Pub Date : 2017-01-19DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00137
E. Oladipo, E. H. Awoyelu, J. Oloke
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small non-enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA icosahedral virus with a 7.7 kilobase genome that belongs to the genus Herpevirus [1]. Hepatitis E virus infections occur world-wide. The virus is endemic in regions of the world characterized with poor sanitation (such as Africa, Asia and Central America) as epidemiologic studies have shown the route of transmission to be by faecal-oral route with contaminated food and water being the primary source of infection [2,3]. However, blood borne transmission of HEV has been investigated as one of the possible risk factors for acquiring hepatitis E virus [1]. This transmission can be from any apparently healthy individual who can be potential blood donor to healthy/unhealthy individuals during blood transfusion. Other possible risk factors are not limited to previous history of surgery or alcohol intake [4]. Even though hepatitis E infections are self-limiting among immunocompetent individuals, persistency can result into fulminant hepatitis [3,5].
{"title":"Human Hepatitis E Virus among Apparently Healthy Individuals in Ogbomoso, South-Western Nigeria","authors":"E. Oladipo, E. H. Awoyelu, J. Oloke","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00137","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small non-enveloped positive sense single stranded RNA icosahedral virus with a 7.7 kilobase genome that belongs to the genus Herpevirus [1]. Hepatitis E virus infections occur world-wide. The virus is endemic in regions of the world characterized with poor sanitation (such as Africa, Asia and Central America) as epidemiologic studies have shown the route of transmission to be by faecal-oral route with contaminated food and water being the primary source of infection [2,3]. However, blood borne transmission of HEV has been investigated as one of the possible risk factors for acquiring hepatitis E virus [1]. This transmission can be from any apparently healthy individual who can be potential blood donor to healthy/unhealthy individuals during blood transfusion. Other possible risk factors are not limited to previous history of surgery or alcohol intake [4]. Even though hepatitis E infections are self-limiting among immunocompetent individuals, persistency can result into fulminant hepatitis [3,5].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41865614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-03-20DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00151
Stanley M Maduagwu, Weszani Gashau, Adamu Balami, Amina Kaidal, A Y Oyeyemi, Ballah Akawu Danue, Chuka Ifenyi Umeonwuka, O A Akanbi
Background: Studies that examine the effectiveness of exercise on quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV population are not easily available in developing countries.
Purpose: This study was therefore aimed at investigating the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV seropositives in Nigeria.
Methods: Using convenient sampling, 91 volunteer and willing HIV infected persons were enrolled in the study. Based on inclusion criteria, 82 were eligible for the study, and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. After determining the baseline values of the variables, the experimental group participated in moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Weekly lectures were organized for the control group. Attrition rate of 22% was recorded at the end the study, leaving 32 participants in each group. The variables were re-assessed at the end of the Descriptive statistic summarized the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Paired Student t-test and Student t-test for two independent samples analyzed the significant difference in mean values of the variables.
Results: Mean ages in years of the control and experimental groups were39.38 10.03 and 40.84 ± 10.05 respectively, and that of the 64 participants was 39.57±10.13. There was significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the variables between pre- and post-tests in the experimental group. There was insignificant change (p > 0.05) in the four domains of quality of life of the participants, and significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the other four domains of this variable between pre- and post-tests in the control group, in CD4 cell counts, significant improvement was recorded. The variables at the end of the study showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between both groups.
Conclusion: Quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV seropositives in the experimental group improved significantly after 12 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise.
{"title":"Aerobic Exercise Improves Quality of Life and CD4 Cell Counts in HIV Seropositives in Nigeria.","authors":"Stanley M Maduagwu, Weszani Gashau, Adamu Balami, Amina Kaidal, A Y Oyeyemi, Ballah Akawu Danue, Chuka Ifenyi Umeonwuka, O A Akanbi","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies that examine the effectiveness of exercise on quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV population are not easily available in developing countries.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study was therefore aimed at investigating the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV seropositives in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using convenient sampling, 91 volunteer and willing HIV infected persons were enrolled in the study. Based on inclusion criteria, 82 were eligible for the study, and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. After determining the baseline values of the variables, the experimental group participated in moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Weekly lectures were organized for the control group. Attrition rate of 22% was recorded at the end the study, leaving 32 participants in each group. The variables were re-assessed at the end of the Descriptive statistic summarized the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Paired Student t-test and Student t-test for two independent samples analyzed the significant difference in mean values of the variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean ages in years of the control and experimental groups were39.38 10.03 and 40.84 ± 10.05 respectively, and that of the 64 participants was 39.57±10.13. There was significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the variables between pre- and post-tests in the experimental group. There was insignificant change (p > 0.05) in the four domains of quality of life of the participants, and significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the other four domains of this variable between pre- and post-tests in the control group, in CD4 cell counts, significant improvement was recorded. The variables at the end of the study showed significant difference (p < 0.05) between both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quality of life and CD4 cells of HIV seropositives in the experimental group improved significantly after 12 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6433410/pdf/nihms-947492.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37096804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-30DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00135
A. Yaro
Dengue virus (DENV) is a vector-borne viral disease that cause more human morbidity and mortality worldwide than any other arthropod-borne virus. It is estimated that 3.97 billion people living in 128 countries are at risk of dengue, 400 million infections annually, and 96 million asymptomatic cases occurring every year [1-4]. Four closely related dengue serotypes cause the disease: DENV-1 to -4. Serotype specific differences in clinical manifestations have been reported. In a cross-sectional study, Balmaseda et al. [5] reported that among hospitalized children in Nicaragua over 3 years period DENV-2 was associated with more shock and internal hemorrhage while DENV-1 was associated with increased vascular permeability. Furthermore, DENV-1 was associated with more hospitalized primary dengue cases and more primary DENV infection with severe manifestations. Others reported that DENV-2 and DENV-3 may cause more severe diseases than the other serotypes and that DENV-4 is associated with milder illness [6-12]. Certain genotypes within particular serotypes are associated with epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vs. classic dengue [11,13]. Aedes aegypt mosquitoes are the primary vectors of DENV throughout the tropics [14]. DENV infection is categorized as asymptomatic infection, subclinical infection, undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, DHF with or without dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and other severe forms of dengue. DHF is characterized by fever, bleeding diathesis, and a tendency to develop a potentially fatal shock syndrome. Clinical manifestations of dengue infection range from mild dengue fever to severe plasma leakage with hemorrhagic manifestations. Thrombocytopenia is an important finding in patients with dengue. A study reported that platelet count of dengue patients can be normal or abnormally high or low. This should be used for future diagnosis [15-17]. Management of dengue patient is to have good fluid replacement therapy until recovery of platelet. Multiple factors have been suggested to contribute to severe dengue such as secondary infections, age, viral load and infecting serotype and genotype [6-8]. Dengue infection is spreading at an alarming rate around the globe and statistics shows that the disease has increased dramatically since 1980, with epidemics occurring in both eastern and western Africa [18,19]. The WHO statistics indicates that 2.4% of the global burden of dengue hemorrhagic fever is in Africa and one-fifth of the populations are at risk [17].
{"title":"Advances in Dengue Vaccine: A Review Study","authors":"A. Yaro","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00135","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue virus (DENV) is a vector-borne viral disease that cause more human morbidity and mortality worldwide than any other arthropod-borne virus. It is estimated that 3.97 billion people living in 128 countries are at risk of dengue, 400 million infections annually, and 96 million asymptomatic cases occurring every year [1-4]. Four closely related dengue serotypes cause the disease: DENV-1 to -4. Serotype specific differences in clinical manifestations have been reported. In a cross-sectional study, Balmaseda et al. [5] reported that among hospitalized children in Nicaragua over 3 years period DENV-2 was associated with more shock and internal hemorrhage while DENV-1 was associated with increased vascular permeability. Furthermore, DENV-1 was associated with more hospitalized primary dengue cases and more primary DENV infection with severe manifestations. Others reported that DENV-2 and DENV-3 may cause more severe diseases than the other serotypes and that DENV-4 is associated with milder illness [6-12]. Certain genotypes within particular serotypes are associated with epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vs. classic dengue [11,13]. Aedes aegypt mosquitoes are the primary vectors of DENV throughout the tropics [14]. DENV infection is categorized as asymptomatic infection, subclinical infection, undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, DHF with or without dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and other severe forms of dengue. DHF is characterized by fever, bleeding diathesis, and a tendency to develop a potentially fatal shock syndrome. Clinical manifestations of dengue infection range from mild dengue fever to severe plasma leakage with hemorrhagic manifestations. Thrombocytopenia is an important finding in patients with dengue. A study reported that platelet count of dengue patients can be normal or abnormally high or low. This should be used for future diagnosis [15-17]. Management of dengue patient is to have good fluid replacement therapy until recovery of platelet. Multiple factors have been suggested to contribute to severe dengue such as secondary infections, age, viral load and infecting serotype and genotype [6-8]. Dengue infection is spreading at an alarming rate around the globe and statistics shows that the disease has increased dramatically since 1980, with epidemics occurring in both eastern and western Africa [18,19]. The WHO statistics indicates that 2.4% of the global burden of dengue hemorrhagic fever is in Africa and one-fifth of the populations are at risk [17].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-30DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00136
B. Andrić, G. Mijović, M. Šoć
Medical records showed that in two young tourists, different gender from Macedonia developed at the same time symptoms of acute alimentary toxiinfection. In male person, there was regression of symptoms after completion of home treatment (oral rehydratation and diet). In the female case (18 years) home treatment conducted under the same conditions, did not yield satisfactory results. Disease progression was monitored clinically from the appearance of sub febrile temperature, with vomiting, watery diarrhea and abdominal pain to development of hemorrhagic colitis (spasmodic pain in the lower abdomen, then bloody diarrhea), which forced her to search medical help. The dramatic course of the development of clinical disease, occur 7- 8 days after onset. Coincides with the early development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and later development of acute renal failure. Those 18-th days from the onset of the disease ended in death. In the last stage of hospital treatment and analyzing, at the Nephrology Clinic in Skopje, swab of the mucous membrane proved verotoxin of E. coli O157.
{"title":"Fatal Outcome of Alimentar Escherichia Coli O157: H7 Toxiinfection","authors":"B. Andrić, G. Mijović, M. Šoć","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00136","url":null,"abstract":"Medical records showed that in two young tourists, different gender from Macedonia developed at the same time symptoms of acute alimentary toxiinfection. In male person, there was regression of symptoms after completion of home treatment (oral rehydratation and diet). \u0000 \u0000 In the female case (18 years) home treatment conducted under the same conditions, did not yield satisfactory results. Disease progression was monitored clinically from the appearance of sub febrile temperature, with vomiting, watery diarrhea and abdominal pain to development of hemorrhagic colitis (spasmodic pain in the lower abdomen, then bloody diarrhea), which forced her to search medical help. The dramatic course of the development of clinical disease, occur 7- 8 days after onset. Coincides with the early development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and later development of acute renal failure. Those 18-th days from the onset of the disease ended in death. In the last stage of hospital treatment and analyzing, at the Nephrology Clinic in Skopje, swab of the mucous membrane proved verotoxin of E. coli O157.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00134
T. Faleye, M. Adewumi, Simbiat Adeola Kareem, Yetunde Olubunmi Adesuyan, Fadekemi Ayodele Fapohunda, Samson Tunde Fasanya, Temitope Jimeto, Osaze Emmanuel Lawrence, Abolaji Abiodun Obembe, J. Adeniji
The numbers of independent emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (cVDPV2) lineages and the magnitude of the outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the significance of enterovirus co-infection and its preponderance in the country. Despite this, besides polioviruses, little or no attention is given to enterovirus co-infections. More recently, a reverse-transcriptase semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay for the direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was added to the WHO recommended protocols for enterovirus surveillance. We previously showed that primers 292 and 222 (for which AN89 and AN88, respectively, are consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers [CODEHOP] versions) mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. We therefore ask whether the primers AN89 and AN88 used in this recently recommended RT-snPCR protocol, like primers 292 and 222, will also mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. RNA was extracted from 30 archived samples (both clinical specimen and cell culture isolates) and the VP1 gene amplified using the WHO recommended RT-snPCR assay and modifications that included the primers 187, 188 and 189 for which primer 292 (and consequently AN89) is a consensus. Amplicons were sequenced and isolates identified. Our results showed that primers AN89 and AN88 also mask enterovirus co-infection and inclusion of the primers 187, 188 and 189 allowed the resolution of such mixed isolates. Consequently, expanding the recommended RT-snPCR protocol to include primers 187, 188 and 189 will enable us better detect enterovirus co-infection.
{"title":"The Impact of a Panenterovirus Vp1 Assay on Our Perception of the Enterovirus Diversity Landscape of a Sample","authors":"T. Faleye, M. Adewumi, Simbiat Adeola Kareem, Yetunde Olubunmi Adesuyan, Fadekemi Ayodele Fapohunda, Samson Tunde Fasanya, Temitope Jimeto, Osaze Emmanuel Lawrence, Abolaji Abiodun Obembe, J. Adeniji","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00134","url":null,"abstract":"The numbers of independent emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine derived poliovirus serotype 2 (cVDPV2) lineages and the magnitude of the outbreak in Nigeria demonstrates the significance of enterovirus co-infection and its preponderance in the country. Despite this, besides polioviruses, little or no attention is given to enterovirus co-infections. More recently, a reverse-transcriptase semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay for the direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen was added to the WHO recommended protocols for enterovirus surveillance. We previously showed that primers 292 and 222 (for which AN89 and AN88, respectively, are consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers [CODEHOP] versions) mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. We therefore ask whether the primers AN89 and AN88 used in this recently recommended RT-snPCR protocol, like primers 292 and 222, will also mask the presence of enterovirus co-infections. RNA was extracted from 30 archived samples (both clinical specimen and cell culture isolates) and the VP1 gene amplified using the WHO recommended RT-snPCR assay and modifications that included the primers 187, 188 and 189 for which primer 292 (and consequently AN89) is a consensus. Amplicons were sequenced and isolates identified. Our results showed that primers AN89 and AN88 also mask enterovirus co-infection and inclusion of the primers 187, 188 and 189 allowed the resolution of such mixed isolates. Consequently, expanding the recommended RT-snPCR protocol to include primers 187, 188 and 189 will enable us better detect enterovirus co-infection.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00132
Mónica Roa, Hern, O. G. G. Duarte, Ma Aranguren
Aim: The systematic review objective is determine the magnitude of the association between HIV infection and TB relapse. Background: Relapse refers to tuberculosis (TB) cases that have been treated and declared cured, or that has received complete treatment and is once again diagnosed with an episode of TB. Materials and methods: Cohort-type studies that applied one or more genotyping methods and characterized the serological HIV status of patients were selected. Medline, Embase, BVS, and SciELO databases were used, along with Google and Google Scholar search engines, electronic journals in the Sinab network, grey literature, and bibliographical references from selected studies. Meta-analyses of subgroups were constructed according to the genotyping method, TB prevalence, and relapse definition. Risk of bias was evaluated and a sensitivity analysis was performed. OR estimators were established with and without studies that contributed the highest levels of heterogeneity. Results: Eleven studies with 8941 patients were included. HIV (+) patients show 1.8 times greater risk than HIV (-) patients of presenting global relapse OR 1.78 [1.34, 2.38]. Regarding endogenous relapse, HIV is influential only in low prevalence zones OR 2.09 [1.03, 4.27], while for exogenous relapse, it is influential in high prevalence zones OR 4.42 [1.56, 12.57]. Conclusion: HIV is a prognostic factor for TB relapse. This relation is influenced by prevalence.
{"title":"HIV as A Prognostic Factor for Tuberculosis Relapse: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Mónica Roa, Hern, O. G. G. Duarte, Ma Aranguren","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00132","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The systematic review objective is determine the magnitude of the association between HIV infection and TB relapse. \u0000 \u0000 Background: Relapse refers to tuberculosis (TB) cases that have been treated and declared cured, or that has received complete treatment and is once again diagnosed with an episode of TB. \u0000 \u0000 Materials and methods: Cohort-type studies that applied one or more genotyping methods and characterized the serological HIV status of patients were selected. Medline, Embase, BVS, and SciELO databases were used, along with Google and Google Scholar search engines, electronic journals in the Sinab network, grey literature, and bibliographical references from selected studies. Meta-analyses of subgroups were constructed according to the genotyping method, TB prevalence, and relapse definition. Risk of bias was evaluated and a sensitivity analysis was performed. OR estimators were established with and without studies that contributed the highest levels of heterogeneity. \u0000 \u0000 Results: Eleven studies with 8941 patients were included. HIV (+) patients show 1.8 times greater risk than HIV (-) patients of presenting global relapse OR 1.78 [1.34, 2.38]. Regarding endogenous relapse, HIV is influential only in low prevalence zones OR 2.09 [1.03, 4.27], while for exogenous relapse, it is influential in high prevalence zones OR 4.42 [1.56, 12.57]. \u0000 \u0000 Conclusion: HIV is a prognostic factor for TB relapse. This relation is influenced by prevalence.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67076078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.04.00133
M. U. Khan, S. Rashidzadeh, M. Shariati
Virus borne disease arises from contaminated food which can occur in all stages of food handling. Recently viral cases have been a load issue and significantly causes to most food borne illnesses. Thus the need of their fast detection and finding the disinfecting methods is sought.
{"title":"The Importance of Viral Foodborne Illnesses: Short Review","authors":"M. U. Khan, S. Rashidzadeh, M. Shariati","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.04.00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.04.00133","url":null,"abstract":"Virus borne disease arises from contaminated food which can occur in all stages of food handling. Recently viral cases have been a load issue and significantly causes to most food borne illnesses. Thus the need of their fast detection and finding the disinfecting methods is sought.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"9 37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-14DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00131
A. Saxena, Abhay Kumar, S. Saxena
Aim: To study adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. Introduction: Adenoids are the lymphoid tissue present in posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx. They are integral part of inner waldeyer’s ring. They are thought to be involved in immunity of child. There are reports and literature search shows adenoid hypertrophy in Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) infected individuals. However, there lack a large study in such cases. The goal of present study is to observe AH and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. Material and methods: Present study was conducted in department of otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomly chosen from the antiretroviral therapy register of hospital that was undergoing treatment. A total of 100 patients were included in study. A thorough otorhinolaryngology examination was carried out. All patients were then subjected for diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Adenoid status was documented and X- ray neck soft tissue lateral view was done to confirm adenoid hypertrophy. Results: The mean age of subjects were 37.6 years. Most of the patients (61%) were in age group of 31-45 years. 42% patients have insignificant (I and II degree) adenoid hypertrophy and 58% had significant (III and IV degree). Conclusion: Prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy is less among adult individuals. However, in our study we found significant AH in HIV infected adults. Moreover, there is positive association between AH and HIV. Hence, AIDS should be kept as differential diagnosis in cases of AH finding amongst adults. Aim: To study adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. Introduction: Adenoids are the lymphoid tissue present in posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx. They are integral part of inner waldeyer’s ring. They are thought to be involved in immunity of child. There are reports and literature search shows adenoid hypertrophy in Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) infected individuals. However, there lack a large study in such cases. The goal of present study is to observe AH and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. Material and methods: Present study was conducted in department of otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomly chosen from the antiretroviral therapy register of hospital that was undergoing treatment. A total of 100 patients were included in study. A thorough otorhinolaryngology examination was carried out. All patients were then subjected for diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Adenoid status was documented and X- ray neck soft tissue lateral view was done to confirm adenoid hypertrophy. Results: The mean age of subjects were 37.6 years. Most of the patients (61%) were in age group of 31-45 years. 42% patients have insignificant (I and II degree) adenoid hypertrophy and 58% had significant (III and IV degree). Conclusion: Prevalence of adeno
{"title":"Is Adenoid Hypertrophy Associated in HIV Infected Adults","authors":"A. Saxena, Abhay Kumar, S. Saxena","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00131","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To study adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. \u0000 \u0000 Introduction: Adenoids are the lymphoid tissue present in posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx. They are integral part of inner waldeyer’s ring. They are thought to be involved in immunity of child. There are reports and literature search shows adenoid hypertrophy in Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) infected individuals. However, there lack a large study in such cases. The goal of present study is to observe AH and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. \u0000 \u0000 Material and methods: Present study was conducted in department of otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomly chosen from the antiretroviral therapy register of hospital that was undergoing treatment. A total of 100 patients were included in study. A thorough otorhinolaryngology examination was carried out. All patients were then subjected for diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Adenoid status was documented and X- ray neck soft tissue lateral view was done to confirm adenoid hypertrophy. \u0000 \u0000 Results: The mean age of subjects were 37.6 years. Most of the patients (61%) were in age group of 31-45 years. 42% patients have insignificant (I and II degree) adenoid hypertrophy and 58% had significant (III and IV degree). \u0000 \u0000 Conclusion: Prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy is less among adult individuals. However, in our study we found significant AH in HIV infected adults. Moreover, there is positive association between AH and HIV. Hence, AIDS should be kept as differential diagnosis in cases of AH finding amongst adults. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Aim: To study adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. \u0000 \u0000 Introduction: Adenoids are the lymphoid tissue present in posterosuperior wall of nasopharynx. They are integral part of inner waldeyer’s ring. They are thought to be involved in immunity of child. There are reports and literature search shows adenoid hypertrophy in Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) infected individuals. However, there lack a large study in such cases. The goal of present study is to observe AH and its association with HIV infected adult individuals. \u0000 \u0000 Material and methods: Present study was conducted in department of otorhinolaryngology of a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomly chosen from the antiretroviral therapy register of hospital that was undergoing treatment. A total of 100 patients were included in study. A thorough otorhinolaryngology examination was carried out. All patients were then subjected for diagnostic nasal endoscopy. Adenoid status was documented and X- ray neck soft tissue lateral view was done to confirm adenoid hypertrophy. \u0000 \u0000 Results: The mean age of subjects were 37.6 years. Most of the patients (61%) were in age group of 31-45 years. 42% patients have insignificant (I and II degree) adenoid hypertrophy and 58% had significant (III and IV degree). \u0000 \u0000 Conclusion: Prevalence of adeno","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67076016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-05DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00129
L. Webber
HIV is a retroviral disease that can be transmitted sexually, vertically from mother to child and through blood and blood products and many other body fluids [15,16]. To date there is no fully effective vaccine against HIV and treatment consists of a combination with three antiretroviral drugs. There are different classes of antiretroviral drugs and selected regimes of treatment are proposed [17]. Currently, there are research studies into other modalities of HIV treatment, namely:
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Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.04.00128
V. Monteil, M. Maquart, V. Caro, Marie-Christine Jaffar-B, Jee, M. Dosso, C. Akoua-Koffi, Marc Gr, Ádám, I. Leparc-Goffart
Dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) genotype III circulated across East Africa between 1984 and 1993, but no additional case was detected until the return of a European traveler from Cameroon in 2006. Since then, DENV-3 genotype III has been reported in many countries like Tanzania, Senegal and Cote d’Ivoire. Fifteen strains of DENV-3 were isolated from Africa by the laboratory of French National Reference Center for arboviruses between 2008 and 2012. The objective of the present study was to establish the phylogeny of new strains of DENV-3 genotype III isolated in Africa to better understand their origin(s) and diversity. Analyses showed that the Cote d’Ivoire 2008 strain was phylogenetically linked with the strains responsible for all the epidemics that occurred since then in West Africa including Cape Verde. This strain was also phylogenetically linked with the strain isolated in China in 2009. The Tanzanian 2010 strains cluster included the strains isolated in the Union of Comoros, Madagascar and China. Strains isolated from sporadic cases in La Reunion in 2012 clustered with the Thailand strain. These results evidenced the diversity of DENV-3 genotype III isolated in Africa between 2008 and 2012. The impact of air travel, tourism and trades should play a major role in the DENV spreading over continental Africa and African archipelagoes.
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