Pub Date : 2017-11-20DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00182
W. NewtonDavid, Kelly Stashauna, Henry Suzette, B. Ryan, M. MelocheTheresa, L. BrownTony
The noticeable spike in the prevalence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) has generated renewed interest in the subject. While it has been well-established that HIV infection does exert some effect on the natural history of syphilis, it was not until the recent resurgence in the contraction of syphilis by HIV patients that researchers were able to document the impact that this disease has on the course of the HIV infection. A correct assertion is that there exists a complex interaction between HIV and syphilis and that this interaction remains partly understood. New data, though, have emerged that augment our comprehension of the interaction between syphilis and HIV infection as it applies to the heterosexual population, bi-sexual partners, and men who have sex with men (MSM).
{"title":"Resurgence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Treponema Pallidum Co-Infection","authors":"W. NewtonDavid, Kelly Stashauna, Henry Suzette, B. Ryan, M. MelocheTheresa, L. BrownTony","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00182","url":null,"abstract":"The noticeable spike in the prevalence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) has generated renewed interest in the subject. While it has been well-established that HIV infection does exert some effect on the natural history of syphilis, it was not until the recent resurgence in the contraction of syphilis by HIV patients that researchers were able to document the impact that this disease has on the course of the HIV infection. A correct assertion is that there exists a complex interaction between HIV and syphilis and that this interaction remains partly understood. New data, though, have emerged that augment our comprehension of the interaction between syphilis and HIV infection as it applies to the heterosexual population, bi-sexual partners, and men who have sex with men (MSM).","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49511934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-08DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00181
H. Lima, Camila Sampaio Ribeiro, Fern, A. S. D. Neves-Manta, Suellen Justo Maria Moreira, M. Moraes, S. Arruda, E. Carvalho, M. Bastos
{"title":"Erythema Nodosum Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosisin HTLV-1 Infected Patients","authors":"H. Lima, Camila Sampaio Ribeiro, Fern, A. S. D. Neves-Manta, Suellen Justo Maria Moreira, M. Moraes, S. Arruda, E. Carvalho, M. Bastos","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47443022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-02DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00180
Sumera Nawaz Qabulio, M. Zakir, Fasiha Sohail, G. Niazi
Acute viral infection belong to the group of anthropode [1,2]. Chikungunya fever now a days is spreading worldwide and some recent studies shown the different t features and most clinical features is topic of inertest is bony pain, which is the most severe form [3-6]. In India the Chikungunya fever is going to be the increasing number in the financially and economical burden [7]. Dengue and Chikungunya are major worldwide wellbeing worries because of their proceeded with spread and strengthening plague exercises all through a large portion of the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Consistent flare-ups of dengue have been accounted for all through the majority of the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world for a very long while [8-10] while Chikungunya pandemics have accomplished worldwide dispersion inside the previous ten years; yet extensive scale pestilences of dengue fever and Chikungunya fever has just as of late introduced as a developing wonder in Africa [11]. Tanzania, the same number of other African nations, is encountering a move in illness transmission designs with respect to febrile irresistible maladies. While the quantity of instances of intestinal sickness are diminishing in a few nations of subSaharan Africa [12-15], the quantity of febrile cases because of different causes than jungle fever are still high [16].
{"title":"Chikungunya Association with Different Presentation at Tertiary Care Centre","authors":"Sumera Nawaz Qabulio, M. Zakir, Fasiha Sohail, G. Niazi","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00180","url":null,"abstract":"Acute viral infection belong to the group of anthropode [1,2]. Chikungunya fever now a days is spreading worldwide and some recent studies shown the different t features and most clinical features is topic of inertest is bony pain, which is the most severe form [3-6]. In India the Chikungunya fever is going to be the increasing number in the financially and economical burden [7]. Dengue and Chikungunya are major worldwide wellbeing worries because of their proceeded with spread and strengthening plague exercises all through a large portion of the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Consistent flare-ups of dengue have been accounted for all through the majority of the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world for a very long while [8-10] while Chikungunya pandemics have accomplished worldwide dispersion inside the previous ten years; yet extensive scale pestilences of dengue fever and Chikungunya fever has just as of late introduced as a developing wonder in Africa [11]. Tanzania, the same number of other African nations, is encountering a move in illness transmission designs with respect to febrile irresistible maladies. While the quantity of instances of intestinal sickness are diminishing in a few nations of subSaharan Africa [12-15], the quantity of febrile cases because of different causes than jungle fever are still high [16].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-24DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00179
A. Sanyaolu, C. Okorie, O. Badaru, Khadijat Adetona, M. Ahmed, O. Akanbi, J. Foncham, S. Kadavil, Lorena Likaj, Sarah Miraaj-Raza, Erika L. Pearce, Roberta Sylvester, Elizabeth Wallis
Although dengue was once a periodic disease that caused long-interval epidemics, today it is considered the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world [1]. Per year, approximately fifty to one hundred million cases of dengue fever are recorded worldwide [2]. Half a million of these cases result in the most severe form of dengue fever (DF) known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) [2]. DHF is a disease that predominantly affects children under 15 years of age and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, thrombocytopenia, and vascular leak syndrome [3]. DHF occurs due to an infection by the dengue virus, which is part of the Flaviviridae family [4]. The virus is icosahedral, enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA [5]. The icosahedral core is forty to fifty nanometers in diameter and contains the C protein that encapsulates the viral genome [5]. Two viral proteins, M and E, which compose the lipid envelope, surround the core [5]. The infection is caused by one of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV): DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV3, and DENV-4 [4]. Infection by one of the serotypes does not provide immunity against infection with the other serotypes [4].
{"title":"Global Epidemiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: An Update","authors":"A. Sanyaolu, C. Okorie, O. Badaru, Khadijat Adetona, M. Ahmed, O. Akanbi, J. Foncham, S. Kadavil, Lorena Likaj, Sarah Miraaj-Raza, Erika L. Pearce, Roberta Sylvester, Elizabeth Wallis","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00179","url":null,"abstract":"Although dengue was once a periodic disease that caused long-interval epidemics, today it is considered the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world [1]. Per year, approximately fifty to one hundred million cases of dengue fever are recorded worldwide [2]. Half a million of these cases result in the most severe form of dengue fever (DF) known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) [2]. DHF is a disease that predominantly affects children under 15 years of age and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, thrombocytopenia, and vascular leak syndrome [3]. DHF occurs due to an infection by the dengue virus, which is part of the Flaviviridae family [4]. The virus is icosahedral, enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA [5]. The icosahedral core is forty to fifty nanometers in diameter and contains the C protein that encapsulates the viral genome [5]. Two viral proteins, M and E, which compose the lipid envelope, surround the core [5]. The infection is caused by one of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV): DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV3, and DENV-4 [4]. Infection by one of the serotypes does not provide immunity against infection with the other serotypes [4].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46878518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00178
Ragini Mishra, N. Mishra
{"title":"Brief Epidemiological Report of Influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak in Bihar, 2015","authors":"Ragini Mishra, N. Mishra","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42725488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-11DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00177
Alex, R. Gonçalves
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com condition as a situation where the host’s genome was invaded, manipulated and exploited by a viral intruder. By the end of 2016, there were 36.9 million HIV-infected individuals living around the world and 19.5 million people were accessing antiretroviral therapy (UNAIDS 2017). We can typically treat patients with antiretroviral therapies and other symptomatic treatments or we can develop new ways to prevent the HIV infection with the development of new vaccines. However, while different vaccines are being tested with various degrees of success, there is still no evidence vaccination will be the best choice due to the HIV infection strategy. Therefore, while scientists keep testing and designing new vaccines against HIV/AIDS, recent advances in personalized medicine can be a game changer. Scientists are evaluating a new CRISPR-Cas9 strategy to achieve a permanent cure for HIV infection. There have been different approaches to treat HIV/ AIDS but there are several reasons preventing scientists from finding a viable cure for the HIV infection, for example, the HIV virus plasticity and its ability to remain in a latent state in hidden HIV reservoirs away from the host immune defense system [1]. A hallmark of the AIDS pathogenesis is the progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cell populations in association with an impaired immunity response [2]. It is that immune response weakening and the inability to initiate an effective cellular immune response against HIV that increases the susceptibility to opportunistic and often deadly infections. An updated list of opportunistic diseases and recommended responses is prepared yearly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America [3]. Recent studies identified a new CD4 T-cell HIV reservoir marker that might pave the way for the development of new HIV treatments [4, 5]. CD32a+ lymphocytes can be used to identify the elusive HIV-1 reservoir. That finding may lead to novel insights that will allow the specific targeting and elimination of this resistant HIV reservoir. Establishing CD32a+ as a marker to identify those quiescent HIV cells is the perfect target to unleash the most recent genetic engineering tool that allows the modification of the hosts’ genome, the CRISPR-Cas9 method. The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing complex is an elegant tool from the Streptococcus pyogenes [6]. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site making this process the ideal mechanism to direct a precise genetic deletion and modification of the genome.
{"title":"CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Permanently Eliminates HIV-1 DNA","authors":"Alex, R. Gonçalves","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00177","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com condition as a situation where the host’s genome was invaded, manipulated and exploited by a viral intruder. By the end of 2016, there were 36.9 million HIV-infected individuals living around the world and 19.5 million people were accessing antiretroviral therapy (UNAIDS 2017). We can typically treat patients with antiretroviral therapies and other symptomatic treatments or we can develop new ways to prevent the HIV infection with the development of new vaccines. However, while different vaccines are being tested with various degrees of success, there is still no evidence vaccination will be the best choice due to the HIV infection strategy. Therefore, while scientists keep testing and designing new vaccines against HIV/AIDS, recent advances in personalized medicine can be a game changer. Scientists are evaluating a new CRISPR-Cas9 strategy to achieve a permanent cure for HIV infection. There have been different approaches to treat HIV/ AIDS but there are several reasons preventing scientists from finding a viable cure for the HIV infection, for example, the HIV virus plasticity and its ability to remain in a latent state in hidden HIV reservoirs away from the host immune defense system [1]. A hallmark of the AIDS pathogenesis is the progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cell populations in association with an impaired immunity response [2]. It is that immune response weakening and the inability to initiate an effective cellular immune response against HIV that increases the susceptibility to opportunistic and often deadly infections. An updated list of opportunistic diseases and recommended responses is prepared yearly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America [3]. Recent studies identified a new CD4 T-cell HIV reservoir marker that might pave the way for the development of new HIV treatments [4, 5]. CD32a+ lymphocytes can be used to identify the elusive HIV-1 reservoir. That finding may lead to novel insights that will allow the specific targeting and elimination of this resistant HIV reservoir. Establishing CD32a+ as a marker to identify those quiescent HIV cells is the perfect target to unleash the most recent genetic engineering tool that allows the modification of the hosts’ genome, the CRISPR-Cas9 method. The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing complex is an elegant tool from the Streptococcus pyogenes [6]. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site making this process the ideal mechanism to direct a precise genetic deletion and modification of the genome.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46056767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-02DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00176
M. Nzivo, R. Lwembe, E. Odari, N. Budambula
{"title":"Human Herpes Virus Type 8 among Female-Sex Workers (A Review)","authors":"M. Nzivo, R. Lwembe, E. Odari, N. Budambula","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43049495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-01DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00174
S. Singh, Nidhi Sharma
HIV is continuum of progressive damage traversed through survival time. Using data from 204 positive women and men, we carried-out survival analysis using Kaplan– Meier curves, Cox proportional hazard regression and Markov-chain model to map CD4 progression and health-condition outcomes. Progression was better among nondefaulters {adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]-0.11, 95% CI 0.03–0.31 (Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=73.62, p<0.001)}, those with higher self-perceived adherence and early initiation of ART. TB-HIV co-infection translated in lower progression and even lower among women [AHR]-0.08, 95% CI 0.02–0.28; Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=71.72, p<0.001). Similar result was observed in women who reported side effects and who defaulted treatment. Immune reconstitution emerged strongly from Markov-chain model, with striking gender gap. Probability of women maintaining working condition was quite low (0.88) as compared to men (0.94). Transition to better health from bed-ridden state was also lower among women. A health-care delivery gender-responsive.
艾滋病毒是一种连续的渐进式损害，贯穿整个生存时间。使用来自204名阳性女性和男性的数据，我们使用Kaplan - Meier曲线、Cox比例风险回归和马尔可夫链模型进行生存分析，绘制CD4进展和健康状况结果。非违约者(校正风险比[AHR]-0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.31 (Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=73.62, p<0.001))、自我感觉依从性较高和早期开始抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者进展更好。TB-HIV合并感染在女性中转化为较低的进展，甚至更低[AHR]-0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.28;Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=71.72, p<0.001)。在报告副作用和未接受治疗的妇女中也观察到类似的结果。免疫重构在马尔可夫链模型中表现强烈，性别差异显著。女性维持工作状态的可能性(0.88)比男性(0.94)低得多。女性从卧床状态向更好的健康状态过渡的比例也较低。促进性别平等的保健服务。
{"title":"Mapping HIV Progression and Co-Factors Affecting AIDS Survival Time in Women and Men on ART in India","authors":"S. Singh, Nidhi Sharma","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00174","url":null,"abstract":"HIV is continuum of progressive damage traversed through survival time. Using data from 204 positive women and men, we carried-out survival analysis using Kaplan– Meier curves, Cox proportional hazard regression and Markov-chain model to map CD4 progression and health-condition outcomes. Progression was better among nondefaulters {adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]-0.11, 95% CI 0.03–0.31 (Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=73.62, p<0.001)}, those with higher self-perceived adherence and early initiation of ART. TB-HIV co-infection translated in lower progression and even lower among women [AHR]-0.08, 95% CI 0.02–0.28; Log rank p<0.001) (chi2=71.72, p<0.001). Similar result was observed in women who reported side effects and who defaulted treatment. Immune reconstitution emerged strongly from Markov-chain model, with striking gender gap. Probability of women maintaining working condition was quite low (0.88) as compared to men (0.94). Transition to better health from bed-ridden state was also lower among women. A health-care delivery gender-responsive.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46319028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-24DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00173
A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn
{"title":"Resistance to Hepatitis C Virus Infection: An Overview","authors":"A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2017.05.00173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46739366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Measles outbreaks among Children in Kwale, Lamu and Narok Counties in Kenya, 2014","authors":"Ali Juma Kanga, S. Kaggia, Julliet Ongusi, R. Lwembe","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2017.05.00172","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: μl: Micro Litre; CAR: Central Africa Republic; CI: Confidence Interval; DBS: Dry Blood Spot; ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; IgG: Immunoglobulin Gamma; KEMRI: Kenya Medical Research Institute; McV: Measles Containing Vaccine; mIU: Mill International Unit; Ml: Milli litre; NTU: Nova Tec Units; OR: Odds Ratio; SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences; WHO: World Health Organization Introduction","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47033889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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