Building and Environment最新文献_第5页

Physiological and perceptual responses of firefighters wearing protective clothing under various training environment and activity conditions 穿着防护服的消防员在各种训练环境和活动条件下的生理和知觉反应

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112247

Huijuan Xu , Lei Zhang , Zhao Jin , Bin Cao , Aobing Wang , Zhijian Liu , Faming Wang

To enhance operational capabilities of firefighters in live-fire scenarios, daily training is absolutely important which involves various types of training tasks in diverse thermal environments. Fire training in heat may impose severe heat stress on firefighters. Yet, the thermal burden associating with different training has rarely been studied. In this study, twelve healthy male firefighters performed 50 min of treadmill exercise while wearing firefighting protective clothing (FPC) in two environmental conditions (34 °C and 37 °C) with three training intensities (3 km/h, 4.5 km/h and 6 km/h). Results showed that in hot environments, training intensity exhibited a more pronounced effect on physiological responses than ambient temperature. Exposure to 37 °C with heavy activity produced high level of core temperature (38.8 ± 0.2 °C), near maximal heart rate (164±18 bpm), increased energy expenditure (27.10±1.42 ml/min/kg) coupled with mild dehydration (2.08%±0.35%). The forehead, back and chest which showed the highest level of thermal sensation vote, wetness sensation vote and thermal comfort vote are suggested to be primarily considered when designing cooling strategies. Moreover, when providing recovery and cooling for firefighters working in extreme heat while wearing fully encapsulated FPC, the priority should be given to work intensity and duration, followed by environmental conditions.

为了提高消防员在实弹射击场景中的作战能力，日常训练是绝对重要的，其中包括在不同热环境中执行各种类型的训练任务。高温下的消防训练可能会对消防员造成严重的热应力。然而，与不同训练相关的热负荷却鲜有研究。在这项研究中，12 名健康的男性消防员穿着消防防护服（FPC），在两种环境条件（34 ° C 和 37 ° C）和三种训练强度（3 公里/小时、4.5 公里/小时和 6 公里/小时）下进行了 50 分钟的跑步机运动。结果表明，在高温环境下，训练强度对生理反应的影响比环境温度更明显。在 37 °C的高温环境下进行大量活动，会产生较高的核心温度（38.8 ± 0.2 °C）、接近最大心率（164±18 bpm）、能量消耗增加（27.10±1.42 ml/min/kg）以及轻度脱水（2.08%±0.35%）。前额、后背和胸部的热感值、湿润感值和热舒适度值最高，建议在设计降温策略时主要考虑这三个部位。此外，在为穿着全封闭 FPC 在酷热条件下工作的消防员提供恢复和降温时，应优先考虑工作强度和持续时间，其次才是环境条件。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Explainable AI-driven high-fidelity IAQ prediction (HiFi-IAQ) model for subway stations: Spatiotemporal outdoor air quality interpolation using geographic data” 地铁站可解释人工智能驱动的高保真室内空气质量预测（HiFi-IAQ）模型》的更正：利用地理数据进行时空室外空气质量插值"

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112220

SangYoun Kim , Shahzeb Tariq , Roberto Chang , Usama Ali , Abdulrahman H. Ba-Alawi , SungKu Heo , ChangKyoo Yoo

引用次数: 0

An efficient thermal comfort prediction method for indoor airflow environment using a CFD-based deep learning model 使用基于 CFD 的深度学习模型的高效室内气流环境热舒适度预测方法

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112246

Tiantian Wang , Xiaoying Li , Yibin Lu , Lini Dong , Fangcheng Shi , Zhang Lin

Thermal comfort in indoor environments significantly affects human health and productivity, while there remains room for improvement in enhancing thermal comfort around individuals. This study proposed an efficient thermal comfort prediction method based on the Convolutional Neural Networks-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) model to rapidly and accurately assess indoor thermal comfort. As demonstrated with a high-speed train, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology is combined to establish the dataset. Five design parameters (the ratio and angle of the upper inlets, supply air temperature and humidity, and external temperature) and four evaluation indices (air velocity, air temperature, Predicted Mean Vote, and Draft Rate) are considered in assessing the accuracy of the method on the test dataset. The results indicate that CNN-LSTM achieves consistent and accurate predictive performance, with average mean absolute error (MAE) close to 0.01 m/s, 0.2 °C, 0.1, and 1.0. On the generalization test set, the predictive performance of CNN-LSTM decreases slightly, but the average of the determination coefficients (

R^{2}

) still approaches 0.89. The thermal comfort prediction method developed in this study demonstrates significant advantages in predictive performance, showing great potential for application in the construction of healthy and comfortable indoor environments in buildings, aircraft, subways, etc.

室内环境的热舒适度极大地影响着人类的健康和工作效率，而在提高个人周围的热舒适度方面仍有改进空间。本研究提出了一种基于卷积神经网络-长短期记忆（CNN-LSTM）模型的高效热舒适度预测方法，以快速、准确地评估室内热舒适度。以高速列车为例，结合计算流体动力学（CFD）技术建立了数据集。在评估该方法在测试数据集上的准确性时，考虑了五个设计参数（上进气口的比例和角度、送风温度和湿度以及外部温度）和四个评估指标（风速、风温、预测平均风量和牵风率）。结果表明，CNN-LSTM 实现了一致而准确的预测性能，平均绝对误差（MAE）接近 0.01 m/s、0.2 °C、0.1 和 1.0。在泛化测试集上，CNN-LSTM 的预测性能略有下降，但判定系数 (R2) 的平均值仍接近 0.89。本研究开发的热舒适度预测方法在预测性能方面具有显著优势，在建筑、飞机、地铁等健康舒适的室内环境建设中具有巨大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “A two-part model for evaluation of thermal neutrality for sleeping people” 对 "用于评估睡眠者热中立性的两部分模型 "的更正

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112224

Li Lan , Zhiqiang Zhai John , Zhiwei Lian

引用次数: 0

Stochastic model predictive control for the optimal operation of office buildings 办公楼优化运行的随机模型预测控制

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112248

Ning He , Jiawen Guo , Yanxin Li , Yubo Quan , Ruoxia Li , Liu Yang

This paper developed a novel stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy to enhance the operational efficiency of office buildings. Firstly, an improved state space model encompassing temperature and relative humidity simultaneously is developed to accurately characterize the thermal comfort condition within the office building. Then, given the obtained comprehensive model, a new SMPC approach is proposed based on chance constraints to minimize energy consumption while guaranteeing thermal comfort for occupants. Besides, the feasibility and stability properties of the SMPC are demonstrated theoretically. Finally, the proposed SMPC method is verified through a real office building located in Xi'an, China, and the result shows that compared to the conventional ONOFF and MPC control strategies, the SMPC can achieve 39.1 % and 33.3 % energy-saving and less temperature and relative humidity requirement violations.

本文开发了一种新颖的随机模型预测控制（SMPC）策略，以提高办公楼的运行效率。首先，建立了一个同时包含温度和相对湿度的改进状态空间模型，以准确描述办公楼内的热舒适状况。然后，根据所获得的综合模型，提出了一种基于机会约束的新的 SMPC 方法，以在保证居住者热舒适度的同时最大限度地降低能耗。此外，还从理论上论证了 SMPC 的可行性和稳定性。最后，通过位于中国西安的一栋真实办公楼对所提出的 SMPC 方法进行了验证，结果表明，与传统的 ONOFF 和 MPC 控制策略相比，SMPC 可分别实现 39.1% 和 33.3% 的节能效果，且较少违反温度和相对湿度要求。

引用次数: 0

Thermal physiological characteristics of the Xizang people in asymmetrical dressing exposures on the plateau 西藏人在高原不对称穿衣暴露中的热生理特征

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112252

Dongxue Zhao , Cong Song , Yanfeng Liu , Xiaoyun Wang

The Xizang people, living in the “Third Pole of the World,” have long-formed asymmetrical dressing habits that pose unique challenges to their physiological mechanisms. This study examined the physiological parameters of the Xizang people under symmetrical and various asymmetrical dressing angles to analyze the influence of these dressing styles on their thermal responses. Partial correlation analysis was used to further clarify the physiological thermal assessment indicator of the Xizang people. The results showed that, compared to symmetrical dressing, the Xizang people exhibited higher blood perfusion index and core temperature under asymmetrical dressing. In cold environments, those with symmetrical dressing had higher mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and relative activity ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic nervous system, indicating dominant sympathetic nerve activity. At an ambient temperature of 15 °C, the Xizang people demonstrated a mean skin temperature difference of 2.6 °C and a right wrist temperature difference of 4.5 °C between symmetrical and the asymmetrical dressing angle with 50° Skin temperature was identified as the physiological thermal assessment indicator for the Xizang people considering asymmetrical dressing styles. This study provided a physiological foundation for the accurate design of plateau built environments suitable for the Xizang people.

生活在 "世界第三极 "的西藏人有着长期形成的不对称穿衣习惯，这对他们的生理机制提出了独特的挑战。本研究考察了西藏人在对称和各种非对称着装角度下的生理参数，以分析这些着装方式对其热反应的影响。通过偏相关分析，进一步明确了西藏人的生理热评估指标。结果表明，与对称着装相比，西藏人在不对称着装下表现出更高的血液灌注指数和核心温度。在寒冷环境中，对称穿衣者的平均动脉压、心率和交感神经系统与副交感神经系统的相对活动比更高，表明交感神经活动占主导地位。在环境温度为 15 °C时，西藏人的平均皮肤温差为 2.6 °C，右腕温差为 4.5 °C，而穿衣角度为 50° 的对称和不对称穿衣方式的皮肤温差被确定为西藏人考虑不对称穿衣方式时的生理热评估指标。这项研究为准确设计适合西藏人的高原建筑环境提供了生理基础。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of microbial contamination and risk assessment model construction at critical public congregation areas of apartment buildings 公寓楼重要公共聚集区的微生物污染分析和风险评估模型构建

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112232

Xiaodong Wang , Yang Lv , Danyang Guo , Xianghao Duan

In the context of rapid urbanization, apartments have become the preferred living choice for many urban residents, bringing the microbial environment of public areas and its impact on residents' health into sharp focus. This study sampled airborne and settling microbes at key congregation points within apartment public areas, analyzed microbial community composition, and systematically assessed microbial risks during both static and dynamic stages. The results reveal that in the static phase, the airborne microbial population is dominated by Staphylococcus (740 CFU/m³), Lysinibacillus (650 CFU/m³), and Micrococcus (550 CFU/m³), while the settling microbial population is led by Staphylococcus (5658.8 CFU/(m²·h)), Micrococcus (4872.9 CFU/(m²·h)), and Lysinibacillus (2672.2 CFU/(m²·h)). The highest counts of airborne microbes were found in the stairwell (270 CFU/m³) during both phases, whereas settling microbes peaked at the apartment entrance (3615.4 CFU/(m²·h)) in the static phase and in the elevator car (15,247.4 CFU/(m²·h)) during the dynamic phase. Further biodiversity analysis results showed that the elevator car had higher diversity during both the morning and evening peaks in the dynamic phase, indicating that pedestrian flow significantly impacts the composition of the microbial community. A mathematical model was also developed to evaluate microbial hazards. The model reveals the elevator car having the highest microbial risk during dynamic phase, with an 18.2% higher risk in the evening peak compared to the morning. This study provides a scientific basis for microbial risk management, environmental design optimization, and disease prevention strategies in public areas of apartment buildings, which will help improve residents' living environment.

在快速城市化的背景下，公寓已成为许多城市居民的首选居住地，这使公共区域的微生物环境及其对居民健康的影响成为人们关注的焦点。本研究在公寓公共区域的关键聚集点对空气传播和沉降微生物进行采样，分析微生物群落组成，并系统评估静态和动态阶段的微生物风险。结果显示，在静态阶段，空气中的微生物种群以葡萄球菌（740 CFU/m³）、赖氨巴氏杆菌（650 CFU/m³）和微球菌（550 CFU/m³）为主，而沉降微生物种群则以葡萄球菌（5658.8 CFU/（m²-h））、微球菌（4872.9 CFU/（m²-h））和赖氨酸杆菌（2672.2 CFU/（m²-h））。在这两个阶段中，楼梯间的空气传播微生物数量最高（270 CFU/m³），而沉降微生物在静态阶段的公寓入口（3615.4 CFU/（m²-h））和动态阶段的电梯轿厢（15247.4 CFU/（m²-h））达到高峰。进一步的生物多样性分析结果表明，在动态阶段的早晚高峰期，电梯轿厢内的生物多样性较高，这表明人流对微生物群落的组成有很大影响。此外，还建立了一个数学模型来评估微生物危害。模型显示，电梯轿厢在动态阶段的微生物风险最高，晚高峰的风险比上午高出 18.2%。这项研究为公寓楼公共区域的微生物风险管理、环境设计优化和疾病预防策略提供了科学依据，有助于改善居民的生活环境。

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引用次数: 0

Source term estimation of a time-varying source around a building based on Bayesian inference and unsteady adjoint equations 基于贝叶斯推理和非稳态邻接方程的建筑物周围时变源的源项估计

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112251

Yiping Lin, Hong Huang, Xiaole Zhang

In actual pollutant dispersion accidents, the location of the source is typically concealed and the intensity of the source varies with time. It is important to accurately estimate source parameters based on limited sensor data. However, previous studies were based on the assumption of stabilized sources and concentration fields, and ignored the process of sensor concentration changes over time, which affects the accuracy of the estimation. Therefore, this study applied a source term estimation (STE) method which combines the Bayesian inference method with unsteady adjoint equations to a time-varying source around building. The influences of the release forms, locations, and heights of the source were analyzed from the flow field and transient stage perspectives. We found that the estimation of the time-varying source performed worse than that of the constant source assumed in existing studies. The uncertainty of the estimated results increased with the complexity of the release forms of the source. In particular, the estimation of the location and strength of the period source had a wider probability distribution, higher uncertainty, and was more susceptible to changes in source location and height. The results showed that for time-varying sources, the estimated results fluctuated strongly over time with the pre-developmental and stabilization phases, and it was critical to estimate the source term based on sensor data at various time points.

在实际的污染物扩散事故中，污染源的位置通常是隐蔽的，而且污染源的强度随时间而变化。根据有限的传感器数据准确估算污染源参数非常重要。然而，以往的研究都是基于稳定源和浓度场的假设，忽略了传感器浓度随时间变化的过程，从而影响了估算的准确性。因此，本研究将贝叶斯推理方法与非稳态邻接方程相结合的源项估计（STE）方法应用于建筑物周围的时变源。从流场和瞬态阶段的角度分析了源的释放形式、位置和高度的影响。我们发现，时变源的估算结果比现有研究中假设的恒定源的估算结果要差。估算结果的不确定性随着源释放形式的复杂性而增加。特别是，对周期源的位置和强度的估计具有更广泛的概率分布和更高的不确定性，并且更容易受到源位置和高度变化的影响。结果表明，对于时变源，估算结果随着时间的推移，在前期发展阶段和稳定阶段波动较大，因此根据不同时间点的传感器数据估算源项至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of future climate scenarios on thermal performance and resilience of building façades: Canadian climate case study 未来气候情景对建筑外墙热性能和复原力的影响：加拿大气候案例研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112245

Shahrzad Soudian, Umberto Berardi

Buildings in urban areas are responsible for a significant share of GHG emissions that directly contribute to climate change. Nevertheless, the built environment is vulnerable to the changing climate. Particularly, the unpredictable weather threatens the performance of building components, durability of building materials, and indoor environmental comfort. In this study, the impact of future climate on thermal performance of building façades in the Canadian climate is investigated using simulation analysis. To account for different climate conditions, three future weather scenarios pertaining to global temperature rise of 0.5 °C, 1.5 °C, and 2.5 °C were compared with historical weather data. Both hourly and Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data were studied. The results, including thermal transmittance, heat flux, moisture content, and façade temperature were compared. This comparison could show the applicability of using averaged TMY data compared to the large hourly dataset. The results show a pattern of change in the façade's thermal and hygrothermal performance as temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation norms change in both seasons. The comparison between the TMY and the Yearly data showed an underestimation of heat transfer within the façade when the TMY data is used. The historical TMY data results showed the inadequacy of this weather file for climate impact assessments of facades in both summer and winter. The approach used in this study can be repeated for different climate conditions, acting as a tool to design façades and predict their performance in face of a changing climate.

在直接导致气候变化的温室气体排放中，城市地区的建筑物占了很大一部分。然而，建筑环境很容易受到气候变化的影响。特别是，不可预测的天气威胁着建筑部件的性能、建筑材料的耐久性和室内环境的舒适性。本研究采用模拟分析方法，研究了未来气候对加拿大气候下建筑外墙热性能的影响。为了考虑不同的气候条件，我们将全球气温上升 0.5 ℃、1.5 ℃ 和 2.5 ℃ 的三种未来天气情况与历史天气数据进行了比较。研究了每小时和典型气象年（TMY）的天气数据。比较的结果包括热透射率、热通量、含水率和外墙温度。这种比较可以说明，与大型小时数据集相比，使用平均 TMY 数据的适用性。结果表明，随着两季温度、相对湿度和太阳辐射标准的变化，幕墙的热性能和湿热性能也会发生变化。TMY 和年数据之间的比较显示，使用 TMY 数据时，幕墙内部的热传递被低估了。TMY 的历史数据结果表明，该天气文件不足以对建筑外墙进行夏季和冬季气候影响评估。本研究中使用的方法可在不同气候条件下重复使用，可作为面对不断变化的气候进行外墙设计和性能预测的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evaluations of Berkeley thermal sensation and comfort models in electric vehicle cabin under cold outdoor conditions 寒冷室外条件下电动汽车车厢内伯克利热感觉和舒适度模型的实验评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112231

Gineesh Gopi , Woogeun Kim , Youngseok Lee , Chungwon Cho , Jung Kyung Kim

As the automobile industry is transitioning toward electric vehicles, manufacturers have started implementing local warmers alongside cabin heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for effective thermal comfort management. However, optimal operating strategies need to be developed for integrating local warmers with HVAC systems. Although the Berkeley models comprising local/overall thermal sensation and comfort models offer insights in this regard, they lack follow-up assessments for occupants transitioning from very cold states. In this study, Berkeley models were evaluated using two sets of experimental data collected in a transient vehicle cabin under cold outdoor conditions: test (A) with cabin HVAC alone and test (B) with both HVAC and local warmers. The findings confirm the satisfactory performances of the Berkeley models for predicting overall sensation and comfort, with a maximum root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.15. The local comfort model performed poorly with the original coefficients across both datasets (maximum RMSE of 1.96). Therefore, the model coefficients were regressed for the dataset from test A and validated against the dataset from test B to achieve a maximum RMSE of 0.49. With these regressed coefficients, it was observed that moving toward a neutral whole-body state diminished the potential to maximize local comfort. Conversely, the local sensation model showed poor agreement (maximum RMSE of 1.9); we confirmed that accurate adaptive setpoint temperatures are a prerequisite for ensuring good predictions from the model. These findings are expected to contribute toward future efforts in using Berkeley models to formulate effective local warmer–HVAC operational strategies in electric vehicles.

随着汽车行业向电动汽车过渡，制造商开始在车厢加热、通风和空调（HVAC）系统旁安装局部加热器，以实现有效的热舒适管理。然而，需要制定最佳的操作策略，将局部加热器与 HVAC 系统集成在一起。虽然由局部/整体热感觉和舒适度模型组成的伯克利模型在这方面提供了见解，但它们缺乏对从极冷状态过渡到极冷状态的乘员的后续评估。在这项研究中，伯克利模型使用了在寒冷室外条件下的瞬态车厢内收集的两组实验数据进行评估：测试（A）仅使用车厢内的暖通空调系统，测试（B）同时使用暖通空调系统和局部加热器。结果证实，伯克利模型在预测整体感觉和舒适度方面表现令人满意，最大均方根误差（RMSE）为 0.15。局部舒适度模型在两个数据集中的原始系数表现不佳（最大均方根误差为 1.96）。因此，对测试 A 的数据集进行了模型系数回归，并根据测试 B 的数据集进行了验证，结果最大 RMSE 为 0.49。通过这些回归系数可以发现，向中性全身状态发展会降低局部舒适度最大化的潜力。相反，局部感觉模型的一致性较差（最大均方根误差为 1.9）；我们证实，准确的自适应设定点温度是确保模型良好预测的先决条件。预计这些发现将有助于未来使用伯克利模型为电动汽车制定有效的本地暖风空调运行策略。

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引用次数: 0