Pub Date : 2020-06-05DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00221
M. Bravo-Acosta, Paola Vélez-Solorzano, Dilia Martínez- Méndez
Introduction: Until April 20 in Ecuador there were 10,122 confirmed cases of Covid-19 with 507 deaths. We described the clinical characteristics of 115 confirmed Covid-19 cases. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab or tracheal aspirate samples were collected to perform a confirmatory test for Covid-19. Clinical, laboratory and chest radiography data, invasive mechanical ventilation, days of hospitalization and number of deaths were recorded. Results: The mean was 54.1 years with 59% male. 96.5% had Dyspnea being the most frequent symptom and 20% had diarrhea. Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were the main comorbidities. The mean until death was 15.3 days with 9.2 days of hospitalization. 40.9% required invasive mechanical ventilation. 48.7% recovered, 9.6% remain hospitalized and 41.7% died. X-ray showed bilateral opacity. 46.9% had leukocytosis and 85.5% of the deceased presented lymphopenia versus 53.7% of the survivors (p<0.001). 77.4% with prolonged prothrombin time and 82.6% elevated lactic dehydrogenase. Discussion: Respiratory symptoms are the most frequent. However, the presence of diarrhea was greater than previously reported suggesting the importance of investigating gastrointestinal disorder as the primary symptom. The fatality rate was 41.7%, like critically ill patients. The age of the deceased was older than the survivors, being 62.5% male and 52.1% with some comorbidity, both considered risk factors for severe forms of Covid-19. Lymphopenia is a critical factor associated with severity and mortality.
{"title":"Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 cases in Guayaquil, Ecuador","authors":"M. Bravo-Acosta, Paola Vélez-Solorzano, Dilia Martínez- Méndez","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00221","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Until April 20 in Ecuador there were 10,122 confirmed cases of Covid-19 with 507 deaths. We described the clinical characteristics of 115 confirmed Covid-19 cases. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab or tracheal aspirate samples were collected to perform a confirmatory test for Covid-19. Clinical, laboratory and chest radiography data, invasive mechanical ventilation, days of hospitalization and number of deaths were recorded. Results: The mean was 54.1 years with 59% male. 96.5% had Dyspnea being the most frequent symptom and 20% had diarrhea. Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were the main comorbidities. The mean until death was 15.3 days with 9.2 days of hospitalization. 40.9% required invasive mechanical ventilation. 48.7% recovered, 9.6% remain hospitalized and 41.7% died. X-ray showed bilateral opacity. 46.9% had leukocytosis and 85.5% of the deceased presented lymphopenia versus 53.7% of the survivors (p<0.001). 77.4% with prolonged prothrombin time and 82.6% elevated lactic dehydrogenase. Discussion: Respiratory symptoms are the most frequent. However, the presence of diarrhea was greater than previously reported suggesting the importance of investigating gastrointestinal disorder as the primary symptom. The fatality rate was 41.7%, like critically ill patients. The age of the deceased was older than the survivors, being 62.5% male and 52.1% with some comorbidity, both considered risk factors for severe forms of Covid-19. Lymphopenia is a critical factor associated with severity and mortality.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44045412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00215
Cameron L Jones
A highly contagious virus causing an illness called COVID-19 has rapidly emerged in the last four months. The growing demand for intensive healthcare, a rising death toll and disruption to supply chains and trade has led to mass implementation of testing, quarantine and lockdown in an effort to limit virus transmission. There are two ways to contract the virus: person-to-person (direct contact) or indirect (non-contact) transmission. This paper examines what is known to date about non-contact transmission in the built environment in the form of a mini review. The main takeaway message is that high-touch surfaces, toilets and often over-looked objects and surfaces are virus reservoirs and that transmission almost always occurs indoors. The use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction surveillance (RT-PCR, qPCR) in combination with careful or improved hand hygiene practice and regular surface disinfection cleaning can reduce the environmental viral burden and should not be overlooked or given preference over social distancing interventions.
{"title":"Environmental surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 - a short review","authors":"Cameron L Jones","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2020.08.00215","url":null,"abstract":"A highly contagious virus causing an illness called COVID-19 has rapidly emerged in the last four months. The growing demand for intensive healthcare, a rising death toll and disruption to supply chains and trade has led to mass implementation of testing, quarantine and lockdown in an effort to limit virus transmission. There are two ways to contract the virus: person-to-person (direct contact) or indirect (non-contact) transmission. This paper examines what is known to date about non-contact transmission in the built environment in the form of a mini review. The main takeaway message is that high-touch surfaces, toilets and often over-looked objects and surfaces are virus reservoirs and that transmission almost always occurs indoors. The use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction surveillance (RT-PCR, qPCR) in combination with careful or improved hand hygiene practice and regular surface disinfection cleaning can reduce the environmental viral burden and should not be overlooked or given preference over social distancing interventions.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-03DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2018.6.00201
E. Q. Lima
{"title":"The zika virus: twelve months after WHO declared a state of emergency, much remains to be done in preventing and controlling","authors":"E. Q. Lima","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2018.6.00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2018.6.00201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47386938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-26DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00200
Y. Lukman, D. A. Bala, K. Malik, Abdulkadir Saidu, A. Kumurya, J. Bala, A. Isah
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the leading cause of diseases transmitted through sexual activities but not gender specific, HPV occurs globally but more common in developing countries, asymptomatic infection account for almost 44% of the population.1 HPV is a small, double-stranded DNA virus; the viral tropism is the epithelium. Over 200 HPV type species have been discovered, their outer capsid protein L1 are differentiated by its genetic sequence which serve as the basis of classifying the various HPV types. Studies showed that the sexually active individuals are more at risk to be exposed to Human Papillomavirus as the virus is mostly found in the genitalia.2 Majority of Human Papillomavirus types invades the cutaneous epithelium (stratified epithelium) causing skin warts. While some types invade mucosal epithelium; they are classified in to two, base on severity of disease they cause, infection with low-risk (nononcogenic) types, such as types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 72 and 81. Can cause benign reactive alterations or Atypical Squamous cell of undermined significance or low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, genital warts and laryngeal papillomas. High-risk (oncogenic), HPV types, such as type 16, 18 31, 33, 35 39, 45, 51, 52, 56 and 59 are the major cause of cervical cancer, it also causes anogenital cancers. The oncogenic HPVs can cause low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion, high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion that are precursors to cancer of the cervix, and anogenital cancers. Oncogenic HPVs are seen in about 99% of cancer of the cervix, it is also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of penile, vulvar, anal, and head and neck carcinomas, and oral malignant disease. Despite the strong proofs that relate infection with a high-risk HPV type to pathogenesis of cancer of the cervix, most immuno-competent women have the ability to clear this virus. Also detection of this virus at an early stage will aid in the prevention of the malignancy.3 Papillomaviruses possess oncogenes (E5, E6, and E7 genes) that bind the products of tumor suppressor genes.4 Properties and biology of HPV
{"title":"Traditional approach, an alternative to human papillomavirus therapy","authors":"Y. Lukman, D. A. Bala, K. Malik, Abdulkadir Saidu, A. Kumurya, J. Bala, A. Isah","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00200","url":null,"abstract":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the leading cause of diseases transmitted through sexual activities but not gender specific, HPV occurs globally but more common in developing countries, asymptomatic infection account for almost 44% of the population.1 HPV is a small, double-stranded DNA virus; the viral tropism is the epithelium. Over 200 HPV type species have been discovered, their outer capsid protein L1 are differentiated by its genetic sequence which serve as the basis of classifying the various HPV types. Studies showed that the sexually active individuals are more at risk to be exposed to Human Papillomavirus as the virus is mostly found in the genitalia.2 Majority of Human Papillomavirus types invades the cutaneous epithelium (stratified epithelium) causing skin warts. While some types invade mucosal epithelium; they are classified in to two, base on severity of disease they cause, infection with low-risk (nononcogenic) types, such as types 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 72 and 81. Can cause benign reactive alterations or Atypical Squamous cell of undermined significance or low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, genital warts and laryngeal papillomas. High-risk (oncogenic), HPV types, such as type 16, 18 31, 33, 35 39, 45, 51, 52, 56 and 59 are the major cause of cervical cancer, it also causes anogenital cancers. The oncogenic HPVs can cause low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion, high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion that are precursors to cancer of the cervix, and anogenital cancers. Oncogenic HPVs are seen in about 99% of cancer of the cervix, it is also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of penile, vulvar, anal, and head and neck carcinomas, and oral malignant disease. Despite the strong proofs that relate infection with a high-risk HPV type to pathogenesis of cancer of the cervix, most immuno-competent women have the ability to clear this virus. Also detection of this virus at an early stage will aid in the prevention of the malignancy.3 Papillomaviruses possess oncogenes (E5, E6, and E7 genes) that bind the products of tumor suppressor genes.4 Properties and biology of HPV","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":"86-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41406321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-24DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00195
O. Musa, W. Saeed, M. E. Ahmed, Omima Osman, Heyam Kamal Mohammed, E. Khalil
Hepatitis C virus infection is a global public health problem and a leading cause of acute and chronic liver disease. HCV is a small, single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that can infect hepatocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. It is classified into eleven genotypes and 67 subtypes on genetic differences. Hepatitis C infections can be concentrated in certain populations and/or in general populations.1–4 HCV is transmitted through needle sharing, contaminated surgical equipment, blood transfusion, sexual contact and from infected mothers to babies. Variable low to high prevalence (1.3%-55%) of HCV in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or chronic liver disease have been reported form different African countries.5–7 The global prevalence of anti-HCV has been estimated at 2.0% (1.7–2.3%) among adults and 1.6% (1.3–2.1%) for all ages with an estimated 115 million people infected mainly adults. HCV infection is not preventable by vaccination, so improved surveillance and access to screening and treatment at national and regional levels are strongly recommended.8–14 Sudan is the largest country in the Nile valley with a land mass about the size of Europe with HCV infection prevalence among asymptomatic male Sudanese blood donors of 1.5%-4.4%. This is definitely an under-estimate since females do not usually donate blood in Sudan. The highest prevalence [66.7%] of HCV infection in Sudan was noted in patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis.2,15 Early diagnosis and treatment of HCV infection minimize risks of both long-term complications and transmission of infection. HCV infection is usually diagnosed by the detection of anti-HCV antibodies in a patient’s serum that react to recombinant HCV proteins in ELISA or chemiluminescence immunoassays.16,17 However, various biochemical and molecular markers are now available that can be used in screening for hepatitis C infection, for both diagnosis and monitoring chronic HCV infection. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are routinely employed for the initial assessment and monitoring of hepatic disease.7,16–20
{"title":"Biochemical aberrations, viral genotypic patterns and viral loads among Sudanese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","authors":"O. Musa, W. Saeed, M. E. Ahmed, Omima Osman, Heyam Kamal Mohammed, E. Khalil","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00195","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C virus infection is a global public health problem and a leading cause of acute and chronic liver disease. HCV is a small, single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that can infect hepatocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. It is classified into eleven genotypes and 67 subtypes on genetic differences. Hepatitis C infections can be concentrated in certain populations and/or in general populations.1–4 HCV is transmitted through needle sharing, contaminated surgical equipment, blood transfusion, sexual contact and from infected mothers to babies. Variable low to high prevalence (1.3%-55%) of HCV in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or chronic liver disease have been reported form different African countries.5–7 The global prevalence of anti-HCV has been estimated at 2.0% (1.7–2.3%) among adults and 1.6% (1.3–2.1%) for all ages with an estimated 115 million people infected mainly adults. HCV infection is not preventable by vaccination, so improved surveillance and access to screening and treatment at national and regional levels are strongly recommended.8–14 Sudan is the largest country in the Nile valley with a land mass about the size of Europe with HCV infection prevalence among asymptomatic male Sudanese blood donors of 1.5%-4.4%. This is definitely an under-estimate since females do not usually donate blood in Sudan. The highest prevalence [66.7%] of HCV infection in Sudan was noted in patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis.2,15 Early diagnosis and treatment of HCV infection minimize risks of both long-term complications and transmission of infection. HCV infection is usually diagnosed by the detection of anti-HCV antibodies in a patient’s serum that react to recombinant HCV proteins in ELISA or chemiluminescence immunoassays.16,17 However, various biochemical and molecular markers are now available that can be used in screening for hepatitis C infection, for both diagnosis and monitoring chronic HCV infection. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are routinely employed for the initial assessment and monitoring of hepatic disease.7,16–20","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":"51-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43860942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-11DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00194
I. Mounika, B. Ramu
{"title":"Lifestyle drugs: concept and impact on society","authors":"I. Mounika, B. Ramu","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":"46-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44063245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-09DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00193
L. Viganó, Matteo Fanuli, C. Casu
Agents that inhibit the synthesis of cell membrane (eg penicillin and cephalosporin); Agents that interfere with the cell membrane of the microorganism, influencing the permeability (for example some antimycotic agents); Agents that inhibit protein synthesis by influencing 30S or 50S sub-ribosomal units functions (e.g. tetracyclines, macrolides and clindamycin) Agents that block important metabolic phases of microorganisms (for example in sulfonamides). Agents that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis (eg. metronidazole and quinolones). Antimicrobial resistance can be classified into 3 groups: intrinsic, mutational and acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance developed to a specific antibiotic is a peculiar natural feature of the microorganism. For example, some oral bacteria, such many streptococci, lack in nitroreductase needed for converting and processing metronidazole inactive metabolites in their active form and therefore are not affected by the drug. Mutational resistance occurs due to a spontaneous chromosomal mutation that produces a g en tically modiified bacterial popuplation that is resist ant to the drug. Finally, the acquired resistance is an acquisition from another microorganism of a genetic element that codes for antibiotic resistance. This process can take place by transduction, transformation or conjugation. Phages can play a key role in bacteria in oral dysbiosis even in the presence of resistant species. This previously ignored idea is becoming one of the most reliable hypotheses on the complex structures of oral biofilm. Bacteriophage therapy can be developed for most infections because bacteriophages are present in almost all species of bacteria. The oral cavity is one of the most densely populated habitats of microorganisms and includes about 6 billion bacteria.2–4 These bacteria together with saliva are the main components of oral microbioma, they can be harmful, but they also play beneficial and necessary role in the immune system. These bacteria have evolved to survive on the surface of the tooth, on the gingival epithelium and in the oral cavity. Bacteria aggregate into complex communities called biofilms. Within the oral biofilm the
{"title":"Use of viral phage-therapy in periodontal disease: animminent future chance coming from the past","authors":"L. Viganó, Matteo Fanuli, C. Casu","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2018.06.00193","url":null,"abstract":"Agents that inhibit the synthesis of cell membrane (eg penicillin and cephalosporin); Agents that interfere with the cell membrane of the microorganism, influencing the permeability (for example some antimycotic agents); Agents that inhibit protein synthesis by influencing 30S or 50S sub-ribosomal units functions (e.g. tetracyclines, macrolides and clindamycin) Agents that block important metabolic phases of microorganisms (for example in sulfonamides). Agents that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis (eg. metronidazole and quinolones). Antimicrobial resistance can be classified into 3 groups: intrinsic, mutational and acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance developed to a specific antibiotic is a peculiar natural feature of the microorganism. For example, some oral bacteria, such many streptococci, lack in nitroreductase needed for converting and processing metronidazole inactive metabolites in their active form and therefore are not affected by the drug. Mutational resistance occurs due to a spontaneous chromosomal mutation that produces a g en tically modiified bacterial popuplation that is resist ant to the drug. Finally, the acquired resistance is an acquisition from another microorganism of a genetic element that codes for antibiotic resistance. This process can take place by transduction, transformation or conjugation. Phages can play a key role in bacteria in oral dysbiosis even in the presence of resistant species. This previously ignored idea is becoming one of the most reliable hypotheses on the complex structures of oral biofilm. Bacteriophage therapy can be developed for most infections because bacteriophages are present in almost all species of bacteria. The oral cavity is one of the most densely populated habitats of microorganisms and includes about 6 billion bacteria.2–4 These bacteria together with saliva are the main components of oral microbioma, they can be harmful, but they also play beneficial and necessary role in the immune system. These bacteria have evolved to survive on the surface of the tooth, on the gingival epithelium and in the oral cavity. Bacteria aggregate into complex communities called biofilms. Within the oral biofilm the","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":"43-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47339625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2018.06.00202
A. Adeleye
{"title":"A review on torque teno virus","authors":"A. Adeleye","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2018.06.00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2018.06.00202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"6 1","pages":"96-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00184
C. C. Nunes, Eduardo Steintresser, I. Lamego, I. O. Freitas, Jessica Bianchessi
Type 1 and type 2 human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV1 and HTLV2) were the first retroviruses described, in 1979 and 1981, respectively [1]. HTLV1 and 2 viruses share 60% of their genomes [2]. Despite the fact that most individuals infected by these viruses remain asymptomatic throughout life, it is known that these agents are responsible for clinical neoplastic, inflammatory or degenerative syndromes, and HTLV-2 poses lower risk for the development of pathologies [1-4]. HIV-1 virus was discovered in 1983, and it was considered the etiological agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in 1984 [1] .Retroviruses display tropism for cytotoxic T-cells CD4 and CD8. While the HTLV 1 and HIV-1 viruses show tropism primarily for CD4+ T-cells, HTLV-2 displays tropism for CD8+ T-cells. It is known that HTLV-1 and 2 viruses infect about 10-20 million individuals worldwide, whereas HIV virus infects sixty million individuals [3]. Regions with higher prevalence of HTLV-1 are the southwestern area of Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, Melanesia, and Africa [5,1] .
{"title":"High Prevalence of HIV/HTLV Co-Infection in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil","authors":"C. C. Nunes, Eduardo Steintresser, I. Lamego, I. O. Freitas, Jessica Bianchessi","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00184","url":null,"abstract":"Type 1 and type 2 human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV1 and HTLV2) were the first retroviruses described, in 1979 and 1981, respectively [1]. HTLV1 and 2 viruses share 60% of their genomes [2]. Despite the fact that most individuals infected by these viruses remain asymptomatic throughout life, it is known that these agents are responsible for clinical neoplastic, inflammatory or degenerative syndromes, and HTLV-2 poses lower risk for the development of pathologies [1-4]. HIV-1 virus was discovered in 1983, and it was considered the etiological agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in 1984 [1] .Retroviruses display tropism for cytotoxic T-cells CD4 and CD8. While the HTLV 1 and HIV-1 viruses show tropism primarily for CD4+ T-cells, HTLV-2 displays tropism for CD8+ T-cells. It is known that HTLV-1 and 2 viruses infect about 10-20 million individuals worldwide, whereas HIV virus infects sixty million individuals [3]. Regions with higher prevalence of HTLV-1 are the southwestern area of Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, Melanesia, and Africa [5,1] .","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44530809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-24DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00183
A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn
{"title":"Human Papillomavirus, Cervical Cancer and Preventive Vaccines","authors":"A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42935351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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