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Study on slot jet characteristics of push-pull ventilation systems with high-temperature surface tanks in the smelting industry
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112687
Yu Zhou , Shuaihao Chen , Ao Zhang , Mengfan Quan , Yi Wang
Push-pull ventilation is widely used for contaminant control in surface tanks in industrial buildings. However, existing design guidelines focus on surface tanks below 100 °C, and there is a lack of investigations on high-temperature surface tanks in the smelting industry. The characteristics of the slot jet under a high-temperature heat source can serve as valuable insights for designing push-pull ventilation systems. In this study, the jet trajectory and axial velocity are examined and analyzed, employing both numerical and experimental methodologies. The results showed that the slot jet under a high-temperature heat source can be divided into two regions based on different dominant factors: Region I (the Quasi-isothermal Jet) and Region II (the Quasi-hot Jet). Then, the Archimedes number (Ar) is introduced to quantify the relative strength between the heat source intensity and the initial momentum of the supply jet. It was found that to form a complete jet, rather than a short-circuit jet, Ar ≤ 7471 should be satisfied. Moreover, the boundary between the two regions of the jet is located approximately 0.8 times the width of the heat source. Finally, it was noted that the supply jet could better resist the influence of the heat source when Ar ≤ 4048. As a result of this study, formulas were established to describe the jet trajectory and axial velocity under high-temperature heat sources, to provide design guidance for the application of push-pull ventilation systems in high-temperature surface tanks.
推拉式通风被广泛用于工业建筑中表面储罐的污染物控制。然而,现有的设计指南主要针对温度低于 100 °C 的表面储罐,缺乏对冶炼行业高温表面储罐的研究。高温热源下的槽射流特征可为推拉式通风系统的设计提供有价值的启示。本研究采用数值和实验方法对射流轨迹和轴向速度进行了研究和分析。结果表明,高温热源下的槽形射流可根据不同的主导因素分为两个区域:区域 I(准等温射流)和区域 II(准高温射流)。然后,引入阿基米德数(Ar)来量化热源强度与供给射流初始动量之间的相对强度。研究发现,要形成完整的射流而非短路射流,Ar ≤ 7471 应该满足。此外,射流两个区域之间的边界约为热源宽度的 0.8 倍。最后,我们注意到,当 Ar ≤ 4048 时,供给射流能更好地抵御热源的影响。通过这项研究,建立了描述高温热源下射流轨迹和轴向速度的公式,为高温表面储罐中推拉通风系统的应用提供了设计指导。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling the impact of heat rejection from split air conditioner on outdoor air temperature in high-density residential areas
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112685
Lin Liu , Zhanbo Du , Shen Wang , Jing Liu , Jian Hang , Wentao Yang
High-density residential areas can significantly restrict ventilation, leading to the accumulation of heat from split air conditioners within these spaces, which severely impacts the outdoor thermal environment and further exacerbates the heat rejection from air conditioners. This study aims to develop an outdoor temperature model that accounts for the impact of air conditioner heat rejection. A series of heat rejection calculation equations are established, and the concept of a heat storage space is introduced to develop a time-varying outdoor air temperature model. The model is validated through field measurements conducted in three high-density residential areas in Guangzhou. Results show minimum MAE, RMSE, and MAPE values of 1.22, 1.48, and 3.32 %, respectively. Owing to the high building density, Nanting Village recorded the lowest average COP, with a value of 2.08. The GDUT dormitory, due to the substantial indoor heat load, exhibited the highest air conditioning heat rejection and cooling energy consumption, with values of 285.55 W/m² and 59.41 W/m², respectively. In contrast, the AGILE gated community, benefiting from higher outdoor wind speeds and enhanced heat dissipation, achieved the highest COP of 4.36. Correlation analysis between COP and outdoor thermal parameters emphasizes the negative impact of outdoor heat accumulation on air conditioning performance. This study contributes to refining air conditioner heat rejection estimations and quantifying their impact on outdoor temperatures.
{"title":"Modeling the impact of heat rejection from split air conditioner on outdoor air temperature in high-density residential areas","authors":"Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhanbo Du ,&nbsp;Shen Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Hang ,&nbsp;Wentao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density residential areas can significantly restrict ventilation, leading to the accumulation of heat from split air conditioners within these spaces, which severely impacts the outdoor thermal environment and further exacerbates the heat rejection from air conditioners. This study aims to develop an outdoor temperature model that accounts for the impact of air conditioner heat rejection. A series of heat rejection calculation equations are established, and the concept of a heat storage space is introduced to develop a time-varying outdoor air temperature model. The model is validated through field measurements conducted in three high-density residential areas in Guangzhou. Results show minimum MAE, RMSE, and MAPE values of 1.22, 1.48, and 3.32 %, respectively. Owing to the high building density, Nanting Village recorded the lowest average <em>COP</em>, with a value of 2.08. The GDUT dormitory, due to the substantial indoor heat load, exhibited the highest air conditioning heat rejection and cooling energy consumption, with values of 285.55 W/m² and 59.41 W/m², respectively. In contrast, the AGILE gated community, benefiting from higher outdoor wind speeds and enhanced heat dissipation, achieved the highest <em>COP</em> of 4.36. Correlation analysis between <em>COP</em> and outdoor thermal parameters emphasizes the negative impact of outdoor heat accumulation on air conditioning performance. This study contributes to refining air conditioner heat rejection estimations and quantifying their impact on outdoor temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112685"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fine-grained modeling and optimal control methods via video-based positioning for multi-occupant smart lighting systems
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112683
Chenguang Ning , Dongdong Shen , Yanzhi Dong , Yingjie Wang , Peiyong Duan
This paper proposes fine-grained modeling and optimal control methods for the Occupant-Centric Smart Lighting System (OCSLS) in open-plan office environments. The system can utilize the occupant's video data to optimize luminaires dimming, achieving significant energy savings and improved illumination comfort. The main contributions are as follows. Firstly, by utilizing 3D reconstruction of human keypoints extracted from multi-view video, a robust non-invasive positioning algorithm for multi-occupant is proposed, achieving a positioning error of less than 0.3 m. Secondly, a novel Illumination Demand Matrix (IDM) is generated through the integration of the fine-grained personal illumination preference model and the location data of occupants, and an Illumination Supply Matrix Library (ISML) is obtained considering the illuminance characteristics and locations of luminaires. Thirdly, based on the optimization principle of matching illumination demand and supply, an Occupant-Centric Control (OCC) strategy is developed using the similarity search of the proposed IDM and ISML with a balance between energy saving and comfort. The experimental results based on the established verification platform indicate a reduction in energy consumption over 20 % and an occupant satisfaction rate above 85 %.
{"title":"Fine-grained modeling and optimal control methods via video-based positioning for multi-occupant smart lighting systems","authors":"Chenguang Ning ,&nbsp;Dongdong Shen ,&nbsp;Yanzhi Dong ,&nbsp;Yingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Peiyong Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes fine-grained modeling and optimal control methods for the Occupant-Centric Smart Lighting System (OCSLS) in open-plan office environments. The system can utilize the occupant's video data to optimize luminaires dimming, achieving significant energy savings and improved illumination comfort. The main contributions are as follows. Firstly, by utilizing 3D reconstruction of human keypoints extracted from multi-view video, a robust non-invasive positioning algorithm for multi-occupant is proposed, achieving a positioning error of less than 0.3 m. Secondly, a novel Illumination Demand Matrix (IDM) is generated through the integration of the fine-grained personal illumination preference model and the location data of occupants, and an Illumination Supply Matrix Library (ISML) is obtained considering the illuminance characteristics and locations of luminaires. Thirdly, based on the optimization principle of matching illumination demand and supply, an Occupant-Centric Control (OCC) strategy is developed using the similarity search of the proposed IDM and ISML with a balance between energy saving and comfort. The experimental results based on the established verification platform indicate a reduction in energy consumption over 20 % and an occupant satisfaction rate above 85 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112683"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Proof of carbon reduction: A novel incentive mechanism in blockchain for carbon emissions reduction in construction
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112684
Juan Wang, Xiao Li, Chen Chen, Wentao Zhu
Blockchain technology has been introduced to tackle the data issues arising from centralization in carbon management. However, current blockchain systems remain inefficient for carbon management in construction projects, falling short in scalability, security, and high throughput. Moreover, blockchain mainly serves as a database, so it is not easy to shape stakeholders’ low-carbon behaviors actively and directly. Thus, this paper designs a novel incentive mechanism (i.e., consensus mechanism with incentive design) in blockchain, Proof of Carbon Reduction (PoCR), to enhance blockchain system performance and promote low carbon practices among stakeholders. To this end, carbon reduction credit (CR credit) is first proposed to evaluate stakeholders’ carbon performance via the reporting and crowd-wisdom subsystems. Second, the optimized Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) with a novel block leader election algorithm and a fair reward allocation method is proposed for the transaction consensus process in the blockchain to reduce communication complexity while enhancing consistency using cryptographic techniques. Third, controlled experiments are conducted and research findings show that PoCR can achieve (1) effective low-carbon incentive, providing financial returns for low-carbon performance and enhancing income fairness, (2) excellent efficiency, reducing the quadratic message complexity of typical BFT-based protocols to 0(mn), and increasing the throughput over 10 % (Delegated BFT) and 25 % (Algorand) while reducing latency over 80 % (Practical BFT) and 20 % (Algorand), (3) enhanced security, outperforming existing protocols in anti-attack and anti-corruption capabilities. This paper contributes to both blockchain design and low-carbon incentive design, paving the way for decentralized low-carbon management in construction.
{"title":"Proof of carbon reduction: A novel incentive mechanism in blockchain for carbon emissions reduction in construction","authors":"Juan Wang,&nbsp;Xiao Li,&nbsp;Chen Chen,&nbsp;Wentao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blockchain technology has been introduced to tackle the data issues arising from centralization in carbon management. However, current blockchain systems remain inefficient for carbon management in construction projects, falling short in scalability, security, and high throughput. Moreover, blockchain mainly serves as a database, so it is not easy to shape stakeholders’ low-carbon behaviors actively and directly. Thus, this paper designs a novel incentive mechanism (i.e., consensus mechanism with incentive design) in blockchain, Proof of Carbon Reduction (PoCR), to enhance blockchain system performance and promote low carbon practices among stakeholders. To this end, carbon reduction credit (CR credit) is first proposed to evaluate stakeholders’ carbon performance via the reporting and crowd-wisdom subsystems. Second, the optimized Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) with a novel block leader election algorithm and a fair reward allocation method is proposed for the transaction consensus process in the blockchain to reduce communication complexity while enhancing consistency using cryptographic techniques. Third, controlled experiments are conducted and research findings show that PoCR can achieve (1) effective low-carbon incentive, providing financial returns for low-carbon performance and enhancing income fairness, (2) excellent efficiency, reducing the quadratic message complexity of typical BFT-based protocols to <em>0(mn)</em>, and increasing the throughput over 10 % (Delegated BFT) and 25 % (Algorand) while reducing latency over 80 % (Practical BFT) and 20 % (Algorand), (3) enhanced security, outperforming existing protocols in anti-attack and anti-corruption capabilities. This paper contributes to both blockchain design and low-carbon incentive design, paving the way for decentralized low-carbon management in construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112684"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A simple and efficient machine-learning based approach for optimal heating control of radiant floor heating systems: Proposal and validation
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112666
Xiguan Liang , Jisoo Shim , Doosam Song
Radiant Floor Heating (RFH) systems are increasingly favored for their comfort, efficiency, and energy-saving features. However, their large thermal inertia and dynamic delay pose challenges in maintaining thermal comfort and energy efficiency, particularly in intermittently used buildings. This study proposes an optimized start-stop control strategy for RFH systems utilizing the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm based on indoor and outdoor temperatures. The proposed method is highly adaptable, computationally efficient, and straightforward to implement, making it particularly well-suited for application in existing buildings. Data were collected over two months from a building in Ansan, Korea, and analyzed using correlation coefficients to develop a time prediction model for system start-stop control. Validation was performed using a combined TRNSYS and Python simulation platform. The results demonstrate the proposed model's adaptability and efficacy, providing a simple and feasible alternative to conventional control strategies. The proposed model effectively reduces operational energy consumption by 29.67 % and achieves a 26.37 % thermal comfort increase compared to manually regulated systems.
{"title":"A simple and efficient machine-learning based approach for optimal heating control of radiant floor heating systems: Proposal and validation","authors":"Xiguan Liang ,&nbsp;Jisoo Shim ,&nbsp;Doosam Song","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiant Floor Heating (RFH) systems are increasingly favored for their comfort, efficiency, and energy-saving features. However, their large thermal inertia and dynamic delay pose challenges in maintaining thermal comfort and energy efficiency, particularly in intermittently used buildings. This study proposes an optimized start-stop control strategy for RFH systems utilizing the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm based on indoor and outdoor temperatures. The proposed method is highly adaptable, computationally efficient, and straightforward to implement, making it particularly well-suited for application in existing buildings. Data were collected over two months from a building in Ansan, Korea, and analyzed using correlation coefficients to develop a time prediction model for system start-stop control. Validation was performed using a combined TRNSYS and Python simulation platform. The results demonstrate the proposed model's adaptability and efficacy, providing a simple and feasible alternative to conventional control strategies. The proposed model effectively reduces operational energy consumption by 29.67 % and achieves a 26.37 % thermal comfort increase compared to manually regulated systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112666"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143403008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multi-performance coupled optimization drives low-carbon retrofitting of site museums
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112689
Shanshan Yao , Shugang Yu , Hu Cao , Wenbei Bi , Jiamin Zhang , Duo Zhang , Jingpeng Fu , Pingan Ni
As typical public buildings, site museums face the challenge of achieving low-carbon renovation while simultaneously addressing the dual objectives of preserving immovable cultural relics and providing a comfortable indoor thermal environment for visitors. This study proposes a multi-performance coupled prediction and optimization method tailored to the unique operational conditions of site museums and applies it two representative case studies of different scales (M1 and M2). Among the several predictive models examined, ANN and LGB are found to be better suited for this study, achieving R² values of 0.878 and 0.899 for M1, and 0.914 and 0.925 for M2. The optimal solution identified by the entropy weighting method led to a 24.23% improvement in indoor Daylighting Index (DLI) for M1, while the proportion of space where glare is effectively mitigated was increased by 63.35%. Simultaneously, the Thermal Comfort Hours (TCH) increased by 9.98%, and the Carbon Emission Intensity (ECI) per unit area decreased by 12.76%. For M2, the optimization solution resulted in a 17.76% improvement in TCH and a 13.63% reduction in ECI. Although the improvement in DLI was marginal at 0.21%, the space for enhancing Spatial Glare Autonomy (sGA) increased by 6.53%. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was employed for interpretability analysis, quantifying the interactions between renovation parameters. Sensitivity analysis revealed significant variations in the impact of design parameters on performance indicators, with results consistent with the SHAP analysis, thereby confirming the reliability of the findings. The approach proposed in this study can promote environmental enhancement in heritage preservation and contribute to achieving sustainable urban and social development goals.
{"title":"Multi-performance coupled optimization drives low-carbon retrofitting of site museums","authors":"Shanshan Yao ,&nbsp;Shugang Yu ,&nbsp;Hu Cao ,&nbsp;Wenbei Bi ,&nbsp;Jiamin Zhang ,&nbsp;Duo Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingpeng Fu ,&nbsp;Pingan Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As typical public buildings, site museums face the challenge of achieving low-carbon renovation while simultaneously addressing the dual objectives of preserving immovable cultural relics and providing a comfortable indoor thermal environment for visitors. This study proposes a multi-performance coupled prediction and optimization method tailored to the unique operational conditions of site museums and applies it two representative case studies of different scales (M1 and M2). Among the several predictive models examined, ANN and LGB are found to be better suited for this study, achieving R² values of 0.878 and 0.899 for M1, and 0.914 and 0.925 for M2. The optimal solution identified by the entropy weighting method led to a 24.23% improvement in indoor Daylighting Index (DLI) for M1, while the proportion of space where glare is effectively mitigated was increased by 63.35%. Simultaneously, the Thermal Comfort Hours (TCH) increased by 9.98%, and the Carbon Emission Intensity (ECI) per unit area decreased by 12.76%. For M2, the optimization solution resulted in a 17.76% improvement in TCH and a 13.63% reduction in ECI. Although the improvement in DLI was marginal at 0.21%, the space for enhancing Spatial Glare Autonomy (sGA) increased by 6.53%. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was employed for interpretability analysis, quantifying the interactions between renovation parameters. Sensitivity analysis revealed significant variations in the impact of design parameters on performance indicators, with results consistent with the SHAP analysis, thereby confirming the reliability of the findings. The approach proposed in this study can promote environmental enhancement in heritage preservation and contribute to achieving sustainable urban and social development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112689"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prediction model for personalized thermal comfort of indoor office workers based on non-skin contact wearable device
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112686
Guangyu Liu , Xi Luo , Junqi Yu , Yongkai Sun , Boyan Zhang
Air conditioning control strategies in office environments often fail to account for personal thermal comfort variations among office workers, which may lead to reduced thermal comfort and increased energy consumption. To improve the accuracy of thermal comfort predictions in office buildings, this research proposes a non-skin contact wearable device and an integrated thermal comfort prediction model. The model enhances device convenience by predicting skin temperature and humidity, using them as input parameters for the thermal comfort prediction model. Additionally, the model employs an improved beluga whale optimization (IBWO) algorithm to optimize model parameters and integrates random forest (RF) for feature selection. This approach improves the accuracy of thermal comfort predictions while reducing computational resource demands. The research findings are as follows: (1) Temperature and humidity measurements from wearable device positioned on the chest, shoulders, and back showed greater sensitivity and differentiation compared to measurements from the skin surface, with temperature features generally being more important than humidity. (2) When subjects were in neutral or cool thermal comfort states, their posture tended to be closer to the backrest, causing fluctuations in measurements from the back. (3) By using RF for feature selection and IBWO for model parameter optimization, the average accuracy of thermal comfort prediction improved by 17.04 %, the average F1-score increased by 15.04 %, and the average recall improved by 14.64 %. (4) In real office environment tests, the average accuracy of thermal comfort prediction for the subjects exceeded 98 %.
{"title":"Prediction model for personalized thermal comfort of indoor office workers based on non-skin contact wearable device","authors":"Guangyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xi Luo ,&nbsp;Junqi Yu ,&nbsp;Yongkai Sun ,&nbsp;Boyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air conditioning control strategies in office environments often fail to account for personal thermal comfort variations among office workers, which may lead to reduced thermal comfort and increased energy consumption. To improve the accuracy of thermal comfort predictions in office buildings, this research proposes a non-skin contact wearable device and an integrated thermal comfort prediction model. The model enhances device convenience by predicting skin temperature and humidity, using them as input parameters for the thermal comfort prediction model. Additionally, the model employs an improved beluga whale optimization (IBWO) algorithm to optimize model parameters and integrates random forest (RF) for feature selection. This approach improves the accuracy of thermal comfort predictions while reducing computational resource demands. The research findings are as follows: (1) Temperature and humidity measurements from wearable device positioned on the chest, shoulders, and back showed greater sensitivity and differentiation compared to measurements from the skin surface, with temperature features generally being more important than humidity. (2) When subjects were in neutral or cool thermal comfort states, their posture tended to be closer to the backrest, causing fluctuations in measurements from the back. (3) By using RF for feature selection and IBWO for model parameter optimization, the average accuracy of thermal comfort prediction improved by 17.04 %, the average F1-score increased by 15.04 %, and the average recall improved by 14.64 %. (4) In real office environment tests, the average accuracy of thermal comfort prediction for the subjects exceeded 98 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112686"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Working from home as an adaptation strategy to heat: Comparing temperatures and workers’ assessments for 203 offices and 107 homes
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112680
Amelie Bauer
This contribution considers whether working from home (WFH) can be an effective adaptation to increasing summer heat for office workers. The mixed-method study presents temperature data from 203 offices and 107 home workspaces in Southern Germany, along with survey data from >100 workers at both locations during a hot period in June 2023. Home workplaces had both lower mean temperatures and less occurrence of elevated temperatures or overheating (operationalised as degree hours above 26 °C and 30 °C) than passive offices. A comparison with mechanically cooled offices is offered, but should be interpreted cautiously due to the small N and energy saving measures being in place at the time. Measured temperatures had significant effects on workers’ perceived heat stress and productivity in a mixed-effects regression model. Individual variables age, gender, general activity level and general thermal preference were also explored. Barriers for WFH were explored through stakeholder interviews. We conclude that flexible WFH can be a means to protect workers’ health depending on the specific office and work situation, and could offer workers better adaptive options and potentially a slight psychological benefit.
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引用次数: 0
Contributions of ambient air, indoor activity, and an air purifier to classroom PM2.5 levels in three elementary schools
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112674
Subin Han , Jiwon Kang , Yongmi Park , Jinsoo Kim , Youn-Suk Son , Jae-Jin Kim , Wonsik Choi
Exposure to indoor air pollutants significantly impacts human health, particularly among students who are more susceptible to particulate matter than adults and spend substantial time in schools. This study explores the influence of ambient PM2.5 on in-classroom concentrations and assesses the extent to which in-class activities contribute to indoor PM2.5 levels, which is crucial for effective school air quality management. PM2.5 concentrations were monitored simultaneously inside classrooms and outdoors across elementary schools situated in three different environments. Outdoor CO concentrations, as a surrogate of fuel combustion sources around the schools, were also measured along with PM2.5 to examine the local emission sources. Additionally, the effects of atmospheric turbulence intensity on outdoor and in-classroom PM2.5 levels were investigated. In-classroom PM2.5 concentrations mirrored outdoor concentration variations but with time delays of 100 – 121 min during unoccupied periods. Mean CO and PM2.5 concentrations near the port, a significant emission source, were higher than those around the school, suggesting local air quality is influenced by wind patterns, as shown by a pollution rose analysis. Using multivariate regression based on a mass balance equation, we estimated the contributions of outdoor PM2.5 levels to in-class concentrations to be 77%. Additionally, ambient turbulence intensity strongly correlated with both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, with outdoor concentrations decreasing more conspicuously in response to stronger turbulence intensity than indoor levels, thereby raising the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios. These findings provide insights into managing in-classroom PM2.5 concentrations in schools by considering external pollution dynamics.
{"title":"Contributions of ambient air, indoor activity, and an air purifier to classroom PM2.5 levels in three elementary schools","authors":"Subin Han ,&nbsp;Jiwon Kang ,&nbsp;Yongmi Park ,&nbsp;Jinsoo Kim ,&nbsp;Youn-Suk Son ,&nbsp;Jae-Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Wonsik Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to indoor air pollutants significantly impacts human health, particularly among students who are more susceptible to particulate matter than adults and spend substantial time in schools. This study explores the influence of ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> on in-classroom concentrations and assesses the extent to which in-class activities contribute to indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels, which is crucial for effective school air quality management. PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were monitored simultaneously inside classrooms and outdoors across elementary schools situated in three different environments. Outdoor CO concentrations, as a surrogate of fuel combustion sources around the schools, were also measured along with PM<sub>2.5</sub> to examine the local emission sources. Additionally, the effects of atmospheric turbulence intensity on outdoor and in-classroom PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels were investigated. In-classroom PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations mirrored outdoor concentration variations but with time delays of 100 – 121 min during unoccupied periods. Mean CO and PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations near the port, a significant emission source, were higher than those around the school, suggesting local air quality is influenced by wind patterns, as shown by a pollution rose analysis. Using multivariate regression based on a mass balance equation, we estimated the contributions of outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels to in-class concentrations to be 77%. Additionally, ambient turbulence intensity strongly correlated with both indoor and outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, with outdoor concentrations decreasing more conspicuously in response to stronger turbulence intensity than indoor levels, thereby raising the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios. These findings provide insights into managing in-classroom PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in schools by considering external pollution dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112674"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of horizontal air curtains in reducing buoyancy-driven heat flux: Insights from small-scale saltwater experiments
IF 7.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112682
Yanlei Yu, Yunfei Xia, Yukun Xu, Lianjie He, Shichen Li, Jun Gao
Horizontal density stratification between climatically distinct environments results in buoyancy-driven flow through doorways, which significantly impacts building energy efficiency and controlled indoor environments. Horizontal air curtains, with jet flow paths along the doorway width, offer the potential to better match vertical thermal pressure distributions. This study investigated the effectiveness of such air curtains in reducing buoyancy-driven exchange flow using small-scale saltwater experiments. Particle image velocimetry and dye visualization techniques were used to examine the interactions between buoyancy-driven flow and plane jets. Results indicate that the top and bottom of the doorway, where the buoyancy-driven flow is more intense, require greater attention in the design of horizontal air curtains. Increasing the discharge velocity of the jet enhances the sealing structure formed, but intensifies shear generation and turbulent dissipation. Separation efficiency initially increases and subsequently stabilizes with the increase in discharge velocity. The deflection of the jet trajectory due to the horizontal density stratification can be effectively compensated by adjusting the discharge angles of the upper and lower segments. Recirculating horizontal air curtains can achieve a separation efficiency of up to 79 % with optimal segment parameters. A novel deflection modulus is proposed for horizontal air curtains. The negative power relationship between the Stanton number Stm and the deflection modulus Dmh provides a predictive framework for separation performance. These findings offer an experimental foundation for optimizing horizontal air curtains in scenarios involving horizontal density stratification, indicating their potential to improve building energy efficiency.
{"title":"Effectiveness of horizontal air curtains in reducing buoyancy-driven heat flux: Insights from small-scale saltwater experiments","authors":"Yanlei Yu,&nbsp;Yunfei Xia,&nbsp;Yukun Xu,&nbsp;Lianjie He,&nbsp;Shichen Li,&nbsp;Jun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Horizontal density stratification between climatically distinct environments results in buoyancy-driven flow through doorways, which significantly impacts building energy efficiency and controlled indoor environments. Horizontal air curtains, with jet flow paths along the doorway width, offer the potential to better match vertical thermal pressure distributions. This study investigated the effectiveness of such air curtains in reducing buoyancy-driven exchange flow using small-scale saltwater experiments. Particle image velocimetry and dye visualization techniques were used to examine the interactions between buoyancy-driven flow and plane jets. Results indicate that the top and bottom of the doorway, where the buoyancy-driven flow is more intense, require greater attention in the design of horizontal air curtains. Increasing the discharge velocity of the jet enhances the sealing structure formed, but intensifies shear generation and turbulent dissipation. Separation efficiency initially increases and subsequently stabilizes with the increase in discharge velocity. The deflection of the jet trajectory due to the horizontal density stratification can be effectively compensated by adjusting the discharge angles of the upper and lower segments. Recirculating horizontal air curtains can achieve a separation efficiency of up to 79 % with optimal segment parameters. A novel deflection modulus is proposed for horizontal air curtains. The negative power relationship between the Stanton number <em>St<sub>m</sub></em> and the deflection modulus <em>Dm</em><sub>h</sub> provides a predictive framework for separation performance. These findings offer an experimental foundation for optimizing horizontal air curtains in scenarios involving horizontal density stratification, indicating their potential to improve building energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 112682"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Building and Environment
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