Pub Date : 2017-07-14DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00171
Mohamed Shaheen, Samy Mostafa, N. El-Esnawy
{"title":"Prevention of Coxsackieviruses and Rotaviruses infections in vivo with Methanol Extract of Dodonaea viscosa","authors":"Mohamed Shaheen, Samy Mostafa, N. El-Esnawy","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42127858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-10DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00170
D. Affolabi, Raimi Kpossou, Frédéric Sogbo, Alex, ra Zomahoun, D. Metodakou, B. Lafia, Aboudou Chabi Do, Jeanne Orekan, Faridath Massou, Kehinde Ao
Infections with hepatitis viruses are known to be prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa but in Benin, data on these infections are still scarce. The study was carried out to assess the burden of these infections in Cotonou. From June to October 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 156 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infected patients attending the University Teaching Hospital and a private hospital in Cotonou. For each patient, HBV viral load measurement and Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) serology tests were performed using standard methods. The median HBV viral load was 557.5 UI/mL and HDV, HCV and HIV sero-prevalence rates were 3.9%, 1.3% and 0.7% respectively. In conclusion, in HBV infected patients in Cotonou, the sero-prevalence rates of HDV, HCV and HIV were relatively low. A national prevalence survey is needed to assess the epidemiology of these infections in the country.
{"title":"Hepatitis C, Delta and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sero-Prevalence in Patients Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Cotonou, Benin","authors":"D. Affolabi, Raimi Kpossou, Frédéric Sogbo, Alex, ra Zomahoun, D. Metodakou, B. Lafia, Aboudou Chabi Do, Jeanne Orekan, Faridath Massou, Kehinde Ao","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00170","url":null,"abstract":"Infections with hepatitis viruses are known to be prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa but in Benin, data on these infections are still scarce. The study was carried out to assess the burden of these infections in Cotonou. From June to October 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 156 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infected patients attending the University Teaching Hospital and a private hospital in Cotonou. For each patient, HBV viral load measurement and Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) serology tests were performed using standard methods. The median HBV viral load was 557.5 UI/mL and HDV, HCV and HIV sero-prevalence rates were 3.9%, 1.3% and 0.7% respectively. In conclusion, in HBV infected patients in Cotonou, the sero-prevalence rates of HDV, HCV and HIV were relatively low. A national prevalence survey is needed to assess the epidemiology of these infections in the country.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46869895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-27DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00169
S. Yuguda, M. Manga, A. Fowotade, Chukwuma Oe, Aken'ova Ya
1Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion, Gombe/ Gombe State University, Nigeria 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Gombe/Gombe State University, Nigeria 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital Nigeria 4Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Nigeria 5Department of Haematology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Nigeria
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Human T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Antibodies among Blood Donors at Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"S. Yuguda, M. Manga, A. Fowotade, Chukwuma Oe, Aken'ova Ya","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00169","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion, Gombe/ Gombe State University, Nigeria 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Gombe/Gombe State University, Nigeria 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital Nigeria 4Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Nigeria 5Department of Haematology, University of Ibadan/University College Hospital, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42180655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-15DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00168
K. PannuA, A. Bhalla
Dengue fever (DF), also known as break-bone fever, is a tropical infectious disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue virus is a member of Flaviviridae family in the genus Flavivirus [1,2]. The dengue virus complex comprises of four antigenic ally related viruses designated dengue virus serotypes 1 through 4. Although DF is a self-limited febrile illness, it can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in a number of patients. DHF is characterized by thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability leading to prominent hemorrhagic manifestations and a increased mortality [3]. Analysis of serum from patients infected with dengue virus indicates that concentrations of IL10 [4], TNF-α [5], IL-8 [6], IL-12 [7], IFN-Υ [8], IFN-α [9]. And soluble TNF and IL-2 receptors are increased during DF and DHF. Cell cultures infected with the dengue virus release increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Prior studies have also correlated increased levels of several cytokines with disease severity and may have prognostic value [10-15]. In addition, these studies show that levels of cytokines adversely affecting the coagulation cascade tend to be higher in DHF versus DF [10, 16]. Given the critical role of cytokines in the inflammatory process and Coagulopathy, there have been numerous attempts to suppress their levels in an attempt to control various diseases [17-19]. Glucocorticoids have an inhibitory effect on a broad range of immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells, as well as potent suppressive effect on the effector functions of phagocytes. They inhibit the synthesis of almost all known cytokines (IL 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, GMCSF, TNF-α and IFN-Υ). Since inflammatory cytokines have been proposed to play an important role in pathogenesis of dengue fever and its various complications there has been considerable interest in studying the potential role of corticosteroids as a potential therapy for DF and DHF. We conducted a study to see the effect of corticosteroids on the levels of cytokines in dengue patients and hence provide an immuno pathological basis for the use of corticosteroids in DF, a highly debated practice with many studies giving conflicting results.
{"title":"Role of Steroids in Modulating Levels of Cytokines in Patients of Dengue Fever and Warning Signs","authors":"K. PannuA, A. Bhalla","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00168","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue fever (DF), also known as break-bone fever, is a tropical infectious disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue virus is a member of Flaviviridae family in the genus Flavivirus [1,2]. The dengue virus complex comprises of four antigenic ally related viruses designated dengue virus serotypes 1 through 4. Although DF is a self-limited febrile illness, it can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in a number of patients. DHF is characterized by thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability leading to prominent hemorrhagic manifestations and a increased mortality [3]. Analysis of serum from patients infected with dengue virus indicates that concentrations of IL10 [4], TNF-α [5], IL-8 [6], IL-12 [7], IFN-Υ [8], IFN-α [9]. And soluble TNF and IL-2 receptors are increased during DF and DHF. Cell cultures infected with the dengue virus release increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Prior studies have also correlated increased levels of several cytokines with disease severity and may have prognostic value [10-15]. In addition, these studies show that levels of cytokines adversely affecting the coagulation cascade tend to be higher in DHF versus DF [10, 16]. Given the critical role of cytokines in the inflammatory process and Coagulopathy, there have been numerous attempts to suppress their levels in an attempt to control various diseases [17-19]. Glucocorticoids have an inhibitory effect on a broad range of immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells, as well as potent suppressive effect on the effector functions of phagocytes. They inhibit the synthesis of almost all known cytokines (IL 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, GMCSF, TNF-α and IFN-Υ). Since inflammatory cytokines have been proposed to play an important role in pathogenesis of dengue fever and its various complications there has been considerable interest in studying the potential role of corticosteroids as a potential therapy for DF and DHF. We conducted a study to see the effect of corticosteroids on the levels of cytokines in dengue patients and hence provide an immuno pathological basis for the use of corticosteroids in DF, a highly debated practice with many studies giving conflicting results.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49658382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-07DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00166
I. Brukner
{"title":"“Hit and Run” in Metagenomic Era: High Hopes","authors":"I. Brukner","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48449201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-02DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00165
A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn
{"title":"Human Rabies: Really 100% Fatal?","authors":"A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43230737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00164
A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn
{"title":"Zika Virus Vaccines: Potentiality and Prospects","authors":"A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43542368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-26DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00163
R. M. Assayaghi, A. Al-Jaufy, A. A. Al-Robasi
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) is extremely common and widespread occurring in a worldwide distribution. Herpes virus infections are caused by the two distinct antigenic types; herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2). They show a wide variety of clinical manifestations from recognizable symptomatic diseases to subclinical and symptomatic infections [1]. HSV has been implicated in human infection since description of cutaneous spreading lesions in ancient Greek time. Scholars of Greek defined the word herpes to mean “to creep or crawel” in reference to the spreading nature of the observed skin lesions [1]. There are no known animal vectors and human appears to be the only natural reservoir. Direct contact with infected secretions is the principle mode of spread. HSV has the ability to recur in the presence of humoral immunitya characteristic known as reactivation of latent infection [2]. Effective antiviral drugs are developed and are widely used. HSV infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be transmitted and contracted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Moreover, HSV is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Also HSV infection in non-pregnant women may lead to lesions on face and genitalia and spreading virus to others by direct or sexual contact [3]. In our knowledge, there are no previous published studies or recorded data regarding the seroprevalence of HSV in Yemen. Therefore, there is no guideline of diagnosis or treatment of HSV infections in women; especially pregnant women in hospitals or health centers in Yemen. Laboratory diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture or by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection. Serological assays that distinguish between antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been developed and are commercially available [3]. In our study, determination of the prevalence of HSV antibodies and potential risk factors of HSV infections among women attending some hospitals and health centers in Sana’a city based on type-specific serological assay was carried out. Volume 5 Issue 4 2017
{"title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 among Women Attending Antenatal and Gynecology Clinics in Sana'a City-Yemen","authors":"R. M. Assayaghi, A. Al-Jaufy, A. A. Al-Robasi","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00163","url":null,"abstract":"Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) is extremely common and widespread occurring in a worldwide distribution. Herpes virus infections are caused by the two distinct antigenic types; herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2). They show a wide variety of clinical manifestations from recognizable symptomatic diseases to subclinical and symptomatic infections [1]. HSV has been implicated in human infection since description of cutaneous spreading lesions in ancient Greek time. Scholars of Greek defined the word herpes to mean “to creep or crawel” in reference to the spreading nature of the observed skin lesions [1]. There are no known animal vectors and human appears to be the only natural reservoir. Direct contact with infected secretions is the principle mode of spread. HSV has the ability to recur in the presence of humoral immunitya characteristic known as reactivation of latent infection [2]. Effective antiviral drugs are developed and are widely used. HSV infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be transmitted and contracted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Moreover, HSV is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Also HSV infection in non-pregnant women may lead to lesions on face and genitalia and spreading virus to others by direct or sexual contact [3]. In our knowledge, there are no previous published studies or recorded data regarding the seroprevalence of HSV in Yemen. Therefore, there is no guideline of diagnosis or treatment of HSV infections in women; especially pregnant women in hospitals or health centers in Yemen. Laboratory diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture or by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection. Serological assays that distinguish between antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 have been developed and are commercially available [3]. In our study, determination of the prevalence of HSV antibodies and potential risk factors of HSV infections among women attending some hospitals and health centers in Sana’a city based on type-specific serological assay was carried out. Volume 5 Issue 4 2017","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46025022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-08DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00161
S. Malhotra, R. Dhundial, Bhatia Njk, N. Duggal
Approximately 2.1 million people are currently living with HIV AIDS in India [1]. In 1986, the first case of HIV infection in India was detected among sex workers in Chennai [2]. In the same year, HIV-2 was isolated from AIDS patients in West Africa [3]. The first evidence of HIV-2 infection in India was provided in 1991 [4]. Since then it has been sporadically reported from various states of India. HIV-2 appears to be transmitted principally by sexual contact, with prostitutes being the well-studied group. The virus can also be spread by blood transfusion of infected blood. Compared to HIV-1, transmission of HIV-2 virus from an infected mother to her child seems to be less frequent. However, cases of transmission from an infected woman to her fetus have been reported among women who had primary HIV2 infection during their pregnancy [5]. The prevalence rate of HIV-2 infection in India is not available so far. The following is a report of HIV-2 infection from Delhi in North India.
{"title":"HIV - 2 Infections from a Tertiary Care Hospital in India - A Case Report","authors":"S. Malhotra, R. Dhundial, Bhatia Njk, N. Duggal","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00161","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 2.1 million people are currently living with HIV AIDS in India [1]. In 1986, the first case of HIV infection in India was detected among sex workers in Chennai [2]. In the same year, HIV-2 was isolated from AIDS patients in West Africa [3]. The first evidence of HIV-2 infection in India was provided in 1991 [4]. Since then it has been sporadically reported from various states of India. HIV-2 appears to be transmitted principally by sexual contact, with prostitutes being the well-studied group. The virus can also be spread by blood transfusion of infected blood. Compared to HIV-1, transmission of HIV-2 virus from an infected mother to her child seems to be less frequent. However, cases of transmission from an infected woman to her fetus have been reported among women who had primary HIV2 infection during their pregnancy [5]. The prevalence rate of HIV-2 infection in India is not available so far. The following is a report of HIV-2 infection from Delhi in North India.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43842436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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