesic environment, especially near the Atlantic Ocean and along the Uruguay and La Plata rivers. The leaves are oriented upright, which correlates with undifferentiated mesophyll and stomata on both epidermal layers. The stem is an underground rhizome, an adaptation that permits survival during seasonal drought in the austral summer in Uruguay and adjacent regions. It is hypothesized that Schlechtendalia may have become adapted to more mesic environments in the Miocene prior to the rise of the Andes and development of the modern arid environments, into which many of the other genera of the subfamily subsequently radiated.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48465674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad035
Aurore Puyoou, H. Gryta, A. Fuchs, Pierrick Blanchard, P. Cheptou, L. Civeyrel, M. Dufay, Julia Dupin, P. Jargeat, É. Lecompte, G. Besnard
The common yellow jasmine (Chrysojasminum fruticans, Oleaceae) is a distylous shrub occurring in the wild in south-western Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Little is known about the genetics of its populations and such information would be necessary to investigate its spread and mating strategies. Here, the organization of its genetic diversity was investigated among and between 13 populations from southern France, including a 35-year-old experimental plot (‘CEFE’, CNRS Montpellier). Markers (microsatellites and indels) were developed to screen polymorphisms in nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes. Low linkage disequilibrium was observed between chloroplast and mitochondrial haplotypes probably resulting from paternal leaks in their inheritance as reported in other species of tribe Jasmineae. Yet, analyses of 36 progenies issued from parents with distinct chloroplast and/or mitochondrial DNA haplotypes only revealed a maternal contribution. Natural populations of C. fruticans are moderately to highly differentiated at the regional scale with a strong isolation-by-distance pattern detected on nuclear data, indicating limited gene flow. An isolated site (‘Moulis’), located on the marginal distribution area, was remarkably genetically depauperate and highly differentiated from other populations. Further studies on the variation of mating strategies in C. fruticans should consider populations with contrasting patterns of genetic diversity. The artificial ‘CEFE’ population also offers opportunities for experiments in a closed system.
{"title":"Limitation of gene flow by distance in the common yellow jasmine (Chrysojasminum fruticans, Oleaceae): implications for the study of its mating strategies","authors":"Aurore Puyoou, H. Gryta, A. Fuchs, Pierrick Blanchard, P. Cheptou, L. Civeyrel, M. Dufay, Julia Dupin, P. Jargeat, É. Lecompte, G. Besnard","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The common yellow jasmine (Chrysojasminum fruticans, Oleaceae) is a distylous shrub occurring in the wild in south-western Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Little is known about the genetics of its populations and such information would be necessary to investigate its spread and mating strategies. Here, the organization of its genetic diversity was investigated among and between 13 populations from southern France, including a 35-year-old experimental plot (‘CEFE’, CNRS Montpellier). Markers (microsatellites and indels) were developed to screen polymorphisms in nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes. Low linkage disequilibrium was observed between chloroplast and mitochondrial haplotypes probably resulting from paternal leaks in their inheritance as reported in other species of tribe Jasmineae. Yet, analyses of 36 progenies issued from parents with distinct chloroplast and/or mitochondrial DNA haplotypes only revealed a maternal contribution. Natural populations of C. fruticans are moderately to highly differentiated at the regional scale with a strong isolation-by-distance pattern detected on nuclear data, indicating limited gene flow. An isolated site (‘Moulis’), located on the marginal distribution area, was remarkably genetically depauperate and highly differentiated from other populations. Further studies on the variation of mating strategies in C. fruticans should consider populations with contrasting patterns of genetic diversity. The artificial ‘CEFE’ population also offers opportunities for experiments in a closed system.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48008557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad026
Alina Freire-Fierro, F. Forest, Dion S. Devey, J. Pastore, James W. Horn, X. Ge, Zhengyang Wang, Tian-Wen Xiao, Walter F. Bien
Endemic to the Neotropics, Monnina is the second largest genus of Polygalaceae, yet little is known about its phylogenetic history, biogeography, and morphological character evolution. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL–F regions to test the monophyly of Monnina s.l. We used this phylogenetic framework to (i) infer divergence time estimates of lineages within the genus and reconstruct their historical biogeography; (ii) reconstruct the evolution of morphological characters of putative ecological and evolutionary importance in Monnina; and (iii) test for correlations between our phylogenetic hypothesis and environmental data. Our results reveal that Monnina is monophyletic with an indehiscent, 1–2-seeded fruit as a synapomorphy for the genus. We identify six clades within Monnina based on our combined phylogenetic results: Clades A, B, and D are primarily distributed in southern and eastern South America, Clades C and E are primarily Central Andean, and Clade F is chiefly distributed in the Northern Andes and Central America. The ancestor of the Monnina stem lineage dispersed from Australia/Africa to South America during the late Eocene to early Oligocene. The divergences of major lineages within the genus began in the early Miocene. We inferred the most recent common ancestor of Monnina to be an herbaceous plant with one-seeded samaroid fruits. The origins of fleshy fruits and shrubby habits are phylogenetically correlated within Monnina, and their concerted convergent evolution may have promoted increased net diversification rates in the two most species-rich subclades of the genus.
{"title":"Monnina (Polygalaceae), a New World monophyletic genus full of contrasts","authors":"Alina Freire-Fierro, F. Forest, Dion S. Devey, J. Pastore, James W. Horn, X. Ge, Zhengyang Wang, Tian-Wen Xiao, Walter F. Bien","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Endemic to the Neotropics, Monnina is the second largest genus of Polygalaceae, yet little is known about its phylogenetic history, biogeography, and morphological character evolution. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of nuclear ITS and plastid trnL–F regions to test the monophyly of Monnina s.l. We used this phylogenetic framework to (i) infer divergence time estimates of lineages within the genus and reconstruct their historical biogeography; (ii) reconstruct the evolution of morphological characters of putative ecological and evolutionary importance in Monnina; and (iii) test for correlations between our phylogenetic hypothesis and environmental data. Our results reveal that Monnina is monophyletic with an indehiscent, 1–2-seeded fruit as a synapomorphy for the genus. We identify six clades within Monnina based on our combined phylogenetic results: Clades A, B, and D are primarily distributed in southern and eastern South America, Clades C and E are primarily Central Andean, and Clade F is chiefly distributed in the Northern Andes and Central America. The ancestor of the Monnina stem lineage dispersed from Australia/Africa to South America during the late Eocene to early Oligocene. The divergences of major lineages within the genus began in the early Miocene. We inferred the most recent common ancestor of Monnina to be an herbaceous plant with one-seeded samaroid fruits. The origins of fleshy fruits and shrubby habits are phylogenetically correlated within Monnina, and their concerted convergent evolution may have promoted increased net diversification rates in the two most species-rich subclades of the genus.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46258761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-17DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad039
Jacob Koopman, H. Więcław, D. Cembrowska-Lech
Carex vulpina and C. otrubae are closely related and morphologically similar species that hybridize with C. remota. The spontaneous appearance of hybrids can cause difficulties in the taxonomic treatment of this group. Morphological separation of the examined species and hybrids had been tested using discriminant function analysis (DFA). We have also analysed the effect of DNA barcoding on hybrid identification from the perspective of machine learning approach (MLA). Hybrids were investigated in terms of three barcodes sequence (ITS, matK, rbcL) by means of the BLOG and WEKA (MLA). Our results provide the first insights into the morphological and genetic relationships between the studied species and their hybrids. Morphological analysis showed traits useful in the identification of hybrids, i.e. dark brown usually fibrous basal sheaths and a dorsally split beak in Carex remota × C. vulpina (inherited from C. vulpina), distinctly separated spikes, and a long bract in C. otrubae × C. remota (inherited from C. remota). Phylogenetic analysis also indicated a close relationship of Carex remota × C. vulpina with C. vulpina and C. otrubae × C. remota with C. remota. Moreover, we have presented here nomenclatural notes on the hybrids and typified the names Carex × crepinii [C. otrubae × C. remota] and Carex × kernii [Carex remota × C. vulpina].
{"title":"Intersectional hybrids of Carex remota with C. otrubae and C. vulpina (Cyperaceae) in Europe","authors":"Jacob Koopman, H. Więcław, D. Cembrowska-Lech","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Carex vulpina and C. otrubae are closely related and morphologically similar species that hybridize with C. remota. The spontaneous appearance of hybrids can cause difficulties in the taxonomic treatment of this group. Morphological separation of the examined species and hybrids had been tested using discriminant function analysis (DFA). We have also analysed the effect of DNA barcoding on hybrid identification from the perspective of machine learning approach (MLA). Hybrids were investigated in terms of three barcodes sequence (ITS, matK, rbcL) by means of the BLOG and WEKA (MLA). Our results provide the first insights into the morphological and genetic relationships between the studied species and their hybrids. Morphological analysis showed traits useful in the identification of hybrids, i.e. dark brown usually fibrous basal sheaths and a dorsally split beak in Carex remota × C. vulpina (inherited from C. vulpina), distinctly separated spikes, and a long bract in C. otrubae × C. remota (inherited from C. remota). Phylogenetic analysis also indicated a close relationship of Carex remota × C. vulpina with C. vulpina and C. otrubae × C. remota with C. remota. Moreover, we have presented here nomenclatural notes on the hybrids and typified the names Carex × crepinii [C. otrubae × C. remota] and Carex × kernii [Carex remota × C. vulpina].","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44124535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad029
Lucimara Reis de Oliveira Silva, R. Trevisan, Aline Oriani
Species of Cyperoideae exhibit wide morphological variation in their flowers due to reduction processes. Their flowers can be bisexual or unisexual, achlamydeous or not, with tepals and stamens varying from one to six and a trimerous or dimerous gynoecium, the latter dorsiventrally or laterally flattened. We studied the floral anatomy and vasculature of Fuirena robusta, Cyperus sesquiflorus, Rhynchospora panicoides, and Schoenoplectus californicus to understand the reduction processes that resulted in different floral morphologies. The floral development of C. sesquiflorus was also analysed. All these species have spikelets with bisexual flowers, but they vary in relation to the perianth, androecium, and gynoecium. Our results show the loss of the outer abaxial tepal in R. panicoides, the total loss of the outer whorl of tepals in F. robusta, and the loss of abaxial tepals (outer and inner) in S. californicus. The tepals are vascularized in F. robusta and R. panicoides and non-vascularized in S. californicus. In C. sesquiflorus, the perianth is absent. Phenolic compounds present in the epidermal cells of the receptacle mark the boundaries between tepals and stamens, before the individualization of these parts. The three stamens present in F. robusta and R. panicoides correspond to the outer whorl. In S. californicus, there is a loss of the adaxial stamens (outer and inner), whereas in C. sesquiflorus the outer stamen whorl and the inner adaxial stamen are lost. The laterally flattened dimerous gynoecium in C. sesquiflorus may be the result of the pressure exerted by the distichously arranged glumes. The most distal flower of the spikelet in this species is staminate by abortion of the gynoecium. The morphological diversity observed in the flowers of Cyperoideae is the result of distinct reduction processes that probably occurred independently in the different clades of the subfamily during the evolution of Cyperaceae.
{"title":"Comparative floral anatomy in species of Cyperoideae (Poales: Cyperaceae) and insights into the evolution of floral traits","authors":"Lucimara Reis de Oliveira Silva, R. Trevisan, Aline Oriani","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Species of Cyperoideae exhibit wide morphological variation in their flowers due to reduction processes. Their flowers can be bisexual or unisexual, achlamydeous or not, with tepals and stamens varying from one to six and a trimerous or dimerous gynoecium, the latter dorsiventrally or laterally flattened. We studied the floral anatomy and vasculature of Fuirena robusta, Cyperus sesquiflorus, Rhynchospora panicoides, and Schoenoplectus californicus to understand the reduction processes that resulted in different floral morphologies. The floral development of C. sesquiflorus was also analysed. All these species have spikelets with bisexual flowers, but they vary in relation to the perianth, androecium, and gynoecium. Our results show the loss of the outer abaxial tepal in R. panicoides, the total loss of the outer whorl of tepals in F. robusta, and the loss of abaxial tepals (outer and inner) in S. californicus. The tepals are vascularized in F. robusta and R. panicoides and non-vascularized in S. californicus. In C. sesquiflorus, the perianth is absent. Phenolic compounds present in the epidermal cells of the receptacle mark the boundaries between tepals and stamens, before the individualization of these parts. The three stamens present in F. robusta and R. panicoides correspond to the outer whorl. In S. californicus, there is a loss of the adaxial stamens (outer and inner), whereas in C. sesquiflorus the outer stamen whorl and the inner adaxial stamen are lost. The laterally flattened dimerous gynoecium in C. sesquiflorus may be the result of the pressure exerted by the distichously arranged glumes. The most distal flower of the spikelet in this species is staminate by abortion of the gynoecium. The morphological diversity observed in the flowers of Cyperoideae is the result of distinct reduction processes that probably occurred independently in the different clades of the subfamily during the evolution of Cyperaceae.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47559698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad042
K. R. Silva, Aline Oriani, L. Versieux, A. Martinelli
The Vriesea oligantha complex comprises Vriesea lancifolia, Vriesea oligantha, and Vriesea pseudoligantha, which were recently transferred to Stigmatodon. Such species exhibit strong morphological convergence to live in rocky fields, which makes difficult their identification in the wild or in herbarium specimens. In a previous work, leaf characters helped in the species delimitation and evidenced a new taxon. Considering that morphology, anatomy, and aspects of floral biology can contribute to better define species limits and to indicate potential pollinators, individuals from nine populations of V. oligantha complex were comparatively studied. The typical V. oligantha is mainly distinguished by tubular flowers, with simple petal appendages and diurnal anthesis. The remaining individuals studied from different populations exhibit campanulate corollas, with denticulate petal appendages and nocturnal anthesis, not allowing for the separation of V. lancifolia, V. pseudoligantha, and a fourth taxon. Floral anatomy is less variable than the external morphology, with little contribution to the species delimitation; however, it is helpful in the circumscription of Stigmatodon. The infralocular septal nectaries and the floral features provide evidence that the main pollinators of campanulate and tubular flowers are bats and hummingbirds, respectively. Specific pollinator guilds in combination with fragmented populations may explain the limited gene flow amongst populations.
{"title":"Can flowers help to disentangle the Vriesea oligantha complex (Bromeliaceae: Tillandsioideae)? Taxonomic implications and contributions to the floral anatomy and biology of Stigmatodon","authors":"K. R. Silva, Aline Oriani, L. Versieux, A. Martinelli","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad042","url":null,"abstract":"The Vriesea oligantha complex comprises Vriesea lancifolia, Vriesea oligantha, and Vriesea pseudoligantha, which were recently transferred to Stigmatodon. Such species exhibit strong morphological convergence to live in rocky fields, which makes difficult their identification in the wild or in herbarium specimens. In a previous work, leaf characters helped in the species delimitation and evidenced a new taxon. Considering that morphology, anatomy, and aspects of floral biology can contribute to better define species limits and to indicate potential pollinators, individuals from nine populations of V. oligantha complex were comparatively studied. The typical V. oligantha is mainly distinguished by tubular flowers, with simple petal appendages and diurnal anthesis. The remaining individuals studied from different populations exhibit campanulate corollas, with denticulate petal appendages and nocturnal anthesis, not allowing for the separation of V. lancifolia, V. pseudoligantha, and a fourth taxon. Floral anatomy is less variable than the external morphology, with little contribution to the species delimitation; however, it is helpful in the circumscription of Stigmatodon. The infralocular septal nectaries and the floral features provide evidence that the main pollinators of campanulate and tubular flowers are bats and hummingbirds, respectively. Specific pollinator guilds in combination with fragmented populations may explain the limited gene flow amongst populations.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45031848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad027
Ana Andruchow-Colombo, I. Escapa, L. Aagesen, K. Matsunaga
The Podocarpaceae are a morphologically diverse conifer family that have a cryptic fossil record reported since the Permian. We reviewed the fossil record of Podocarpaceae, tested the affinities of its oldest records using phylogenetic analyses, compiled macrofossil occurrence records, and investigated the diversity, distribution, and morphology of Podocarpaceae through time. We found that Permian, Triassic, and some Jurassic fossils referred to Podocarpaceae should not be placed in the family. Our total-evidence phylogenetic analyses, which sampled all major conifer lineages, recovered the Triassic Rissikia and the Jurassic Nothodacrium as stem-group conifers and the Jurassic Mataia as part of the Araucariales stem group. We further discuss the phylogenetic position of the Mesozoic enigmatic conifers Pararaucaria (Cheirolepidiaceae) and Telemachus (Voltziales), which were recovered most frequently in the conifer stem group. We conclude that the earliest reliable Podocarpaceae occurrences are from the Jurassic of both hemispheres and have scale-like leaves. Most extant genera appear in the fossil record between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Cenozoic. Many extant leaf morphologies appear in the Early Cretaceous, coeval with angiosperm diversification, consistent with the hypothesis that expanded leaves in Podocarpaceae are adaptive responses for light harvesting in angiosperm-dominated environments today.
{"title":"In search of lost time: tracing the fossil diversity of Podocarpaceae through the ages","authors":"Ana Andruchow-Colombo, I. Escapa, L. Aagesen, K. Matsunaga","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Podocarpaceae are a morphologically diverse conifer family that have a cryptic fossil record reported since the Permian. We reviewed the fossil record of Podocarpaceae, tested the affinities of its oldest records using phylogenetic analyses, compiled macrofossil occurrence records, and investigated the diversity, distribution, and morphology of Podocarpaceae through time. We found that Permian, Triassic, and some Jurassic fossils referred to Podocarpaceae should not be placed in the family. Our total-evidence phylogenetic analyses, which sampled all major conifer lineages, recovered the Triassic Rissikia and the Jurassic Nothodacrium as stem-group conifers and the Jurassic Mataia as part of the Araucariales stem group. We further discuss the phylogenetic position of the Mesozoic enigmatic conifers Pararaucaria (Cheirolepidiaceae) and Telemachus (Voltziales), which were recovered most frequently in the conifer stem group. We conclude that the earliest reliable Podocarpaceae occurrences are from the Jurassic of both hemispheres and have scale-like leaves. Most extant genera appear in the fossil record between the Late Cretaceous and the Early Cenozoic. Many extant leaf morphologies appear in the Early Cretaceous, coeval with angiosperm diversification, consistent with the hypothesis that expanded leaves in Podocarpaceae are adaptive responses for light harvesting in angiosperm-dominated environments today.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46252654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad040
J. Alencar, Jefferson Rodrigues Maciel, Maria Teresa Buril
Cryptic species continue to intrigue taxonomists over time and hamper biodiversity knowledge. An example of what would be considered a cryptic species is Daustinia montana (Convolvulaceae). Its wide leaf morphology plasticity has led to multiple interpretations and contrasting classifications: from a monotypic to a six-taxa hypothesis. For this work, we tested six taxonomic hypotheses, including an explicit test of a monotypic approach, under a robust statistical analysis, using univariate and multivariate methods. Besides that, we performed a niche analysis to verify the niche occupation of the populations recognized here as possible species. Forty-eight micro and macromorphological characters (qualitative and quantitative) from individuals of 16 populations of D. montana were evaluated. The taxonomic hypothesis that recognizes eight distinct species has the highest support as they also have non-overlapping niches. We conclude that the number of species in Daustinia may be greater than its current circumscription. We also highlight the importance of an integrative systematic approach in the study of biodiversity. This research represents a first step in the specific delimitations of the genus and can also serve as a model to study taxa with wide morphological variability.
{"title":"Morphologically hypervariable species hinder our knowledge of biodiversity: Daustinia montana (Convolvulaceae) as a case study","authors":"J. Alencar, Jefferson Rodrigues Maciel, Maria Teresa Buril","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cryptic species continue to intrigue taxonomists over time and hamper biodiversity knowledge. An example of what would be considered a cryptic species is Daustinia montana (Convolvulaceae). Its wide leaf morphology plasticity has led to multiple interpretations and contrasting classifications: from a monotypic to a six-taxa hypothesis. For this work, we tested six taxonomic hypotheses, including an explicit test of a monotypic approach, under a robust statistical analysis, using univariate and multivariate methods. Besides that, we performed a niche analysis to verify the niche occupation of the populations recognized here as possible species. Forty-eight micro and macromorphological characters (qualitative and quantitative) from individuals of 16 populations of D. montana were evaluated. The taxonomic hypothesis that recognizes eight distinct species has the highest support as they also have non-overlapping niches. We conclude that the number of species in Daustinia may be greater than its current circumscription. We also highlight the importance of an integrative systematic approach in the study of biodiversity. This research represents a first step in the specific delimitations of the genus and can also serve as a model to study taxa with wide morphological variability.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47877416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad038
J. Ptáček, P. Sklenář, A. Klimeš, K. Romoleroux, R. Vidal-Russell, Tomáš Urfus
Apomictic plants mostly occur at higher latitudes and higher elevations, where they tend to occupy deglaciated areas. By analysing samples of the alpine floras of different latitudinal zones of the Americas (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, USA), we investigated whether the proportion of gametophytic apomixis is comparable between the temperate alpine zones of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere and whether the proportion of apomictic species increases from the alpine tropics towards the temperate alpine zone. The reproductive systems of 196 species and 275 individuals were determined by a flow-cytometric seed screening of 999 seeds. Phylogenetic logistic regression was used to evaluate differences in the proportion of apomictic species in samples of regional alpine floras. The apomictic embryo:endosperm ratio was determined for 33 species (two pseudogamous species and 31 species with autonomous apomixis) belonging to 28 genera of 13 families. The probability of a species being apomictic did not significantly differ between the regions. The highest probability of a species being apomictic was estimated for the northern temperate zone (29.6%), followed by the tropical zone (12.5%), and the southern temperate zone (11.9%). Our results show that asexual plant reproduction by apomixis is not restricted to the alpine zone of the Northern Hemisphere and its representation in alpine floras of the Southern Hemisphere, including the alpine tropics, has been substantially underestimated.
{"title":"Apomixis occurs frequently along the entire American Cordillera","authors":"J. Ptáček, P. Sklenář, A. Klimeš, K. Romoleroux, R. Vidal-Russell, Tomáš Urfus","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Apomictic plants mostly occur at higher latitudes and higher elevations, where they tend to occupy deglaciated areas. By analysing samples of the alpine floras of different latitudinal zones of the Americas (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, USA), we investigated whether the proportion of gametophytic apomixis is comparable between the temperate alpine zones of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere and whether the proportion of apomictic species increases from the alpine tropics towards the temperate alpine zone.\u0000 The reproductive systems of 196 species and 275 individuals were determined by a flow-cytometric seed screening of 999 seeds. Phylogenetic logistic regression was used to evaluate differences in the proportion of apomictic species in samples of regional alpine floras.\u0000 The apomictic embryo:endosperm ratio was determined for 33 species (two pseudogamous species and 31 species with autonomous apomixis) belonging to 28 genera of 13 families. The probability of a species being apomictic did not significantly differ between the regions. The highest probability of a species being apomictic was estimated for the northern temperate zone (29.6%), followed by the tropical zone (12.5%), and the southern temperate zone (11.9%).\u0000 Our results show that asexual plant reproduction by apomixis is not restricted to the alpine zone of the Northern Hemisphere and its representation in alpine floras of the Southern Hemisphere, including the alpine tropics, has been substantially underestimated.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boad033
F. M. Akinlabi, Michael D Pirie, A. Oskolski
Erica comprises ~860 species of evergreen shrubs and trees ranged from Europe to southern Africa and Madagascar. Wood structure of the around 20 European species is well studied, but despite its relevance to adaptation across the wider geographic range, it has not yet been explored across the much greater diversity, particularly of southern African lineages. In this study, we examine wood structure of 28 Erica species from southern Africa. In the African Erica clade, loss of scalariform perforation plates could be driven by increased aridity and seasonality in the mid-Miocene, and its re-gain can represent an adaptation to freezing in the high elevation species E. nubigena. As vessels in Erica are mostly solitary, imperforate tracheary elements probably form a subsidiary conduit network instead of vessel groups. Increase of ray frequency in habitats with a prominent dry and hot season probably facilitates refilling of vessels after embolism caused by water stress. Wider rays are ancestral for the lineage comprising African Erica and the Mediterranean E. australis. The negative correlation between ray width and expression of summer drought is consistent with Ojeda’s model explaining the diversification of seeders and resprouters among southern African Erica.
{"title":"Fire, frost, and drought constrain the structural diversity of wood within southern African Erica (Ericaceae)","authors":"F. M. Akinlabi, Michael D Pirie, A. Oskolski","doi":"10.1093/botlinnean/boad033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Erica comprises ~860 species of evergreen shrubs and trees ranged from Europe to southern Africa and Madagascar. Wood structure of the around 20 European species is well studied, but despite its relevance to adaptation across the wider geographic range, it has not yet been explored across the much greater diversity, particularly of southern African lineages. In this study, we examine wood structure of 28 Erica species from southern Africa. In the African Erica clade, loss of scalariform perforation plates could be driven by increased aridity and seasonality in the mid-Miocene, and its re-gain can represent an adaptation to freezing in the high elevation species E. nubigena. As vessels in Erica are mostly solitary, imperforate tracheary elements probably form a subsidiary conduit network instead of vessel groups. Increase of ray frequency in habitats with a prominent dry and hot season probably facilitates refilling of vessels after embolism caused by water stress. Wider rays are ancestral for the lineage comprising African Erica and the Mediterranean E. australis. The negative correlation between ray width and expression of summer drought is consistent with Ojeda’s model explaining the diversification of seeders and resprouters among southern African Erica.","PeriodicalId":9178,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46489577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：