Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2111801
Montserrat Gas-Aixendri
This paper aims to understand the reasons why religious freedom and gender equality often appear to be competing values. The clash is observable in OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) countries, which are home to a variety of cultural and religious traditions. No progress toward greater social peace and harmony can be made as long as there are groups who feel under threat because of their sexual or religious identities. If human rights must be understood as a system of interrelated rights and not rights in opposition, then a proper balance between the two aspects should be sought. While legal means may well be necessary, they are probably not the most effective way to bridge the gap in this real—or at least apparent—dilemma.
{"title":"Advancing Gender Equality Without Forfeiting Religious Autonomy: Squaring the Circle?","authors":"Montserrat Gas-Aixendri","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2111801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111801","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to understand the reasons why religious freedom and gender equality often appear to be competing values. The clash is observable in OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) countries, which are home to a variety of cultural and religious traditions. No progress toward greater social peace and harmony can be made as long as there are groups who feel under threat because of their sexual or religious identities. If human rights must be understood as a system of interrelated rights and not rights in opposition, then a proper balance between the two aspects should be sought. While legal means may well be necessary, they are probably not the most effective way to bridge the gap in this real—or at least apparent—dilemma.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72418841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2111797
R. Elsner
For religious communities in Ukraine, the struggle about “gender” has become a contest about their commitment to the European integration of the country. Although Ukraine participated in drafting the Istanbul Convention and was among its first signatories, the churches in Ukraine prohibited its ratification until the latest. The article explores the encounter of Ukrainian churches with the ideas of the Istanbul Convention, analyses the national and transnational alliances, which affect the debate, and explains the challenge to combine pro-European sentiments and anti-genderism.
{"title":"Ukrainian Churches and the Implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Ukraine: Being Europe Without Accepting “Gender”","authors":"R. Elsner","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2111797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111797","url":null,"abstract":"For religious communities in Ukraine, the struggle about “gender” has become a contest about their commitment to the European integration of the country. Although Ukraine participated in drafting the Istanbul Convention and was among its first signatories, the churches in Ukraine prohibited its ratification until the latest. The article explores the encounter of Ukrainian churches with the ideas of the Istanbul Convention, analyses the national and transnational alliances, which affect the debate, and explains the challenge to combine pro-European sentiments and anti-genderism.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2111815
Margaret J. Weber
This essay explores the identity pathway to realizing one’s full potential within the religious framework of women from a multi-faith perspective. When exploring one’s calling for meaningfulness, women of faith search for answers within their ascribed roles culturally and their higher calling from the Divine. In the search for becoming, they find their sense of belonging within their religions. Belonging gives their lives a sense of purpose and resiliency to serve the vulnerable and marginalized.
{"title":"Becoming Through Belonging: Women of Faith and Global Leadership","authors":"Margaret J. Weber","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2111815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111815","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores the identity pathway to realizing one’s full potential within the religious framework of women from a multi-faith perspective. When exploring one’s calling for meaningfulness, women of faith search for answers within their ascribed roles culturally and their higher calling from the Divine. In the search for becoming, they find their sense of belonging within their religions. Belonging gives their lives a sense of purpose and resiliency to serve the vulnerable and marginalized.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78733390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2111810
Merilin Kiviorg
There are strong geographic patterns in how people view religion, national identity, minorities, and key social issues across different regions. These patterns also exhibit themselves in the ways that freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and gender equality are viewed. This article focuses on gender equality in Central Asia and Russia and analyzes the international human rights treaty monitoring cycles within the United Nations. It also reflects on selected cases in the treaty committees. This article combines legal, human rights perspectives with current social research to identify deficiencies in states’ fulfillment of their positive duties under international law to address the intersections between gender-based discrimination and religion. It employs the concept of intersectional discrimination to analyze these connections. The connection between FoRB and gender equality from the perspective of intersectional discrimination has not been sufficiently researched in relation to Central Asia and Russia. The treaty monitoring documents are a good starting point for this research and give a comprehensive picture of existing legal issues and underlying social problems.
{"title":"International Obligations and Internal Tensions: Individual Religious Autonomy and Gender Equality in Russia and Central Asia","authors":"Merilin Kiviorg","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2111810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111810","url":null,"abstract":"There are strong geographic patterns in how people view religion, national identity, minorities, and key social issues across different regions. These patterns also exhibit themselves in the ways that freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and gender equality are viewed. This article focuses on gender equality in Central Asia and Russia and analyzes the international human rights treaty monitoring cycles within the United Nations. It also reflects on selected cases in the treaty committees. This article combines legal, human rights perspectives with current social research to identify deficiencies in states’ fulfillment of their positive duties under international law to address the intersections between gender-based discrimination and religion. It employs the concept of intersectional discrimination to analyze these connections. The connection between FoRB and gender equality from the perspective of intersectional discrimination has not been sufficiently researched in relation to Central Asia and Russia. The treaty monitoring documents are a good starting point for this research and give a comprehensive picture of existing legal issues and underlying social problems.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74068178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2111784
M. Antonov
The cooperation between the Russian state and the Russian Orthodox Church has many legal implications. One such implication is that the ethical teachings of the Church exert influence on state policies in matters such as sexuality, gender, and family. This influence is one of this article’s main areas of focus. The Church’s teachings find wide support in Russian public opinion and thus indirectly influence lawmaking and law application in that nation. Another issue this article addresses is how the Church benefits from alliances with the State that enable it to consolidate itself by suppressing possible internal dissent and fighting its opponents among non-traditional religious denominations. The State and the Church also successfully cooperate at both a national and global scale to pursue a well-coordinated strategy of conservative denial of liberal views on human rights through the assertion of traditional family values. Law of the Russian Federation 2020 Amendments symbolically affirm the enduring pattern of unison of political and religious powers in Russia, while also creating new questions about the further development of this cooperation.
{"title":"Church-State Cooperation and its Impact on Freedom of Religion or Belief and on Gender Issues in Russia","authors":"M. Antonov","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2111784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2111784","url":null,"abstract":"The cooperation between the Russian state and the Russian Orthodox Church has many legal implications. One such implication is that the ethical teachings of the Church exert influence on state policies in matters such as sexuality, gender, and family. This influence is one of this article’s main areas of focus. The Church’s teachings find wide support in Russian public opinion and thus indirectly influence lawmaking and law application in that nation. Another issue this article addresses is how the Church benefits from alliances with the State that enable it to consolidate itself by suppressing possible internal dissent and fighting its opponents among non-traditional religious denominations. The State and the Church also successfully cooperate at both a national and global scale to pursue a well-coordinated strategy of conservative denial of liberal views on human rights through the assertion of traditional family values. Law of the Russian Federation 2020 Amendments symbolically affirm the enduring pattern of unison of political and religious powers in Russia, while also creating new questions about the further development of this cooperation.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89468141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2065807
Elizabeth Reiner Platt
In recent years, conservative legal advocates in the U.S. (and increasingly abroad) have engaged in large-scale—and often successful—efforts to gain religious exemptions from laws advancing reproductive and LGBTQ rights. But conservatives do not hold a monopoly on religion or religious liberty litigation. Religious minorities, progressive Christians, and other faith practitioners have brought a diverse range of religious liberty claims. This article surveys ten such lawsuits and analyzes their key differences with claims brought by social conservatives. It argues that advocates of religious pluralism in America and abroad should devote more resources and attention to progressive religious liberty claims.
{"title":"Breaking the Conservative Monopoly on Religious Liberty","authors":"Elizabeth Reiner Platt","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2065807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065807","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, conservative legal advocates in the U.S. (and increasingly abroad) have engaged in large-scale—and often successful—efforts to gain religious exemptions from laws advancing reproductive and LGBTQ rights. But conservatives do not hold a monopoly on religion or religious liberty litigation. Religious minorities, progressive Christians, and other faith practitioners have brought a diverse range of religious liberty claims. This article surveys ten such lawsuits and analyzes their key differences with claims brought by social conservatives. It argues that advocates of religious pluralism in America and abroad should devote more resources and attention to progressive religious liberty claims.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76082917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799
Heiner Bielefeldt, Thiago Alves Pinto, M. Petersen
Human rights remain a contested issue in theory and practice. Several scholars have criticized their theoretical underpinnings, and practitioners struggle to enforce these rights. The right to freedom of religion or belief is an integral part of the international human rights framework and, as such, has been criticized alongside human rights in general. Not only that, the right to freedom of religion or belief has been decried or ignored by some human rights defenders, while it has also been mishandled by groups aiming to undermine other human rights. Put simply, freedom of religion or belief is contentious right within the widely challenged field of human rights. Still, we believe that freedom of religion or belief is an inalienable human right, and in this introductory article we present a summary of a diverse range of actors that have in various ways defended this right in their own capacity, all around the world.
{"title":"Introduction: Freedom of Religion or Belief as a Human Right","authors":"Heiner Bielefeldt, Thiago Alves Pinto, M. Petersen","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799","url":null,"abstract":"Human rights remain a contested issue in theory and practice. Several scholars have criticized their theoretical underpinnings, and practitioners struggle to enforce these rights. The right to freedom of religion or belief is an integral part of the international human rights framework and, as such, has been criticized alongside human rights in general. Not only that, the right to freedom of religion or belief has been decried or ignored by some human rights defenders, while it has also been mishandled by groups aiming to undermine other human rights. Put simply, freedom of religion or belief is contentious right within the widely challenged field of human rights. Still, we believe that freedom of religion or belief is an inalienable human right, and in this introductory article we present a summary of a diverse range of actors that have in various ways defended this right in their own capacity, all around the world.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89312806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2065810
M. Tadros
The relationship between freedom of religion or belief and international development continues to be severely under-explored in the literature, despite the copious body of scholarship that distinctively deals with each separately. The relevance of exploring this nexus is particularly significant in view of the increasing visibility of multilateral, bilateral, and non-governmental action aimed towards advancing freedom of religion or belief through development or humanitarian aid. Western development thinking, policy, and practice has always struggled with how to engage with religion. This article analyses the sources of confusion between religion and freedom of religion and belief, and the challenges of addressing religious inequalities in theory, policy, and praxis.
{"title":"Religious Equality and Freedom of Religion or Belief: International Development’s Blindspot","authors":"M. Tadros","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2065810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065810","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between freedom of religion or belief and international development continues to be severely under-explored in the literature, despite the copious body of scholarship that distinctively deals with each separately. The relevance of exploring this nexus is particularly significant in view of the increasing visibility of multilateral, bilateral, and non-governmental action aimed towards advancing freedom of religion or belief through development or humanitarian aid. Western development thinking, policy, and practice has always struggled with how to engage with religion. This article analyses the sources of confusion between religion and freedom of religion and belief, and the challenges of addressing religious inequalities in theory, policy, and praxis.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81857731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2065811
Knox Thames, Emily Scolaro
Unrealized synergies exist between freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and cultural heritage protection (CHP), as these two related but rarely interacting fields of interest present novel opportunities for joint efforts on common concerns. New pathways to protect heritage and ensure worship rights can bring together international standards on CHP and FoRB with the praxis of individuals using historical sites with religious significance.
{"title":"Freedom of Religion or Belief and Cultural Heritage Protection: Synergistic not Competitive","authors":"Knox Thames, Emily Scolaro","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2065811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065811","url":null,"abstract":"Unrealized synergies exist between freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and cultural heritage protection (CHP), as these two related but rarely interacting fields of interest present novel opportunities for joint efforts on common concerns. New pathways to protect heritage and ensure worship rights can bring together international standards on CHP and FoRB with the praxis of individuals using historical sites with religious significance.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80900010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2022.2065806
M. Petersen
This article discusses the relationship between the right to freedom of expression (FoE) and the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). These two human rights are often understood to be in a tense relationship, and some see restrictions on FoE as a necessary precondition for full protection of FoRB. This article argues that the two rights are, however, best understood as inextricably interrelated and intertwined, and that restrictions on FoE will very often lead to restrictions on FoRB.
{"title":"Freedom of Religion or Belief and Freedom of Expression","authors":"M. Petersen","doi":"10.1080/15570274.2022.2065806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065806","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the relationship between the right to freedom of expression (FoE) and the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). These two human rights are often understood to be in a tense relationship, and some see restrictions on FoE as a necessary precondition for full protection of FoRB. This article argues that the two rights are, however, best understood as inextricably interrelated and intertwined, and that restrictions on FoE will very often lead to restrictions on FoRB.","PeriodicalId":92307,"journal":{"name":"The review of faith & international affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77885289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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