Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00143
R. Sareen, Menka Kapil, A. Dutt
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disorder affecting individuals of all ages.1 The literature study points out that there is deficiency in testing for glucose related to preanalytical and analytical errors resulting in poor determination of blood glucose levels in patients.2 Therefore, the glucose estimation in hospitals is of paramount importance in diagnosis and follows up in diabetes patients.
{"title":"Awareness of preanalytical variables affecting blood glucose testing","authors":"R. Sareen, Menka Kapil, A. Dutt","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00143","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disorder affecting individuals of all ages.1 The literature study points out that there is deficiency in testing for glucose related to preanalytical and analytical errors resulting in poor determination of blood glucose levels in patients.2 Therefore, the glucose estimation in hospitals is of paramount importance in diagnosis and follows up in diabetes patients.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"50 1","pages":"92-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79215535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-07DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00142
Wellington Santana da Silva, C. Buss, N. Wiernsperger, E. Bouskela, L. G. Kraemer-Aguiar
Homeostasis is defined as the property of a system in which variables are regulated to maintain internal conditions stable and relatively constant. It is a robust, dynamic, intergenerational, diachronic (acrosstime) mechanism for maintenance, perpetuation, and modification of physiological structure and function.1 During the process of human evolution, an enormous variety of mechanisms were selected in order to keep physiological functions within tightly regulated and controlled limits. Neurally-mediated anticipatory responses, also named cephalic phase responses (CPR), and microcirculatory regulation are examples of these mechanisms. The hypothesis of an interaction between CPR and the microcirculation for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and the search for consequences related to disruptions of these physiological mechanisms constitute an exciting field of research for understanding, not only human physiology but especially the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases.
{"title":"New concepts in microvascular function and metabolic diseases: importance of cephalic phase of insulin response","authors":"Wellington Santana da Silva, C. Buss, N. Wiernsperger, E. Bouskela, L. G. Kraemer-Aguiar","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00142","url":null,"abstract":"Homeostasis is defined as the property of a system in which variables are regulated to maintain internal conditions stable and relatively constant. It is a robust, dynamic, intergenerational, diachronic (acrosstime) mechanism for maintenance, perpetuation, and modification of physiological structure and function.1 During the process of human evolution, an enormous variety of mechanisms were selected in order to keep physiological functions within tightly regulated and controlled limits. Neurally-mediated anticipatory responses, also named cephalic phase responses (CPR), and microcirculatory regulation are examples of these mechanisms. The hypothesis of an interaction between CPR and the microcirculation for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and the search for consequences related to disruptions of these physiological mechanisms constitute an exciting field of research for understanding, not only human physiology but especially the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"3 1","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87797058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-23DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00141
S. Mohiuddin, P. Manjrekar
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common major public health problems having worldwide distribution with a prevalence of 382 million human cases, and the incidence is expected to increase to 592 million by 2035. Accord ing to the Centers for Disease Control, present trends of diabetes incidence suggest one in three Americans will be diagnosed with diabetes by the year 2050.1 The vast majority of diabetes patients (90%–95%) suffer from type 2 DM (T2DM). Depending on the etiology of diabetes mellitus, factors contributing to hyperglycemia may include; reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose usage and increased glucose production. Although hyperglycemia is the main characteristic of all form of diabetes mellitus, the pathogenic mechanism by which hyperglycemia arises differs widely. Some forms of Diabetes mellitus are characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency or a genetic defect leading to defective insulin secretion; where as other forms share insulin resistance as their underlying etiology.2 Recently, there in increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine induced acute phase response which is sometimes called low grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system, is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Current literature recognizes that chronic low-grade subclinical inflammation is a part of insulin resistance and strongly related to the features of metabolic syndrome.3–5 In addition; inflammatory processes are also involved in the micro vascular complications of diabetes including diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. 9 Inflammatory factors, which play a critical role in the development of atherothrombosis, are often found to be at elevated levels in patients suffer ing from diabetes. Elevated circulatory inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties both lower both acute phase reactants and glycemia and possibility decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Age, inactivity, certain dietary components, smoking, psychological stress and low birth weight are among the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are also known to be associated with activated innate immunity. Activated immunity may be the common antecedent of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.6 Other features of type 2 diabetes mellitus such as fatigue, sleep disturbance and depression are likely to be at least partly due to hypercytokinemia and activated innate immunity. This recent explosion of interest in the notion that chronic low grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was first proposed in 1997-987 several studies after that have shown that circulating markers of inflammation, acute phase reactants or
{"title":"Role of oral hypoglycemic drugs on inflammatory condition associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus","authors":"S. Mohiuddin, P. Manjrekar","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00141","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common major public health problems having worldwide distribution with a prevalence of 382 million human cases, and the incidence is expected to increase to 592 million by 2035. Accord ing to the Centers for Disease Control, present trends of diabetes incidence suggest one in three Americans will be diagnosed with diabetes by the year 2050.1 The vast majority of diabetes patients (90%–95%) suffer from type 2 DM (T2DM). Depending on the etiology of diabetes mellitus, factors contributing to hyperglycemia may include; reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose usage and increased glucose production. Although hyperglycemia is the main characteristic of all form of diabetes mellitus, the pathogenic mechanism by which hyperglycemia arises differs widely. Some forms of Diabetes mellitus are characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency or a genetic defect leading to defective insulin secretion; where as other forms share insulin resistance as their underlying etiology.2 Recently, there in increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine induced acute phase response which is sometimes called low grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system, is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Current literature recognizes that chronic low-grade subclinical inflammation is a part of insulin resistance and strongly related to the features of metabolic syndrome.3–5 In addition; inflammatory processes are also involved in the micro vascular complications of diabetes including diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. 9 Inflammatory factors, which play a critical role in the development of atherothrombosis, are often found to be at elevated levels in patients suffer ing from diabetes. Elevated circulatory inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties both lower both acute phase reactants and glycemia and possibility decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Age, inactivity, certain dietary components, smoking, psychological stress and low birth weight are among the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are also known to be associated with activated innate immunity. Activated immunity may be the common antecedent of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.6 Other features of type 2 diabetes mellitus such as fatigue, sleep disturbance and depression are likely to be at least partly due to hypercytokinemia and activated innate immunity. This recent explosion of interest in the notion that chronic low grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was first proposed in 1997-987 several studies after that have shown that circulating markers of inflammation, acute phase reactants or","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"161 1","pages":"78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88293515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-17DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00140
Malagi Kj, M. Kamath
Diabetes mellitus, is one of the metabolic disorders mainly impairs the immune system of the body. DM is mainly as an autoimmune disease, & affects the immune system of the diseased by this disease. This is the main hindrance, which leads to various infectious diseases. It destroys the pancreatic Langerhans β cells of Islet of Langerhans of pancreatic by antigen-antibody reaction of CD4+, CD8+,T cells and auto antibodies. The prevalence of diabetes and its complications are rising worldwide alarmingly. Now around 143 million of the world population is affected from diabetes.1 This will be doubled in 2030.2 One of the major concern in case of Diabetes is decrease in cell immunity which results into various complication’s. Immuno modulators are group of medicines or diet supplements which increase the immunity by increasing the production of various immune stimulating agents like interferons.etc. There are many plants having a role in diabetes management. Experimental and clinical trials have shown the efficacy of plant and its constituents play an important role in the management of impaired immunity in diabetes. Interestingly, the results of experimental studies on diabetic physiological molecular pathways.3 Immunomodulation helps impaired immune system response in case of immunosuppression like Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, HIV etc. We have highlighted in this study the efficacious plants with their bioactive molecules are responsible for immunomodulatory action in diabetes. Indian flora consists about 45,000 plant species,4 in which three thousand plants used in the various traditional system of medicines and folk lore medicine of India.
{"title":"Impact of herbs on immunomodulation in diabetes mellitus","authors":"Malagi Kj, M. Kamath","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00140","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus, is one of the metabolic disorders mainly impairs the immune system of the body. DM is mainly as an autoimmune disease, & affects the immune system of the diseased by this disease. This is the main hindrance, which leads to various infectious diseases. It destroys the pancreatic Langerhans β cells of Islet of Langerhans of pancreatic by antigen-antibody reaction of CD4+, CD8+,T cells and auto antibodies. The prevalence of diabetes and its complications are rising worldwide alarmingly. Now around 143 million of the world population is affected from diabetes.1 This will be doubled in 2030.2 One of the major concern in case of Diabetes is decrease in cell immunity which results into various complication’s. Immuno modulators are group of medicines or diet supplements which increase the immunity by increasing the production of various immune stimulating agents like interferons.etc. There are many plants having a role in diabetes management. Experimental and clinical trials have shown the efficacy of plant and its constituents play an important role in the management of impaired immunity in diabetes. Interestingly, the results of experimental studies on diabetic physiological molecular pathways.3 Immunomodulation helps impaired immune system response in case of immunosuppression like Diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, HIV etc. We have highlighted in this study the efficacious plants with their bioactive molecules are responsible for immunomodulatory action in diabetes. Indian flora consists about 45,000 plant species,4 in which three thousand plants used in the various traditional system of medicines and folk lore medicine of India.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"37 1","pages":"74-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81135593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-06DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00139
Barrington Rd, Manning Rj, Walker N, Cadagan D
Cardiovascular disease is considered a metabolic disorder and is associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome.1 Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality within the Western World, accounting for 31 % of all deaths2 and approximately 200,000 deaths in the United Kingdom. The cost of treating cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom is estimated to be £30 billion to the NHS each year.3,4 Diet has been implicated to play a larger role in the development of metabolic syndrome and is therefore subsequently implicated as a causative factor in cardiovascular aetiology.5,6 Research has shown that dietary lipids may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease.7−9 In this regard, the Western diet has received attention because of the high quantities of modified lipids it contains.10 Such lipids may considered metabolic poisons because they can detrimentally alter metabolic homeostasis and may increase the risk of cardiovascular.11−13 One source of modified lipids in the diet are oxidised derivatives of natural fatty acids which become chemically altered as a result of exposure to heat and light. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are particularly sensitive to chemical alterations, the products of which can include
{"title":"The protective effects of red wine and green tea on lipid peroxidationin long chain marine polyunsaturated fatty acids during high temperature cooking and long term frozen storage","authors":"Barrington Rd, Manning Rj, Walker N, Cadagan D","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00139","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease is considered a metabolic disorder and is associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome.1 Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality within the Western World, accounting for 31 % of all deaths2 and approximately 200,000 deaths in the United Kingdom. The cost of treating cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom is estimated to be £30 billion to the NHS each year.3,4 Diet has been implicated to play a larger role in the development of metabolic syndrome and is therefore subsequently implicated as a causative factor in cardiovascular aetiology.5,6 Research has shown that dietary lipids may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease.7−9 In this regard, the Western diet has received attention because of the high quantities of modified lipids it contains.10 Such lipids may considered metabolic poisons because they can detrimentally alter metabolic homeostasis and may increase the risk of cardiovascular.11−13 One source of modified lipids in the diet are oxidised derivatives of natural fatty acids which become chemically altered as a result of exposure to heat and light. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are particularly sensitive to chemical alterations, the products of which can include","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"55 1","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85890143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Serum zonulin as parameter of intestinal permeability in longstanding type 2 diabetes: correlations with metabolism parameter and renal function","authors":"C. Hasslacher, F. Kulozik, I. Platten, M. Kraft, E. Siegel","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00138","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DPP4 Inhibitors, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 inhibitors; eGFR, estimated Glomer u lar Filtration Rate; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitive C-Reactive Protein; IB, Intestinal Barrier; IgA, Immunglobulin A; IgG, Immunglobulin G; NYHA, New York Heart Association Classification; UACR, Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"161 1","pages":"58-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87547508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-28DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00137
Manjusha K. Borde, I. Mohanty, Ujwala M Maheshwari, R. Suman, Y. Deshmukh
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and ensuing cardiovascular (CV) complications have arisen as the epidemic of the early 21st century. Diabetes mellitus remains a profound risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Excess mortality in type 2 DM is largely related to an increased incidence of CV disease with approximately 75% of deaths in people with diabetes attributable to stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and peripheral arterial disease.1,2 Management of cardiovascular risk is an essential aspect of diabetes care and acceptable CV risk is a requirement for Antidiabetes medications. DPP-4 inhibitors are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents, widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Besides established ant diabetic effects, several studies have reported the cardioprotective benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors via GLP-1 dependent and independent pathways. Studies documented that, DPP-4 inhibitors improve several cardiovascular risk factors: they improve glucose control (by reducing the risk of post prandial and fasting hyperglycemia), weight neutral, lower blood pressure, improve dyslipemia, reduce inflammatory markers, diminish oxidative stress, improve endothelial functions and reduce platelet aggregation in patients with T2DM.3,4 In Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a genetic rodent model for type 2 diabetes, the inhibition of DPP-4 corrected glycemic dysmetabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation and hypertension.5 Since a large pool of diabetic patients have co-existing cardiovascular diseases, DPP-4 inhibitors may represent novel and promising ant diabetic agents with potential cardiovascular benefits. Thus, DPP-4 inhibitors are a promising new therapeutic approach for the management of type 2 diabetes. However they are expensive drugs and recently have been associated with a number of unacceptable adverse effects.6–9
{"title":"Natural dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor Terminalia arjunamitigates myocardial infarction co-existing with diabetes in experimental rats","authors":"Manjusha K. Borde, I. Mohanty, Ujwala M Maheshwari, R. Suman, Y. Deshmukh","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00137","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) and ensuing cardiovascular (CV) complications have arisen as the epidemic of the early 21st century. Diabetes mellitus remains a profound risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Excess mortality in type 2 DM is largely related to an increased incidence of CV disease with approximately 75% of deaths in people with diabetes attributable to stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and peripheral arterial disease.1,2 Management of cardiovascular risk is an essential aspect of diabetes care and acceptable CV risk is a requirement for Antidiabetes medications. DPP-4 inhibitors are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents, widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Besides established ant diabetic effects, several studies have reported the cardioprotective benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors via GLP-1 dependent and independent pathways. Studies documented that, DPP-4 inhibitors improve several cardiovascular risk factors: they improve glucose control (by reducing the risk of post prandial and fasting hyperglycemia), weight neutral, lower blood pressure, improve dyslipemia, reduce inflammatory markers, diminish oxidative stress, improve endothelial functions and reduce platelet aggregation in patients with T2DM.3,4 In Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a genetic rodent model for type 2 diabetes, the inhibition of DPP-4 corrected glycemic dysmetabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, inflammation and hypertension.5 Since a large pool of diabetic patients have co-existing cardiovascular diseases, DPP-4 inhibitors may represent novel and promising ant diabetic agents with potential cardiovascular benefits. Thus, DPP-4 inhibitors are a promising new therapeutic approach for the management of type 2 diabetes. However they are expensive drugs and recently have been associated with a number of unacceptable adverse effects.6–9","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"39 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84511462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-07DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00136
Oluwaseun Fapohunda
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently a major public health concern, because its incidence and prevalence are elevated and increasing, reaching epidemic proportions.1 Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been distinguished with persistently elevated blood glucose leading to acute or long term complications. Globally, DM presents increased public health issue. The prevalence of DM in all age groups rate is expected to rise by 8% to 170 million in 2000 and by 4.4% to 366 million in 2030.2 Normal non-diabetic patients maintain plasma glucose <100 mg/dl in the fasting and <135 mg/dl in the post prandial period. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.1 Diabetes mellitus is classified as type 1, type 2, other specific types and gestational diabetes.1 Type1diabetes is known as insulin dependent diabetes or Juvenile-onset diabetes and type 2 diabetes is known as non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes.1 Metformin is currently the drug of choice in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as indicated in the guidelines published by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and American Diabetes Association.3 Magnesium is an essential mineral with several dietary sources including whole grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes, and nuts. It is the fourth most abundant ions present in living cells and its plasma concentration is remarkably constant in healthy subjects. Homeostasis of magnesium is tightly regulated and depends on the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Insufficient cellular magnesium levels set the stage for deterioration of proper metabolic function that typically snowballs into more significant health problems. Researchers have detected 3751 magnesium binding sites on human protein, reflecting how important this mineral is to biological processes.4 Emerging evidence has indicated a genetic basis for magnesium metabolism in human. In prospective observational studies, dietary magnesium intake has been inversely associated with the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and associated chronic diseases includes type 2 D.5
{"title":"Synergistic insulinotropic effect of metformin-Mg2+ adjunct supplement: A case study of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in sprague dawley rats","authors":"Oluwaseun Fapohunda","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00136","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently a major public health concern, because its incidence and prevalence are elevated and increasing, reaching epidemic proportions.1 Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been distinguished with persistently elevated blood glucose leading to acute or long term complications. Globally, DM presents increased public health issue. The prevalence of DM in all age groups rate is expected to rise by 8% to 170 million in 2000 and by 4.4% to 366 million in 2030.2 Normal non-diabetic patients maintain plasma glucose <100 mg/dl in the fasting and <135 mg/dl in the post prandial period. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.1 Diabetes mellitus is classified as type 1, type 2, other specific types and gestational diabetes.1 Type1diabetes is known as insulin dependent diabetes or Juvenile-onset diabetes and type 2 diabetes is known as non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes.1 Metformin is currently the drug of choice in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as indicated in the guidelines published by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and American Diabetes Association.3 Magnesium is an essential mineral with several dietary sources including whole grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes, and nuts. It is the fourth most abundant ions present in living cells and its plasma concentration is remarkably constant in healthy subjects. Homeostasis of magnesium is tightly regulated and depends on the balance between intestinal absorption and renal excretion. Insufficient cellular magnesium levels set the stage for deterioration of proper metabolic function that typically snowballs into more significant health problems. Researchers have detected 3751 magnesium binding sites on human protein, reflecting how important this mineral is to biological processes.4 Emerging evidence has indicated a genetic basis for magnesium metabolism in human. In prospective observational studies, dietary magnesium intake has been inversely associated with the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and associated chronic diseases includes type 2 D.5","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"224 1","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86685167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-05DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00135
Ademolu B Adegbenga
Mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are important parameters that predicts cardiovascular risk both in diabetics and non diabetic population in both gender. Data on this subject area in Nigeria, Africa and worldwide are few. It was estimated that in the United States 30% of inpatient cost (around 22,254 million US dollars) was due to cardiovascular vascular disease (CVD) hospitalization among people with type 2 diabetes in 2012.1,2 An even greater diabetes-attributable hospitalization cost of 46.5% was found in a major hospital in Cambridge shire, England.3 A paradoxical finding is that the wellknown relationship between CVD and systolic blood pressure in the general population was insignificant in a meta-analysis using data from people with diabetes.4 Greater use of antihypertensive medicine and a higher prevalence of heart failure than people without diabetes have been proposed as possible reasons for this paradox.5,6 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) reflects both peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Recently, in the ADVANCE study,7 a trial among type 2 diabetes patients, MAP correlated with major CVD events: with a 13% increase in risk per 13 mmHg increase in MAP. If MAP is a marker for
{"title":"Mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure in diabetic and non diabetic male African population: a comparative study","authors":"Ademolu B Adegbenga","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00135","url":null,"abstract":"Mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are important parameters that predicts cardiovascular risk both in diabetics and non diabetic population in both gender. Data on this subject area in Nigeria, Africa and worldwide are few. It was estimated that in the United States 30% of inpatient cost (around 22,254 million US dollars) was due to cardiovascular vascular disease (CVD) hospitalization among people with type 2 diabetes in 2012.1,2 An even greater diabetes-attributable hospitalization cost of 46.5% was found in a major hospital in Cambridge shire, England.3 A paradoxical finding is that the wellknown relationship between CVD and systolic blood pressure in the general population was insignificant in a meta-analysis using data from people with diabetes.4 Greater use of antihypertensive medicine and a higher prevalence of heart failure than people without diabetes have been proposed as possible reasons for this paradox.5,6 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) reflects both peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Recently, in the ADVANCE study,7 a trial among type 2 diabetes patients, MAP correlated with major CVD events: with a 13% increase in risk per 13 mmHg increase in MAP. If MAP is a marker for","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"516 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77110114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-26DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00134
Sabina Khanam
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com is essential for normal functioning of metabolic homeostasis, immune system, cell stimulation, enzyme activity, protection against oxidative stress, and neural transmission.4,5 It works as co-enzyme factor for many enzymes which are involved in various metabolic processes and it is essential for sensitizing the tissues to thyroid hormone.6 Zinc is also involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, cell repairing and renewal. The importance of zinc in endocrine system is that it effect on growth, endocrine homeostasis, and thyroid function and on glucose metabolism.7 Deficiency of zinc in the body may result in decreased levels of secretion of thyroid hormones which affects the normal metabolism of the body and resting metabolic rate. Some of the studies shown that deficiency of zinc is associated with enhanced the expression of hepatic thyroxine-5’-monodeiodinase enzyme activity which catalyses the thyroid hormone inactivation.8,9
{"title":"Impact of zinc on thyroid metabolism","authors":"Sabina Khanam","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00134","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com is essential for normal functioning of metabolic homeostasis, immune system, cell stimulation, enzyme activity, protection against oxidative stress, and neural transmission.4,5 It works as co-enzyme factor for many enzymes which are involved in various metabolic processes and it is essential for sensitizing the tissues to thyroid hormone.6 Zinc is also involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, cell repairing and renewal. The importance of zinc in endocrine system is that it effect on growth, endocrine homeostasis, and thyroid function and on glucose metabolism.7 Deficiency of zinc in the body may result in decreased levels of secretion of thyroid hormones which affects the normal metabolism of the body and resting metabolic rate. Some of the studies shown that deficiency of zinc is associated with enhanced the expression of hepatic thyroxine-5’-monodeiodinase enzyme activity which catalyses the thyroid hormone inactivation.8,9","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"16 1","pages":"27-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87841203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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