Building and Environment最新文献_第2页

Exploring the effect of clothing moisture content on heat and moisture transfer from the human body using a sweating thermal manikin 利用出汗热敏人体模型探索衣物含水量对人体热量和水分传递的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112299

Cheng Zhao , Yichen Yu , Jianlei Niu , Yiying Zhou , Jintu Fan

Evaporative heat loss is an important component of the human body's energy balance and several developed thermal comfort models are available to assess heat and mass transfer during human sweating. However, the impact of sweat-soaked clothing due to human perspiration on heat and moisture transfer from the body remains understudied. In this study, the thermal and moisture properties of typical summer clothing were evaluated and moisture adsorption and desorption curves were obtained. The heat losses of the human body in different sweating states were compared using a sweating thermal manikin. It was found that the clothing moisture content and the clothing coverage ratio had a significant effect on the human body heat loss. As the sweating rate increases, additional resistances of the sweat moisture transfer will be added in the sweat-soaked clothing, which would adversely affect the skin temperature. The results show that the total thermal resistance of fully wetted clothing decreased by an average of almost 30% compared to dry clothing ensembles. To account for such differences, the clothing thermal and evaporative resistance, along with the temperature and vapor pressure at varying moisture contents were evaluated and predicted with empirical equations. This enables integrating a dynamic heat and moisture transfer model for the sweat-soaked clothing into a prevailing thermo-physiological model. Accounting for real clothing physical parameters is vital when evaluating thermal comfort in hot and humid weather conditions.

蒸发热损失是人体能量平衡的一个重要组成部分，目前已有多个已开发的热舒适模型可用于评估人体出汗时的热量和质量传递。然而，汗水浸湿衣物对人体热量和湿度传递的影响仍未得到充分研究。本研究评估了典型夏装的热和湿特性，并获得了湿气吸附和解吸曲线。使用出汗热人体模型比较了人体在不同出汗状态下的热损失。结果发现，衣物含水量和衣物覆盖率对人体热量损失有显著影响。随着出汗率的增加，被汗水浸湿的衣服会增加汗水湿度传递的阻力，从而对皮肤温度产生不利影响。结果显示，与干爽的服装组合相比，完全湿透的服装的总热阻平均降低了近 30%。为了解释这种差异，使用经验公式对不同含水量下的衣物热阻和蒸发阻以及温度和蒸汽压进行了评估和预测。这样就可以将汗水浸湿衣物的动态热量和湿度传递模型整合到当前的热生理学模型中。在评估湿热天气条件下的热舒适度时，考虑真实的衣物物理参数至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Comparison of the performance of local skin temperatures in evaluating overall thermal comfort at normal room temperatures 比较局部皮肤温度在评估正常室温下整体热舒适度方面的性能

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112296

Siyi Li , Jun Xu , Weiwei Liu , Zhiliang Wang

Local skin temperature is considered to be a potential physiological parameter for thermal comfort evaluation. However, which parts are more suitable for thermal comfort evaluation still needs further investigation. In this study, 20 seated subjects were recruited for thermal comfort and skin temperature monitoring experiments conducted in a climate chamber during winter and summer. The experimental temperatures in winter and summer were 12 °C–24 °C and 24 °C–32 °C, respectively. Thermal comfort evaluation models were developed for the local skin temperature of eight parts via the Fisher discriminant analysis. The performance of the developed models was evaluated using precision and false negative rate (FNR). The results indicated that the skin temperatures of the back of the left hand, left wrist, and left forearm had higher precision for thermal comfort evaluation than those of other parts, whereas the FNR was lower than in the other parts, which were suitable for thermal comfort evaluation. The skin temperature of the left chest had the lowest precision and the highest FNR, making it unsuitable for thermal comfort evaluation. By reasonably selecting body parts, the use of single-point skin temperature to evaluate thermal comfort was better than the use of the mean skin temperature.

局部皮肤温度被认为是热舒适度评估的潜在生理参数。然而，哪些部位更适合用于热舒适度评估仍需进一步研究。本研究招募了 20 名坐位受试者，在气候箱中进行冬夏两季的热舒适度和皮肤温度监测实验。冬季和夏季的实验温度分别为 12 ℃-24 ℃ 和 24 ℃-32 ℃。通过费舍尔判别分析，为八个部位的局部皮肤温度建立了热舒适度评估模型。使用精确度和假阴性率（FNR）对所开发模型的性能进行了评估。结果表明，左手背、左手腕和左前臂皮肤温度的热舒适度评价精确度高于其他部位，而假阴性率则低于其他部位，适合用于热舒适度评价。左胸部皮肤温度的精确度最低，FNR 最高，不适合进行热舒适度评估。通过合理选择身体部位，使用单点皮肤温度评估热舒适度比使用平均皮肤温度更好。

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引用次数: 0

Mathematical modeling of gas-phase mass transfer in hydrous materials for a total heat exchange ventilator 用于全热交换通风器的含水材料气相传质数学模型

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112291

Xin Wang , Hajime Sotokawa , Taisaku Gomyo , Sung-Jun Yoo , Juyeon Chung , Kazuhide Ito

Total heat exchange ventilation systems are effective in achieving energy savings by reducing the ventilation load in buildings, while maintaining a certain amount of fresh outdoor air intake. As the system's elemental materials exchange both latent and sensible heat, hydrophilic chemical compounds may be exchanged simultaneously. Proper control of the exchange of hazardous chemicals and pollutants via these heat exchange elements is an important issue in the development of total heat exchange ventilation systems. In this respect, the development of a numerical model that facilitates repeated sensitivity analysis is important in the development of a new total heat exchanger that has high heat exchange efficiency and suppresses the exchange of polluting chemicals. This study proposes new hygrothermal and chemical compound transfer models for paper-based hydrous materials, which are the main components of total heat exchangers in indoor ventilation systems. Through a series of numerical analyses and experimental measurements, the prediction accuracy of the mathematical model was compared with experimental results for the gas transfer rate in hydrous materials and a building-sized total heat exchanger. The results demonstrated that an increase in water content in hydrous material has a significant impact on the permeability of water-soluble gases, with NH₃ and HCHO permeability coefficients increasing by factors of 250 and 20 respectively. Conversely, for low-solubility gases such as CO₂, the permeability coefficient only slightly increased at low humidity and remained largely unaffected thereafter. These findings contribute to the advancement of more efficient and safer total heat exchange ventilation systems.

全热交换通风系统在保持一定的室外新鲜空气吸入量的同时，还能减少建筑物的通风负荷，从而有效地节约能源。由于系统的元素材料可以交换潜热和显热，亲水性化合物也可以同时交换。在开发全热交换通风系统时，一个重要的问题就是要适当控制通过这些热交换元件交换的有害化学物质和污染物。在这方面，建立一个便于反复进行敏感性分析的数值模型，对于开发具有高热交换效率和抑制污染化学物质交换的新型全热交换器非常重要。本研究针对室内通风系统中全热交换器的主要组成部分--纸基含水材料，提出了新的湿热和化学复合传质模型。通过一系列数值分析和实验测量，将数学模型的预测精度与含水材料和建筑规模全热交换器中气体传输速率的实验结果进行了比较。结果表明，含水材料中水含量的增加对水溶性气体的渗透性有显著影响，NH3 和 HCHO 的渗透系数分别增加了 250 倍和 20 倍。相反，对于二氧化碳等低溶解度气体，渗透系数在低湿度时仅略有增加，此后基本不受影响。这些发现有助于开发更高效、更安全的全热交换通风系统。

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引用次数: 0

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nearly Zero-Carbon Office Buildings in Taiwan 台湾近零碳办公建筑的成本效益分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112270

Chia-Ju Yen , Hsien-Te Lin , Kuei-Peng Lee

The formulation of an affordable and economically-feasible policy for nearly zero-carbon building design is a challenge that countries encounter in promoting net-zero building. In 2022, Taiwan promulgated Building Energy Rating System (BERS), the world's first building energy efficiency assessment system tailored for subtropical climates, as a basis for evaluating its goal of achieving nearly zero-carbon buildings by 2050. However, whether this nearly zero-carbon building policy is financially feasible has remained unknown to the government and the industry. To address the issue, the objective of the paper is to conduct a cost-benefit and payback period analysis of newly constructed nearly zero-carbon office buildings in accordance with the Building Energy-efficiency Rating System for New Buildings (BERSn) assessment framework, and thereby examines the financial affordability and feasibility of Taiwan's net-zero building policies.

Firstly, this study introduces existing building energy performance evaluation methods in Europe, America, and Japan, and explains the methodology of Taiwan's Building Energy Rating System (BERS). The paper then reviews international Cost-Benefit Analyses of Nearly Zero Energy Office Buildings and parallelly conducts a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Nearly Zero-Carbon Office Buildings in Taiwan. Following the BERS methodology, this paper identifies the baseline efficiency level and the Nearly Zero-Carbon Building (NZCB) efficiency level, along with their associated solutions and investment costs, for air conditioning and lighting systems. In this study, a questionnaire survey of 28 experts identifies the air conditioning unit costs of Basic Mechanical Equipment Efficiency (BME) and energy-saving control technologies (R) for energy-efficient design of Fan Coil Unit (FCU), Air Handling Unit (AHU), and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system. Accordingly, 33 air conditioning design solutions and their corresponding construction costs complying with the BERSn requirements of EAC≦0.5 for nearly-zero carbon office buildings are identified. Regarding the nearly zero-carbon lighting design, the simulations reveal that the use of LED panel luminaires or T8 LED luminaires (including those with energy-saving labels) can achieve an average operational lighting illuminance of 500 LUX and the BERSn requirements of EL ≤ 0.5 for lighting. Finally, the study further analyzes the payback period and premium cost ratio of NZCB by employing the budget data of seven building projects. The analysis shows that the premium cost ratio and the payback period of NZCB range from 1.33%-1.50% and 6.4-7.7 years, respectively. The results demonstrate that while a higher budget is commonly associated with NZCB by the public, it is in fact economically and technologically feasible to realize NZCB with prevailing energy-efficient measures.

如何为近零碳建筑设计制定可负担且经济可行的政策，是各国在推广净零碳建筑时面临的挑战。2022 年，台湾颁布了全球首个针对亚热带气候的建筑能效评估系统--建筑能效分级系统（BERS），作为评估其在 2050 年实现近零碳建筑目标的基础。然而，这一近零碳建筑政策在财政上是否可行，政府和业界一直不得而知。针对此问题，本文旨在根据新建建筑能源效率分级系统（BERSn）评估框架，对新建的近零碳办公建筑进行成本效益和投资回收期分析，从而检验台湾净零碳建筑政策的财务承受能力和可行性。本文首先介绍了欧美和日本现有的建筑能效评估方法，并解释了台湾建筑能效分级系统（BERS）的方法，然后回顾了国际上对近零能耗办公建筑的成本效益分析，并同时对台湾的近零碳办公建筑进行了成本效益分析。根据 BERS 方法，本文确定了空调和照明系统的基准能效水平和近零碳建筑（NZCB）能效水平，以及与之相关的解决方案和投资成本。本研究对 28 位专家进行了问卷调查，确定了风机盘管机组 (FCU)、空气处理机组 (AHU) 和变制冷剂流量 (VRF) 系统节能设计所需的基本机械设备效率 (BME) 和节能控制技术 (R) 的空调单位成本。因此，确定了 33 个空调设计方案及其相应的建筑成本，这些方案均符合 BERSn 对近零碳办公建筑 EAC≦0.5 的要求。在近零碳照明设计方面，模拟结果表明，使用 LED 面板灯具或 T8 LED 灯具（包括带有节能标签的灯具）可实现 500 LUX 的平均工作照明照度，并满足 BERSn 对照明 EL ≤ 0.5 的要求。最后，研究通过七个建筑项目的预算数据，进一步分析了 NZCB 的投资回收期和溢价成本率。分析结果表明，NZCB 的溢价成本率和投资回收期分别为 1.33%-1.50% 和 6.4-7.7 年。结果表明，虽然公众通常将较高的预算与 NZCB 联系在一起，但事实上，采用现有的节能措施实现 NZCB 在经济和技术上都是可行的。

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引用次数: 0

Machine Learning to speed up Computational Fluid Dynamics engineering simulations for built environments: A review 机器学习加速建筑环境的计算流体力学工程模拟：综述

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112229

Clément Caron , Philippe Lauret , Alain Bastide

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a valuable tool in designing built environments, enhancing comfort, health, energy efficiency, and safety in both indoor and outdoor applications. Nevertheless, the time required for CFD computations still needs to be reduced for engineering studies. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) techniques offer a promising avenue for developing fast-running data-driven models for physics-related phenomena. As scientific machine learning (SciML) research increasingly focuses on efficiently coupling ML and CFD techniques, this literature review highlights the growing number of applications in the built environment field to accelerate CFD simulations. This work aims to identify emerging trends and challenges in incorporating ML techniques into built environment flow simulations to foster further advancements in this domain. The prevailing approaches are direct surrogate modeling and reduced-order models (ROMs). Both approaches increasingly rely on deep learning architectures based on neural networks. The reviewed studies reported computational time gains of several orders of magnitude in specific scenarios while maintaining reasonable accuracy. However, several challenges remain, such as improving models’ generalizability and interpretability, enhancing methodology scalability, and reducing the computational cost of developing the models. Efforts are underway to address more complex cases with advanced SciML techniques. Notably, incorporating physics into the learning process and hybridizing CFD solvers with data-driven models merit further investigation. The exploration of these approaches represents a crucial step toward the deployment of reliable models that enable fast design for built environment engineering studies.

计算流体动力学（CFD）是设计建筑环境的重要工具，可提高室内外应用的舒适度、健康、能效和安全性。然而，工程研究仍需缩短 CFD 计算所需的时间。机器学习（ML）技术的最新进展为针对物理相关现象开发快速运行的数据驱动模型提供了一条大有可为的途径。随着科学机器学习（SciML）研究越来越关注 ML 与 CFD 技术的高效耦合，本文献综述重点介绍了建筑环境领域在加速 CFD 模拟方面日益增多的应用。这项工作旨在确定将 ML 技术融入建筑环境流动模拟的新兴趋势和挑战，以促进该领域的进一步发展。目前流行的方法是直接代理建模和降阶模型（ROM）。这两种方法都越来越依赖于基于神经网络的深度学习架构。所审查的研究报告称，在特定情况下，计算时间可提高几个数量级，同时保持合理的精度。然而，一些挑战依然存在，例如提高模型的通用性和可解释性、增强方法的可扩展性以及降低开发模型的计算成本。目前正在努力利用先进的 SciML 技术解决更复杂的情况。值得注意的是，将物理学纳入学习过程，以及将 CFD 求解器与数据驱动模型混合，都值得进一步研究。对这些方法的探索是朝着部署可靠的模型迈出的关键一步，这些模型可为建筑环境工程研究提供快速设计。

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引用次数: 0

Variability in thermal comfort and behavior of elderly individuals with different levels of frailty in residential buildings during winter 不同体弱程度的老年人冬季在住宅楼中的热舒适度和行为变化

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112290

Haixia Zhou , Wei Yu , Shen Wei , Keyao Zhao , Hanyu Shan , Song Zheng , Lei Guo , Yan Zhang

Research on the indoor thermal comfort of elderly individuals has become increasingly detailed, yet studies focusing on the impact of health levels on elderly thermal comfort are still relatively scarce. Due to aging and various chronic diseases, elderly individuals exhibit different physical states, affecting their physiological regulatory functions in response to thermal environmental changes. This study aimed to validate the impact of health levels on elderly thermal comfort and behavior during winter, by employing the Fried frailty assessment method. A survey was conducted in the HSCW regions of China, gathering 1437 valid questionnaires. The analysis revealed that frailty significantly impacts the winter thermal comfort and behavior of the elderly. Specific findings include: 1) Frailer elderly individuals express greater complaints about indoor environments; 2) Frailer elderly are more dependent on heating devices; 3) Frailer elderly have higher rates of closing windows with higher T_out prompting window closure. The T_out prompting non-frailty elderly to completely close windows is 8.1 °C, while for pre-frail and frail elderly, it is 16.7 °C and 16.0 °C, respectively; 4) Frailer elderly individuals exhibit higher I_cl, with median values of 1.56 clo for non-frail, 1.68 clo for pre-frail, and 1.71 clo for frail elderly; 5) Frailer elderly individuals have lower MR daily, with median metabolic rates of 1.71 met for non-frail, 1.42 met for pre-frail, and 1.17 met for frail. This study found that the level of frailty significantly impacts the winter thermal comfort and behavior of the elderly and should be considered in future elderly-friendly architectural designs.

有关老年人室内热舒适度的研究已经越来越详细，但侧重于健康水平对老年人热舒适度影响的研究仍然相对较少。由于衰老和各种慢性疾病，老年人会表现出不同的身体状态，影响其对热环境变化的生理调节功能。本研究旨在通过弗里德虚弱评估方法，验证健康水平对老年人冬季热舒适度和行为的影响。研究在中国的高寒缺氧地区进行了一项调查，共收集到 1437 份有效问卷。分析结果表明，虚弱程度对老年人的冬季热舒适度和行为有显著影响。具体发现包括1）体弱老人对室内环境的抱怨更多；2）体弱老人对取暖设备的依赖性更高；3）体弱老人的关窗率更高，提示关窗的Tout更高。提示非体弱老人完全关窗的 Tout 为 8.1 °C，而提示未体弱老人和体弱老人关窗的 Tout 分别为 16.7 °C和 16.0 °C；4）体弱老人的 Icl 值较高，非体弱老人的中值为 1.56 clo，失智老人为 1.68 clo，体弱老人为 1.71 clo；5）体弱老人每天的 MR 值较低，失智老人的代谢率中位数为 1.71 met，失智老人为 1.42 met，体弱老人为 1.17 met。这项研究发现，体弱程度会严重影响老年人的冬季热舒适度和行为，因此在未来的老年人友好型建筑设计中应加以考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Towards resilient communities: Evaluating the nonlinear impact of the built environment on COVID-19 transmission risk in residential areas 建设具有抗灾能力的社区：评估建筑环境对居住区 COVID-19 传播风险的非线性影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112289

Weiqi Guo , Jingwei Wang , Xiaoyu Liu , Zhenyu Pan , Rui Zhuang , Chunying Li , Haida Tang

Reflections on urban epidemics often drive improvements in the resilience of the built environment. However, the assessment regarding the nonlinear influence of the community environment on the spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inadequate. This study analyzed the influential mechanism of built environment factors on the epidemic risk in residential areas, using Shanghai as a case study. During the lockdown in April 2022, Shanghai reported daily data on COVID-19 outbreaks in residential areas, amounting to a total of 90,324 entries. Based on a GIS-based grid analysis approach, we employed a Random Forest (RF) model and a Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model to investigate the marginal effects and spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors on the mean count of COVID-19 outbreak days (MC) in residential areas within each grid zone. The results show that the value of MC forms a ring-mountain distribution surrounding the city's outer ring road. The RF model (R² = 0.57) demonstrates that the house price, population density, family number, and the standard deviation of building height (BH_SD) significantly correlated with MC, with the relative importance of 25 %, 13 %, 11 %, and 6 %, respectively. The MGWR model (R² = 0.63) highlights the spatial heterogeneity of family number, house age, house price, property fee, and delivery density. We also found that property fee and green rate were negatively correlated with the MC. These findings help improve responses to public health emergencies and create more resilient communities to cope with pandemics.

对城市流行病的反思往往会推动建筑环境复原力的改善。然而，关于社区环境对 2019 年科罗纳病毒病（COVID-19）传播的非线性影响的评估还不够充分。本研究以上海为例，分析了建筑环境因素对居民区疫情风险的影响机制。在2022年4月封锁期间，上海每日上报的居民区COVID-19疫情数据共计90324条。基于地理信息系统（GIS）的网格分析方法，我们采用随机森林（RF）模型和多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）模型，研究了环境因素对每个网格区内居民区 COVID-19 暴发日平均计数（MC）的边际效应和空间异质性。结果表明，MC 值在城市外环路周围形成环山分布。RF 模型（R² = 0.57）表明，房价、人口密度、家庭数量和建筑高度标准偏差（BH_SD）与 MC 显著相关，相对重要性分别为 25%、13%、11% 和 6%。MGWR 模型（R² = 0.63）突出了家庭数量、房龄、房价、物业费和交付密度的空间异质性。我们还发现，物业费和绿化率与管委会呈负相关。这些发现有助于改善公共卫生突发事件的应对措施，并创建更具复原力的社区来应对流行病。

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引用次数: 0

Kinetic analysis of TCPP emission from fireproofed upholstered furniture under realistic indoor conditions 在现实室内条件下防火软垫家具排放 TCPP 的动力学分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112286

Herve Plaisance , Gaëlle Raffy , Barbara Le Bot , Emilie Bossanne , Clemence Rawas , Pierre Cardin , Valerie Desauziers

Better understanding the characteristics and mechanisms governing the indoor emissions of organophosphorus flame-retardants is important to more accurately estimate the human exposure to these compounds and develop risk management strategies that protect human health. This study provides an analysis of short- and long-term trends in Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) emissions from furniture. It is based on the monitoring over a period of almost one year of TCPP concentrations in indoor air and at the surface of a source material (upholstered furniture made of polyurethane (PU) foam containing TCPP) in two rooms for office use. The emission rate was estimated at 8 µg.m^-2.h^-1 in average with no decline trend observed after about one year's emission. The released mass of TCPP over one year represented about 0.2 % of the initial content of TCPP in the material (2 % w/w). The source material/air partition coefficient (K_ma) and its dependence on temperature appear to be the key parameters which control the emission rate. K_ma was estimated at 8 × 10⁷ for a temperature of 23 °C. The temperature dependence of K_ma was addressed using the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship and the enthalpy of partitioning between the source material and air, ΔH_ma (previously estimated at 91 kJ mol⁻¹). This study led to the development of a model providing predictions on the long-term trend in TCPP emission from the source material. The simulations showed that the emission should persist over extended periods (several years) with the same intensity level. This characteristic increases the risks associated with inhalation exposure to TCPP.

更好地了解有机磷阻燃剂室内排放的特性和机制，对于更准确地估计人类与这些化合物的接触程度以及制定保护人类健康的风险管理策略非常重要。本研究分析了家具中磷酸三（氯丙基）酯 (TCPP) 排放的短期和长期趋势。该研究基于对两间办公室的室内空气和源材料（由含有 TCPP 的聚氨酯 (PU) 泡沫制成的软垫家具）表面的 TCPP 浓度进行的近一年的监测。估计平均排放率为 8 微克.米-2.小时-1，排放约一年后未观察到下降趋势。一年内释放的 TCPP 质量约占材料中 TCPP 初始含量（2% w/w）的 0.2%。源材料/空气分配系数（Kma）及其与温度的关系似乎是控制排放率的关键参数。在温度为 23 °C 时，Kma 估计为 8 × 107。利用克劳修斯-克拉皮隆关系和源材料与空气之间的分配焓 ΔHma（以前估计为 91 kJ mol-1），解决了 Kma 的温度依赖性问题。这项研究开发了一个模型，可预测源材料中 TCPP 排放的长期趋势。模拟结果表明，排放应在较长时期（数年）内保持相同的强度水平。这一特性增加了吸入暴露于 TCPP 的相关风险。

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引用次数: 0

Indoor comfort domains and well-being of older adults in residential settings: A scoping review 居住环境中老年人的室内舒适度和幸福感：范围界定审查

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112268

Yijun Chen , Federico Wulff , Sam Clark , Junjie Huang

This study provides a comprehensive scoping review of the literature on the well-being of residential environments for older adults, addressing multiple domains of indoor comfort. The aim is to investigate the gap in environmental standards research for older adults, acknowledging the global challenge of an ageing population. As residential settings become the primary living spaces for older adults in later life, the interrelated domains of indoor comfort significantly impact their well-being. The concept of “Aging in Place” underscores the importance of appropriate indoor comfort design to enhance the autonomy of older adults. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this scoping review establishes a broad scientific foundation for future research by identifying, analysing, and categorising existing studies on indoor comfort domains for older adults. The review investigates, in total, 173 studies in six domains of indoor comfort: thermal, air quality, visual, acoustic, ergonomic, and multiple domains, highlighting existing knowledge gaps and suggesting possible directions for future research. There is a growing trend toward holistic research methods integrating physical, psychological, and social factors in indoor comfort research for older adults. The definition of indoor comfort needs and levels for older adults varies across regions due to cultural, climatic, and residential type differences. Furthermore, design recommendations across multiple domains present contradictions that need careful evaluation and application by designers and engineers. Future research could focus on adaptive long-term health impacts and integrate findings across indoor comfort domains to inform policy and practice in residential settings.

本研究对有关老年人居住环境舒适度的文献进行了全面的范围界定，涉及室内舒适度的多个领域。其目的是调查老年人环境标准研究方面的差距，同时认识到人口老龄化这一全球性挑战。随着居住环境成为老年人晚年的主要生活空间，相互关联的室内舒适度领域对老年人的福祉产生了重大影响。居家养老 "的概念强调了适当的室内舒适设计对提高老年人自主性的重要性。本范围综述采用系统综述和荟萃分析首选报告项目（PRISMA），通过识别、分析和分类现有的老年人室内舒适度研究，为今后的研究奠定了广泛的科学基础。综述共调查了室内舒适度六个领域的 173 项研究：热、空气质量、视觉、声学、人体工程学和多个领域，强调了现有的知识差距，并提出了未来研究的可能方向。在针对老年人的室内舒适度研究中，综合物理、心理和社会因素的整体研究方法正日益成为一种趋势。由于文化、气候和住宅类型的差异，不同地区对老年人室内舒适需求和水平的定义也不尽相同。此外，多个领域的设计建议存在矛盾，需要设计师和工程师仔细评估和应用。未来的研究可以重点关注对健康的长期适应性影响，并整合各室内舒适度领域的研究结果，为住宅环境的政策和实践提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of window view and local airflow on human thermal comfort in a sudden change environment 突变环境中窗户视角和局部气流对人体热舒适度的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112288

Wenrui Zheng, Nianping Li, Fangning Shi, Jiaxin Chen, Min Wang

Transitioning from outdoors to indoors involves a sudden environmental change. However, current thermal comfort standards and design guidelines focus on steady-state environments, which do not fully address the urgent need for comfort during dynamic recovery periods. This study uses a climate chamber experiment to investigate the effects of window view and local airflow on thermal recovery under sudden environmental changes. Twenty participants, after exercising in a 34 °C environment for 10 min, sat for 60 min in a 28 °C room (with a microenvironment featuring window view/local airflow). Physiological parameters and subjective responses were measured during this period. The results indicate that under sudden environmental changes, window view significantly positively affects thermal recovery through psychological effects, while local airflow mainly accelerates convective heat exchange. The influence on thermal sensation recovery and recovery speed is as follows: window view and local airflow coupling > local airflow > window view. In terms of physiological parameters, both of them only had a significant effect on skin temperature but not on heart rate and blood pressure. The results of the study not only reveal the key role of indoor microenvironment on the effect and speed of thermal sensation recovery under the sudden change environments, which enriches the theory of dynamic thermal comfort, but also provides a scientific basis for the control strategy of indoor environments under sudden change environments.

从室外过渡到室内涉及到环境的突然变化。然而，目前的热舒适标准和设计指南侧重于稳态环境，并不能完全满足动态恢复期对舒适度的迫切需求。本研究利用气候室实验来研究环境突变时窗户视角和局部气流对热恢复的影响。20 名参与者在 34°C 的环境中运动 10 分钟后，在 28°C 的室内（具有窗景/局部气流的微环境）静坐 60 分钟。在此期间测量了生理参数和主观反应。结果表明，在环境骤变的情况下，窗外景色会通过心理效应对热量恢复产生显著的积极影响，而局部气流则主要加速对流热交换。对热感觉恢复和恢复速度的影响如下：窗口视野和局部气流耦合> 局部气流> 窗口视野。在生理参数方面，两者都只对皮肤温度有显著影响，而对心率和血压没有影响。研究结果不仅揭示了室内微环境对突变环境下热感觉恢复效果和速度的关键作用，丰富了动态热舒适理论，也为突变环境下室内环境的控制策略提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0