Pub Date : 2016-06-20DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00096
G. Gossius
{"title":"Chigungunya Disease: A Review of a Global Pandemic","authors":"G. Gossius","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-17DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00095
Bogoyavlenskiy Ap
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com eventually acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. The first case report of AIDS appeared in 1981 with the identification of previously healthy homosexual men from the USA who presented with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma [2,3]. The virus was first isolated by Barre-Sinoussi et al. [2], and was the second human retrovirus leading to the isolation of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in 1981 [3-5]. Human immunodeficiency virus is one of the important problems of infectious pathology of the 21st century. About 40 million people in different countries are living with this virus today. The number of cases of HIV is increasing to more than 2.0 million people every year and about 1 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses. Unfortunately, the proportion of patients infected with sexually transmitted HIV increases every year, indicating the need to review the principles of prevention and treatment of HIV infection. For example, in some countries, up to 50% women got the virus from their husbands [6].
{"title":"HIV: Problems and Perspectives","authors":"Bogoyavlenskiy Ap","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00095","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com eventually acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1]. The first case report of AIDS appeared in 1981 with the identification of previously healthy homosexual men from the USA who presented with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma [2,3]. The virus was first isolated by Barre-Sinoussi et al. [2], and was the second human retrovirus leading to the isolation of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in 1981 [3-5]. Human immunodeficiency virus is one of the important problems of infectious pathology of the 21st century. About 40 million people in different countries are living with this virus today. The number of cases of HIV is increasing to more than 2.0 million people every year and about 1 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses. Unfortunately, the proportion of patients infected with sexually transmitted HIV increases every year, indicating the need to review the principles of prevention and treatment of HIV infection. For example, in some countries, up to 50% women got the virus from their husbands [6].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-06DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00094
K. Anwar, M. Imran, F. Shahzad, Mamoona Noreen, M. Atif, Fayyaz Ahmed, A. Waqar
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Pakistani population and their influence is considerable in patients suffering from kidney diseases and undergoing dialysis (Haemodialysis/ Peritoneal). This study considered the total number of dialysis a patient received and the number of dialysis in a week with the chances of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B infection. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients undergoing either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Serum sample was extracted from the blood of 60 patients. All the patients were suffering from either chronic kidney disease or acute renal failure. Screening was performed by strip method, which is based on Immuno-chromatographic technique for the detection of antibodies against HBsAg and HCV in patients on dialysis (haemodialysis/ peritoneal dialysis). The patients undergoing haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were randomly selected, out of which 43 were males and 17 were females. The association of HCV and HBV infection was calculated in relation to frequency per week of dialysis and total number of dialysis. There is significant correlation between HCV infection and total numbers of haemodialysis a patient has. Increase in the frequency of HCV infection was observed as the number of dialysis increased.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection among Patients Undergoing Dialysis","authors":"K. Anwar, M. Imran, F. Shahzad, Mamoona Noreen, M. Atif, Fayyaz Ahmed, A. Waqar","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00094","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Pakistani population and their influence is considerable in patients suffering from kidney diseases and undergoing dialysis (Haemodialysis/ Peritoneal). This study considered the total number of dialysis a patient received and the number of dialysis in a week with the chances of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B infection. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in patients undergoing either haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Serum sample was extracted from the blood of 60 patients. All the patients were suffering from either chronic kidney disease or acute renal failure. Screening was performed by strip method, which is based on Immuno-chromatographic technique for the detection of antibodies against HBsAg and HCV in patients on dialysis (haemodialysis/ peritoneal dialysis). The patients undergoing haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were randomly selected, out of which 43 were males and 17 were females. The association of HCV and HBV infection was calculated in relation to frequency per week of dialysis and total number of dialysis. There is significant correlation between HCV infection and total numbers of haemodialysis a patient has. Increase in the frequency of HCV infection was observed as the number of dialysis increased.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00093
A. Bogoyavlenskiy, A. Turmagambetova, V. Berezin
The problem of the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diseases, especially viral remains relevant for practical health care, despite the wide variety of currently available drugs in the pharmaceutical market. The processes caused by a viral infection largely determine the nature of the flow of infectious process and its outcome. The degree of viremia directly correlates with the manifestations of toxicity, a fever, a reaction of the immune system and the severity of the patient's condition. An important biological feature of viruses is the ability to persistence in the organism and the development of chronic or latent viral infection. The persistence of viruses causes defects of the immune reactivity and creates favorable conditions for the bacterial infection. Thus the priority in the selection of antiviral drugs is at the polling suppression of virus reproduction without significant disturbances of vital activity of host cells. The article describes main levels of antiviral therapy.This review summarized information on the antiviral preparations currently used in clinical as well as in experimental settings. It is shown that the effect of antiviral preparations is possibly at any stage of viral replication.
{"title":"Levels of Antiviral Therapy","authors":"A. Bogoyavlenskiy, A. Turmagambetova, V. Berezin","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00093","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diseases, especially viral remains relevant for practical health care, despite the wide variety of currently available drugs in the pharmaceutical market. The processes caused by a viral infection largely determine the nature of the flow of infectious process and its outcome. The degree of viremia directly correlates with the manifestations of toxicity, a fever, a reaction of the immune system and the severity of the patient's condition. An important biological feature of viruses is the ability to persistence in the organism and the development of chronic or latent viral infection. The persistence of viruses causes defects of the immune reactivity and creates favorable conditions for the bacterial infection. Thus the priority in the selection of antiviral drugs is at the polling suppression of virus reproduction without significant disturbances of vital activity of host cells. The article describes main levels of antiviral therapy.This review summarized information on the antiviral preparations currently used in clinical as well as in experimental settings. It is shown that the effect of antiviral preparations is possibly at any stage of viral replication.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-12DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00092
M. Atif, Ummar Raheel, F. Alam, H. Arshad, Fayyaz-ul-Hassan Baloch, M. Imran, N. S. Zaidi, A. Waqar
Dengue virus (DENV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae consists of 4 serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3 & 4) causing severe illnesses like dengue fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Dengue fever has become an emerging disease in Pakistan during the past 5-7 years with an increase in the number of cases every year since 2006. The current study aimed at identifying the serotypes of dengue virus involved in 2011 outbreak of Pakistan. Samples were collected from all provinces of Pakistan. Patients were confirmed in the hospital by antibody captured Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These ELISA positive serum samples were inoculated on HeLa cell line to raise the viral titer of dengue virus and then RT-PCR was done for serotyping of dengue virus. Initially D1, D2 primers were tried for serotyping of dengue virus but poor results were obtained. Then serotype specific primers were designed having equal fragment length targeting NS1 gene. This approach was successful in serotyping of dengue virus from Pakistani population. On Real time RT-PCR, Dengue virus (DENV) was detected in 43.33% (n=26) patientsout of 60 analyzed samples. Among 26 positive cases, 76.9% (n=20) were children and 23.1% (n=6) were adultsand 46.1% (n=12) were male and 53.8 % (n=14) were females. ELISA results of26 PCR positive cases show that 53.8% (n=14) were positive for IgM, 15.4 % (n=4) were positive for IgG and 30.8 % (n=8) were positive for both IgG and IgM. In this study DEN-2 was detected in 13.3% (n=8) patients, DEN-3 was detected in 16.67% (n=10) patients and DEN-2 & DEN-3 coinfection was detected in 13.3% (n=8) patients. We did not detected DEN-1 & DEN-4 in 2011 outbreak of Pakistan in 60 analyzed samples. By this study we can conclude that DEN-2 and DEN-3 were the main serotypes involved in 2011 outbreaks in Pakistan.
{"title":"Serotyping of Dengue Virus from Deadly Outbreaks of Pakistan","authors":"M. Atif, Ummar Raheel, F. Alam, H. Arshad, Fayyaz-ul-Hassan Baloch, M. Imran, N. S. Zaidi, A. Waqar","doi":"10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2016.03.00092","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue virus (DENV) belonging to the family Flaviviridae consists of 4 serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3 & 4) causing severe illnesses like dengue fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Dengue fever has become an emerging disease in Pakistan during the past 5-7 years with an increase in the number of cases every year since 2006. The current study aimed at identifying the serotypes of dengue virus involved in 2011 outbreak of Pakistan. Samples were collected from all provinces of Pakistan. Patients were confirmed in the hospital by antibody captured Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These ELISA positive serum samples were inoculated on HeLa cell line to raise the viral titer of dengue virus and then RT-PCR was done for serotyping of dengue virus. Initially D1, D2 primers were tried for serotyping of dengue virus but poor results were obtained. \u0000 \u0000 Then serotype specific primers were designed having equal fragment length targeting NS1 gene. This approach was successful in serotyping of dengue virus from Pakistani population. On Real time RT-PCR, Dengue virus (DENV) was detected in 43.33% (n=26) patientsout of 60 analyzed samples. Among 26 positive cases, 76.9% (n=20) were children and 23.1% (n=6) were adultsand 46.1% (n=12) were male and 53.8 % (n=14) were females. ELISA results of26 PCR positive cases show that 53.8% (n=14) were positive for IgM, 15.4 % (n=4) were positive for IgG and 30.8 % (n=8) were positive for both IgG and IgM. In this study DEN-2 was detected in 13.3% (n=8) patients, DEN-3 was detected in 16.67% (n=10) patients and DEN-2 & DEN-3 coinfection was detected in 13.3% (n=8) patients. We did not detected DEN-1 & DEN-4 in 2011 outbreak of Pakistan in 60 analyzed samples. By this study we can conclude that DEN-2 and DEN-3 were the main serotypes involved in 2011 outbreaks in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-04DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00091
M. Atif, Ummar Raheel, M. Imran, H. Arshad, Fayyaz-ul-Hassan Baloch, F. Alam, Sadia Irshad Leghari, Fayyaz Ahmad, Z. Fatima, Y. Qi, S. Manzoor, N. S. Zaidi, A. Waqar
Dengue virus infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Southeast Asia, South and Central America with 24’000 deaths annually. Two factors are accountable for the severe outcomes of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF); one is the virulence of the virus and second is the cross-reactivity of various dengue serotypes with the immune system of the host. Rapid rise in the levels of various cytokines, particularly Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) have a major role in inducing distinctive clinical presentations of DHF. These range from simple plasma leakage to hemorrhagic problems and even shock. Another hallmark of DHF is the presence of cross reactive primary antibodies which produce an intense immune response in secondary infection resulting in immune mediated pathology seen in DHF. There have been many attempts made in the past for the development of a suitable vaccine for dengue fever. Vaccination using plasmid DNA against dengue fever is an active area of research. In this review the role of different cells in the multiplication of dengue virus and viral interactions with the immune system have been discussed. Special emphasis is given to the nature of DNA vaccines in general developmental efforts of a dengue fever vaccine.
{"title":"Dengue Virus: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Emerging Role of DNA Vaccines","authors":"M. Atif, Ummar Raheel, M. Imran, H. Arshad, Fayyaz-ul-Hassan Baloch, F. Alam, Sadia Irshad Leghari, Fayyaz Ahmad, Z. Fatima, Y. Qi, S. Manzoor, N. S. Zaidi, A. Waqar","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00091","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue virus infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Southeast Asia, South and Central America with 24’000 deaths annually. Two factors are accountable for the severe outcomes of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF); one is the virulence of the virus and second is the cross-reactivity of various dengue serotypes with the immune system of the host. Rapid rise in the levels of various cytokines, particularly Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) have a major role in inducing distinctive clinical presentations of DHF. These range from simple plasma leakage to hemorrhagic problems and even shock. Another hallmark of DHF is the presence of cross reactive primary antibodies which produce an intense immune response in secondary infection resulting in immune mediated pathology seen in DHF. There have been many attempts made in the past for the development of a suitable vaccine for dengue fever. Vaccination using plasmid DNA against dengue fever is an active area of research. In this review the role of different cells in the multiplication of dengue virus and viral interactions with the immune system have been discussed. Special emphasis is given to the nature of DNA vaccines in general developmental efforts of a dengue fever vaccine.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-19DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00090
Wagilla Osman, Nye Mary Katherine, Brown TonyL
Nanomedicine and nanotechnology are evolving in their uses to treat illness and develop preventive measures for viruses and bacteria. The current research is promising and suggests drug delivery via nanocarriers can significantly increase the bioavailability of drugs. Nanomedicine can be used for the treatment of dangerous virus, such as the Zika virus, by making delivery of drugs across blood-brain barrier possible. Nanotechnology can combat the catastrophic neurological complications caused by the Zika Virus when contracted during pregnancy.
{"title":"Zika and Other Brain Parenchyma Viruses: Is Nanomedicine the Answer?","authors":"Wagilla Osman, Nye Mary Katherine, Brown TonyL","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00090","url":null,"abstract":"Nanomedicine and nanotechnology are evolving in their uses to treat illness and develop preventive measures for viruses and bacteria. The current research is promising and suggests drug delivery via nanocarriers can significantly increase the bioavailability of drugs. Nanomedicine can be used for the treatment of dangerous virus, such as the Zika virus, by making delivery of drugs across blood-brain barrier possible. Nanotechnology can combat the catastrophic neurological complications caused by the Zika Virus when contracted during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-19DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00089
B. Khubaib, M. Idrees, Abrar Hussain
Background: Cell lines are a valuable tool to identify the HCV virus infection and propagation and by establishing cell lines expressing core protein we can explore the role of HCV core protein in development of HCC. Results: The results indicate PCR amplification of 573bp product of core gene and sequencing confirmed the 1A genotype of HCV of Pakistani isolate. Then recombinant plasmid was digested with restriction enzymes (Hindi III and EcoR I) which gave fragments of 5.5 kb and 0.6 kb and It was a prove that our plasmid having a core gene. 21KDa core protein extracted from the transiently transfected Huh 7 cell line with recombinant mammalian vector of core gene was detected by using anti-core monoclonal antibody. Conclusion: we successfully constructed a mammalian expression vector of core gene of Pakistani isolate of genotype 1A that was encoding 21KDa of core protein in Huh 7 cell line.
{"title":"Construction of Mammalian Expression Vector of Core Gene of HCV of Pakistani Isolate Genotype 1a","authors":"B. Khubaib, M. Idrees, Abrar Hussain","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00089","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cell lines are a valuable tool to identify the HCV virus infection and propagation and by establishing cell lines expressing core protein we can explore the role of HCV core protein in development of HCC. \u0000 Results: The results indicate PCR amplification of 573bp product of core gene and sequencing confirmed the 1A genotype of HCV of Pakistani isolate. Then recombinant plasmid was digested with restriction enzymes (Hindi III and EcoR I) which gave fragments of 5.5 kb and 0.6 kb and It was a prove that our plasmid having a core gene. 21KDa core protein extracted from the transiently transfected Huh 7 cell line with recombinant mammalian vector of core gene was detected by using anti-core monoclonal antibody. \u0000 Conclusion: we successfully constructed a mammalian expression vector of core gene of Pakistani isolate of genotype 1A that was encoding 21KDa of core protein in Huh 7 cell line.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-14DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00088
O. Latinovic, S. MedinaMoreno, Lauren M. Hippler, J. Zapata, R. Redfield
J Hum Virol Retrovirol 2016, 3(2): 00087 Another alternative approach has been to implant human stem cells (HSC) into newborn NSG mice. Both models provide a suitable environment in which to partially reconstitute the human immune system. With adequate numbers of target cells, HIV-1 can replicate without interference from the mouse immune system. The NSG mouse transplantation/engraftment models are the best currently available, as they provide the highest level of human HSC engraftment compared with other immunodeficient strains [1,2].
{"title":"Humanized NSG Mouse Models of HIV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis","authors":"O. Latinovic, S. MedinaMoreno, Lauren M. Hippler, J. Zapata, R. Redfield","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00088","url":null,"abstract":"J Hum Virol Retrovirol 2016, 3(2): 00087 Another alternative approach has been to implant human stem cells (HSC) into newborn NSG mice. Both models provide a suitable environment in which to partially reconstitute the human immune system. With adequate numbers of target cells, HIV-1 can replicate without interference from the mouse immune system. The NSG mouse transplantation/engraftment models are the best currently available, as they provide the highest level of human HSC engraftment compared with other immunodeficient strains [1,2].","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-05DOI: 10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00087
R. Shabrawy, A. Abdelateef, Ahmed Abdel Reheem Al Nagar, A. Salem
Background: Understanding the pathogenesis and predisposing factors for cancer is a major concern. Several studies have elucidated the role of infection in developing certain malignancies. Aim: The aim of this work was to assess the role of infectious agents in causing liver, stomach, urinary bladder, head and neck and cervical cancers. Methods: This case-control study included 181, diagnosis of several infectious agents included genetic and serological tests in both groups. The relative risk of each infectious agent was then calculated. Results: Oncogenic infectious agents cause 81.2% of studied cancers. HCV was detected in 92.2% of HCC with a relative risk of 4.6, HBV was detected in 5% of cases and relative risk of 4.8, H. pylori DNA was found in 77% of gastric cancer and a relative risk of 1.2 and S. heamatobium was found in 37.5% of urinary bladder cases with a relative risk of 31. Finally, HPV16 DNA was detected in 56.2% of head and neck cancer and 66.6% of cervical cancer with a relative risk of 3.12 and 3.7 respectively. Conclusion: Infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Better attention to Infection prevention and control programs must be adapted to decrease the burden of malignant diseases.
{"title":"The Role of Oncogenic Infectious Agents in Causing Liver, Stomach, Urinary Bladder, Head and Neck and Cervical Cancers","authors":"R. Shabrawy, A. Abdelateef, Ahmed Abdel Reheem Al Nagar, A. Salem","doi":"10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JHVRV.2016.03.00087","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Understanding the pathogenesis and predisposing factors for cancer is a major concern. Several studies have elucidated the role of infection in developing certain malignancies. \u0000 Aim: The aim of this work was to assess the role of infectious agents in causing liver, stomach, urinary bladder, head and neck and cervical cancers. \u0000 Methods: This case-control study included 181, diagnosis of several infectious agents included genetic and serological tests in both groups. The relative risk of each infectious agent was then calculated. \u0000 Results: Oncogenic infectious agents cause 81.2% of studied cancers. HCV was detected in 92.2% of HCC with a relative risk of 4.6, HBV was detected in 5% of cases and relative risk of 4.8, H. pylori DNA was found in 77% of gastric cancer and a relative risk of 1.2 and S. heamatobium was found in 37.5% of urinary bladder cases with a relative risk of 31. Finally, HPV16 DNA was detected in 56.2% of head and neck cancer and 66.6% of cervical cancer with a relative risk of 3.12 and 3.7 respectively. \u0000 Conclusion: Infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Better attention to Infection prevention and control programs must be adapted to decrease the burden of malignant diseases.","PeriodicalId":92670,"journal":{"name":"Journal of human virology & retrovirology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67075136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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