British Journal of Nutrition最新文献

This study aimed to investigate gastrointestinal tolerability, treatment persistence and iron status markers in patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) who received oral iron replacement therapy (IRT) with v. without concomitant Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (L. plantarum 299v) probiotic supplementation. A total of 295 patents with newly diagnosed IDA were randomly assigned to receive either IRT alone (n 157, IRT-only group) or IRT plus L. plantarum 299v (n 138, IRT-Pro group) in this prospective randomised non-placebo-controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06521879). Gastrointestinal intolerance symptoms (at baseline, within the first 30 d of IRT and at any time during 3-month IRT), serum Hb levels (at baseline and 3rd month of IRT) and iron status markers (at baseline and 3rd month of IRT) were recorded. IRT-Pro group, when compared with IRT-only group, experienced significantly lower rates of gastrointestinal intolerance over the course of IRT (13·0 % v. 46·5 %, P < 0·001) and treatment discontinuation within the first 30 d (3·6 % v. 15·9 %, P < 0·001). At 3rd month of therapy, IRT-Pro v. IRT-only group had significantly higher serum levels for iron (76·0 (51·0-96·0) v. 60·0(43·0-70·0) µg/dl, P < 0·001) and transferrin saturation (20·1 (12·5-28·5) v. 14·5 (10·5-19·0) %, P < 0·001) and higher change from baseline Hb (0·9 (0·3-1·3) v. 0·4 (-0·1-1·1) g/dl, P < 0·001) levels. Use of L. plantarum 299v probiotic supplementation during the first 30 d of IRT in IDA patients significantly reduces the gastrointestinal burden of IRT (particularly abdominal pain and bloating), the likelihood of intolerance development (by ∼3 times) and treatment discontinuation (by∼5 times), as accompanied by improved serum Hb levels and serum iron markers.

The associations between obesity and liver diseases are complex and diverse. To explore the causal relationships between obesity and liver diseases, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) and multivariable MR analysis. The data of exposures (BMI and WHRadjBMI) and outcomes (liver diseases and liver function biomarker) were obtained from the open genome-wide association study database. A two-sample MR study revealed that the genetically predicted BMI and WHRadjBMI were associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Obesity was not associated with primary biliary cholangitis, liver failure, liver cell carcinoma, viral hepatitis and secondary malignant neoplasm of liver. A higher WHRadjBMI was associated with higher levels of biomarkers of lipid accumulation and metabolic disorders. These findings indicated independent causal roles of obesity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and impaired liver metabolic function rather than in viral or autoimmune liver disease.

The increasing demand for food and especially proteins leads to the search for alternative protein sources. Meat co-products, which are available but little used in human food, provide a potential solution to this challenge. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of two beef protein ingredients (greasy greaves recovered proteins (GGRP) and water recovered proteins (WRP)), both co-products of the fat rendering process. Their true ileal digestibility (TID), digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) and kinetics of plasma amino acids (AA) were measured in ten growing pigs, each fed the two co-products and a protein-free diet. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digesta samples were collected for 9 h after meal ingestion, and blood samples were collected at ten time points during the same period. Total nitrogen (N) and AA contents were determined. Data were statistically analysed using linear mixed models. The TID of total N was not different between WRP and GGRP (81-84 %, P > 0·05). The first-limiting AA was Trp for both ingredients, with a DIAAS much higher for GGRP than for WRP (74 and 10 % for adults, respectively; P < 0·001). Postprandial plasma AA concentration peaked earlier for WRP (3 h) than for GGRP (5 h). Plasma concentrations of total and essential AA were higher (P < 0·001) with GGRP diet than WRP diet. Overall, GGRP has a nutritional quality suitable to meet the needs of adults for AA, while WRP needs to be supplemented with other protein sources to fulfil the dietary requirements.

To explore the associations between nutrition literacy (NL) and possible sarcopenia in older Chinese adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted. NL was assessed using a twelve-item short-form NL scale. Possible sarcopenia was identified using SARC-CALF. Logistic regression was used to calculate OR and 95 % CI for NL and the incidence of possible sarcopenia. A total of 1338 older individuals, aged 71·41 (sd 6·84) years, were enrolled in this study. After confounders were adjusted for, older adults in the upper quartile of NL were found to be 52 % less likely to have possible sarcopenia than those in the lower quartile of NL (OR = 0·48, 95 % CI: 0·29, 0·77). The associations between NL and possible sarcopenia were present only in those who lived in rural areas (OR: 0·38, 95 % CI: 0·19, 0·77), had a primary school education or less (OR: 0·21, 95 % CI: 0·09, 0·48), had a monthly income < 3000 RMB (OR: 0·39, 95 % CI: 0·22, 0·70) and had chronic diseases (OR: 0·37, 95 % CI: 0·22, 0·63). Moreover, an interaction effect was observed between having a chronic disease and junior high school education and being in the upper quartile of NL. The prevalence of possible sarcopenia in older Chinese adults is substantial, with prevalence decreasing with increasing NL. Moreover, the association between NL and possible sarcopenia varies by residence type, education level, monthly income and chronic disease experience. Targeted NL interventions are required to prevent and manage sarcopenia in older adults, particularly those with low socio-economic status and chronic diseases.

The antioxidant capacity and the inflammatory potential of diet during pregnancy may represent a prevention opportunity for allergic and respiratory diseases. We aimed to investigate the associations between the antioxidant and the inflammatory potential of maternal diet in the last 3 months of pregnancy with allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Analyses were performed on 9679 mother–child pairs from the ELFE birth cohort. The dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), without coffee, was estimated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), the total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) and the ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP). The inflammatory potential of the maternal diet was assessed by the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII). Allergic and respiratory diseases in children up to 5·5 years were considered jointly through five allergic and respiratory multimorbidity clusters (‘asymptomatic’ - reference, ‘early wheeze without asthma’, ‘asthma only’, ‘allergies without asthma’ and ‘multi-allergic’). Multinomial logistic regressions were performed and adjusted for main confounders. A diet with a higher antioxidant potential was associated with a lower risk of belonging to the ‘early wheeze without asthma’ cluster (aOR (95 % CI) = 0·95 (0·90, 0·99) per sd of TEAC score). A higher E-DII was associated with a higher risk of belonging to the ‘asthma only’ cluster (aOR (95 % CI) = 1·09 (1·00, 1·19) per sd). No association was found with the ‘allergies without asthma’ or ‘multi-allergic’ clusters. An antioxidant-rich diet during pregnancy was associated with better respiratory health, while a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with poorer respiratory health in children up to 5·5 years, though the associations were weak.

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential for sustained almond consumption to reduce HbA1c concentrations among individuals with elevated values. A 16-week randomised, parallel-arm, controlled trial was conducted. Eighty-one adults with elevated HbA1c concentrations (> 5·7 %) were randomly assigned to incorporate 2 oz of raw almonds (A: n 39) or energy-matched snacks (C: n 42) into their daily diets. Body weight, body composition, plasma lipids, HbA1c, plasma vitamin E, glycaemia (by meal tolerance test and continuous glucose monitoring), dietary intake and hedonic responses to test foods were measured at stipulated time points. Participants consuming almonds ingested 253 kcal/d more than participants in the control group (P = 0·02), but this did not result in a significant difference in body weight. No statistically significant differences were observed in HbA1c concentrations, blood chemistries, body composition or glycaemia over time or between groups. However, Healthy Eating Index scores improved within the almond group as compared with the control group (P < 0·001). Additionally, the hedonic rating of almonds within the almond group did not decline as markedly as the control group's reduced liking of the pretzel snack. Alpha-tocopherol increased significantly, and gamma tocopherol tended to decrease in the almond group, indicating compliance with the dietary intervention. Overall, daily ingestion of 2 oz of raw almonds in a self-selected diet for 16 weeks did not alter short-term or longer-term glycaemia or HbA1c concentrations in adults with elevated HbA1c concentrations, but they were well-tolerated hedonically and improved diet quality without promoting weight gain.

Previous research has suggested a potential link between folic acid (FA) supplementary therapy and gastric ulcers (GU). To investigate this relationship further, we conducted a Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis using data from the UK Biobank. Our analysis primarily employed inverse-variance weighted (IVW) methods, including both fixed-effect and random-effect models. To ensure the robustness of our findings, additional methods such as the simple median, the weighted median and the penalised weighted median were also applied. The MR analysis aimed to explore the causal effect of FA supplementary therapy on GU. Seven SNP at genetic loci associated with FA supplementary therapy were identified. Both the random-effect and fixed-effect IVW models indicated that genetically predicted FA supplementary therapy significantly reduced the risk of GU (OR, 0·870; 95 % CI 0·826, 0·917, P < 0·001). This result was consistent across other methods, with similar outcomes observed using the simple median (OR, 0·835; 95 % CI 0·773, 0·901, P < 0·001), the weighted median (OR, 0·854; 95 % CI 0·794, 0·919, P < 0·001) and the penalised weighted median (OR, 0·849; 95 % CI 0·789, 0·914, P < 0·001). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis confirmed that no individual SNP significantly drove the association between FA supplementary therapy and GU. This MR study provides genetic evidence that FA supplementary therapy may decrease the risk of GU.

Whole-grain intake is associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. Greater understanding of major food sources of whole grains globally, and how intake has been quantified, is essential to informing accurate strategies aiming to increase consumption and reduce non-communicable disease risk. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify the primary food sources of whole-grain intake globally and explore how they are quantified and reported within literature, and their recommendation within respective national dietary guidelines. A structured scoping review of published articles and grey literature used a predefined search strategy across electronic databases. Data were extracted and summarised based on identified outcomes (e.g. primary sources of whole-grain intake and quantification methods). Dietary intake values were noted where available. Thirteen records across twenty-four countries identified bread and bread rolls, and ready-to-eat cereals as primary sources of whole-grain intake in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, the UK and Northern America. Elsewhere, sources vary and for large parts of the world (e.g. Africa and Asia), intake data are limited or non-existent. Quantification of whole grain also varied across countries, with some applying different whole-grain food definitions, resulting in a whole-grain intake based on only consumption of select ‘whole-grain’ foods. National dietary guidelines were consistent in promoting whole-grain intake and providing examples of country-specific whole-grain foods. Consistency in whole-grain calculation methods is needed to support accurate and comparative research informing current intake evidence and promotional efforts. National dietary guidelines are consistent in promoting whole-grain intake; however, there is variability in recommendations.

We have previously demonstrated that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during adolescent pregnancy reduces the magnitude of transient postpartum bone mass loss. In the present post hoc analysis, we further investigated the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy in hip geometry throughout one year postpartum in Brazilian adolescents with low daily calcium intake (∼600 mg/d). Pregnant adolescents (14-19 years) were randomly assigned to receive calcium (600 mg/d) plus vitamin D₃ (200 μg/d) or a placebo from 26 weeks of gestation until parturition. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images were obtained at 5 (n 30 and 26 for calcium plus vitamin D and placebo, respectively), 20 (n 26 and 21) and 56 (n 18 and 12) weeks postpartum, and hip geometry parameters were analysed by Advanced Hip Assessment software. The effects of the intervention, time point and their interaction were assessed using repeated-measures mixed-effects models. No significant intervention effects or intervention × time interactions were observed on hip geometry parameters (P > 0·05). Time effects were observed in cross-sectional area, cross-sectional moment of inertia and section modulus parameters with decreases from the 5th to the 20th week postpartum followed by recovery from the 20th to the 56th week (P < 0·05). Our findings indicate that the postpartum period is associated with transient changes in the hip geometry of lactating adolescent mothers, regardless of the low calcium intake and the supplementation offered during pregnancy, suggesting that a physiological adaptation of these adolescents to low calcium intake is at play.

Enhanced dietary Ca intake linearly increases intestinal Ca absorption in pigs, but not in broilers, suggesting potential differences in whole body Ca homeostasis. To determine the role of kidney in Ca homeostasis in these species, we varied in growing pigs in experiment (Exp) 1, the dietary Ca content 2·0 v. 9·6 g/kg and phytase 0 v. 500 FTU/kg, in broilers, in Exp 2 the dietary Ca/retainable P from 1·3 to 2·8 and phytase 0 v. 1000 FTU/kg, and in Exp 3 dietary Ca/P from 0·50 to 1·75. Increasing dietary Ca reduced renal mRNA expression of Ca-related transporters (TRPV5, TRPV6, CaBP-D28k and NCX1) and tight junctions (CLDN-12 and -16) in pigs, indicating Ca reabsorption was reduced to maintain Ca homeostasis. In broilers (Exp 2), high dietary Ca increased renal TRPV6, CaBP-D28k and CLDN-2 mRNA, indicating an increased capacity for Ca reabsorption. Moreover, the effect of dietary Ca was enhanced by inclusion of dietary phytase in pigs but reduced in broilers. Furthermore, increasing dietary Ca upregulated inorganic phosphate transporter 1 (PiT-1), while phytase downregulated xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) mRNA expression in pigs; in broilers, dietary Ca downregulated renal mRNA expression of Na-dependent phosphate transporter IIa (NaPi-IIa), PiT-1, PiT-2 and XPR1, while phytase downregulated NaPi-IIa but upregulated PiT-2 and XPR1 mRNA expression. In Exp 3, Ca/P effect on transporter mRNA expression was largely consistent with Exp 2. In conclusion of this study, together with previously measured data about Ca and P homeostasis, in pigs the kidneys play a more regulatory role in Ca homeostasis than in broilers where the intestine is more important for regulation.