Building and Environment最新文献_第2页

Quasi-dynamic coupling method between CFD and building energy simulations for studying PCM-based radiant floor cooling systems CFD与建筑能量模拟的准动态耦合方法研究基于pcm的地板辐射制冷系统

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114280

Tianxing Zhang , Haruka Kitagawa , Takashi Asawa , Andhang Rakhmat Trihamdani

Although an indoor radiant floor cooling system that combines high thermal storage of phase change materials (PCMs) with underfloor nocturnal ventilation has been confirmed to be effective in the tropics, its optimal settings have not yet been clarified under naturally ventilated conditions. This study developed a quasi-dynamic coupling method between building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize the PCM-based floor cooling system for indoor thermal environments. The thermal hysteresis of PCMs was integrated into the quasi-coupling method to simulate the effect of PCMs on indoor temperatures. Conventional BES-based decoupling methods and the quasi-coupling method with three popular turbulent models in the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for CFD were compared and validated with the measurement results in an experimental building in Indonesia. The results showed that quasi-couplings reproduced the PCM temperature (coefficient of determination:

R^{2} =

0.98; root mean squared error:

RMSE =

0.4 °C). The shear-stress transport (SST)

k - ω

was the most accurate turbulence model for floor surface heat flux (

R^{2} =

0.92,

RMSE =

3.9

W / m^{2}

). This proves that the quasi-coupling method is more accurate than the decoupling method in replicating the phase change of the PCMs, including its effects on thermal storage and hysteresis. Among the RANS models, SST

k - ω

was the best for solving near-floor heat convection. The quasi-dynamic coupling method showed that the PCM-based floor cooling system effectively modifies the near-floor air temperature because nocturnal heat dissipation is enhanced by underfloor ventilation and thermal storage of PCMs under naturally ventilated conditions.

尽管结合相变材料（PCMs）的高储热与地板下夜间通风的室内地板辐射冷却系统已被证实在热带地区是有效的，但其在自然通风条件下的最佳设置尚未明确。本研究建立了建筑能量模拟（BES）与计算流体力学（CFD）的准动态耦合方法，以优化基于pcm的地板制冷系统的室内热环境。将相变材料的热滞后效应纳入准耦合方法，模拟相变材料对室内温度的影响。将基于传统的基于bes的解耦方法和三种常用湍流模型的准耦合方法应用于CFD的reynolds -平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）方程中，并与印度尼西亚实验建筑的测量结果进行了比较和验证。结果表明，准耦合重现了PCM温度（决定系数：R2= 0.98；均方根误差：RMSE= 0.4℃）。剪切应力输运（SST） k−ω是最准确的地板表面热流模型（R2= 0.92， RMSE= 3.9 W/m2）。这证明了准耦合方法比解耦方法更准确地复制相变，包括其对热存储和滞后的影响。在RANS模型中，SST k−ω最适合求解近地板热对流。准动态耦合方法表明，在自然通风条件下，基于pcm的地板冷却系统通过地板下通风和pcm的储热增强了夜间散热，从而有效地改变了地面附近的空气温度。

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引用次数: 0

High resolution indoor-outdoor urban PM2.5 daily dynamics with low cost solution using novel two-stage model of machine and transfer learning 采用新颖的机器和迁移学习两阶段模型，低成本解决高分辨率室内室外城市PM2.5每日动态

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114282

Changhong Ou , Zhen Wang , Zhuokai Lu , Chang Gao , Hao Li , Yaoming Cai , Jinyuan Guo , Fei Li , Jingdong Zhang

To accurately and cost-effectively manage residents’ real PM2.5 exposure, machine and deep learning were employed to assess urban PM2.5 in-outdoor dynamics across various scenarios. A two-stage prediction framework was proposed and firstly, LightGBM integrating with aerosol optical depth, meteorological variables, and land-use information was used to estimate outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. Then, transfer learning (TL) and knowledge distillation (KD) based on Bayesian neural networks were used to predict indoor PM2.5 features, using representative indoor data obtained via mobile monitoring. Consequently, 1-km-resolution daily indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations from 2021 to 2023 in Wuhan, were generated and analyzed. The results indicated that LightGBM (R²=0.86) and TL (R²=0.74) achieved good predictive performance, while KD reduced the number of model parameters by average 60% compared with TL. The annual mean indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan were 36.62 μg/m³ and 40.24 μg/m³, respectively, with industrial zones and city centers identified as pollution hotspots. A three-stage nonlinear relationship was observed between in-outdoor concentrations, and the in-outdoor concentration gap decreased when outdoor concentrations declined. The above results further led to a difference about 17% between residents’ exposure estimated by this proposed framework and by solely on fixed-site monitoring station data, while spatial heterogeneity in exposure reached up to 20 μg/m³. The study could provide a balancing solution between accuracy and cost for high-precision PM2.5 assessment, exposure-health research and health-oriented modification of national in/outdoor air quality standards.

为了准确和经济有效地管理居民的真实PM2.5暴露，采用机器和深度学习来评估城市PM2.5在不同场景下的室外动态。提出了一种两阶段预测框架，首先利用LightGBM综合气溶胶光学深度、气象变量和土地利用信息估算室外PM2.5浓度；然后，基于贝叶斯神经网络的迁移学习（TL）和知识蒸馏（KD），利用移动监测获得的具有代表性的室内数据，对室内PM2.5特征进行预测。因此，生成并分析了2021年至2023年武汉市1公里分辨率的每日室内和室外PM2.5浓度。结果表明：LightGBM （R2=0.86）和TL （R2=0.74）具有较好的预测效果，KD比TL平均减少60%的模型参数，武汉市室内和室外PM2.5年均浓度分别为36.62 μg/m³和40.24 μg/m³，工业园区和市中心被确定为污染热点。室内浓度与室外浓度呈三期非线性关系，室外浓度下降，室内浓度差减小。上述结果进一步导致该框架估算的居民暴露量与单纯固定站点监测站数据估算的居民暴露量相差约17%，暴露量的空间异质性高达20 μg/m3。该研究可为高精度PM2.5评估、暴露健康研究和面向健康的国家室内外空气质量标准修订提供准确性和成本之间的平衡解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond hue and heat: A multi-site experimental study of lighting–thermal interactions in human perceptions 超越色相和热量：人类感知中光-热相互作用的多地点实验研究

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114264

Mateus Bavaresco , Roberta Jacoby Cureau , Ilaria Pigliautile , Marcel Schweiker , Veronica Martins Gnecco , Giorgia Chinazzo , Edit Barna , Zsofia Deme Belafi , Lorenzo Belussi , Agnese Chiucchiù , Ludovico Danza , Zhipeng Deng , Bing Dong , Natasha Hansen Gapski , Liége Garlet , Xingtong Guo , Peiman Pilehchi Ha , Hamidreza Karimian , Roberto Lamberts , Shichao Liu , Anna Laura Pisello

This multi-site experimental study investigated the Hue-Heat Hypothesis (HHH), which posits that light hues can influence human thermal perception, as well as broader cross-modal interactions between visual and thermal domains. Across 464 experimental sessions in eight test rooms around the world, participants were exposed to varied thermal conditions (∼20 °C, ∼24 °C, ∼26 °C, and ∼28 °C) and typical white-light Correlated Color Temperatures (CCT, warm light: ∼3000 K; neutral: ∼4000 K; cool light: ∼6000 K) from LED sources (horizontal illuminance: ∼500 lx). The study assessed thermal, visual, and overall perceptions. Results revealed that thermal sensation and preference were predominantly influenced by thermal conditions, gender, and the laboratory setting, indicating that no statistically significant effects were found in support of the HHH. Similarly, visual perceptions were influenced by lighting conditions but not by the thermal environment. For instance, cool light was perceived as brighter than warm light, leading participants to prefer brighter light under warm light hues. Ultimately, this research revealed the significant challenges of interlaboratory experiments in this field, as local climate and test-room characteristics complicate both the conduct and the standardization of data analysis. Our findings highlight both the limited role of white-light CCT in shaping thermal sensations and the methodological challenges of multi-site comfort research, underscoring the need for careful data harmonization and context-aware analyses in future international collaborations.

这项多地点实验研究调查了色调-热假设（HHH），该假设认为光色调可以影响人类的热感知，以及视觉和热域之间更广泛的跨模态相互作用。在全球8个试验室的464次实验中，参与者暴露于不同的热条件（~ 20°C、~ 24°C、~ 26°C和~ 28°C）和来自LED光源（水平照度：~ 500 lx）的典型白光相关色温（CCT，暖光：~ 3000 K；中性光：~ 4000 K；冷光：~ 6000 K）。该研究评估了热、视觉和整体感觉。结果显示，热感觉和偏好主要受热条件、性别和实验室环境的影响，表明没有统计学上显著的影响，支持HHH。同样，视觉感知受光照条件的影响，而不受热环境的影响。例如，冷光被认为比暖光更亮，导致参与者更喜欢暖光色调下更亮的光。最后，本研究揭示了该领域实验室间实验的重大挑战，因为当地气候和试验室的特征使数据分析的实施和标准化复杂化。我们的研究结果强调了白光CCT在形成热感觉方面的有限作用和多地点舒适性研究的方法挑战，强调了在未来的国际合作中需要仔细的数据协调和上下文感知分析。

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引用次数: 0

Continuous adjoint optimization method for building fluid systems based on mesh-adaptive deformation with a low deformation rate relaxation mechanism 基于低变形速率松弛机制的网格自适应建筑流体系统连续伴随优化方法

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114269

Yingying Wang , Ruoyin Jing , Nan Li , Ran Gao , Ao Tian , Junkai Ren , Yibu Gao , Shu He

In the fluid transmission and distribution system of buildings, local components such as elbows and tees often become the main source of energy loss due to unreasonable structural design. In order to reduce the flow resistance of local components, this paper proposes a design method of continuous adjoint shape optimization, and innovatively introduces a relaxation mechanism to solve the problem of mesh distortion in the process of free deformation. Taking the tee as the research object, its shape is optimized and a low-resistance tee structure is designed. The optimization results are verified by CFD numerical simulation and experimental test. The results show that the flow resistance of the optimized tee is significantly reduced, and the maximum drag reduction rate can reach 79%. Before the introduction of relaxation mechanism, the maximum skewness of the mesh is as high as 58.71. After introducing the relaxation mechanism, this value significantly decreased to 0.39, accounting for only 0.66% of the original value, which greatly improved mesh quality and enhanced computational stability during the optimization process. In addition, the flow characteristics of the tee is thoroughly analyzed based on energy dissipation and vortex structures, revealing the mechanism of the reduction resistance. This study proposes a novel approach for the energy-efficient optimization design of local components in building fluid transmission and distribution systems.

在建筑物的流体输配系统中，由于结构设计不合理，弯头、三通等局部构件往往成为能量损失的主要来源。为了降低局部构件的流动阻力，本文提出了一种连续伴随形状优化的设计方法，并创新性地引入了松弛机制来解决自由变形过程中的网格变形问题。以三通为研究对象，对其形状进行优化，设计了低阻力三通结构。通过CFD数值模拟和实验验证了优化结果。结果表明，优化后三通的流动阻力明显减小，最大减阻率可达79%。在引入松弛机构之前，网格的最大偏度高达58.71。引入松弛机制后，该值显著降低至0.39，仅占原始值的0.66%，大大提高了网格质量，增强了优化过程中的计算稳定性。此外，从能量耗散和涡结构两方面深入分析了三通的流动特性，揭示了三通减阻的机理。本研究为建筑流体输配系统中局部部件的节能优化设计提供了一种新的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Physics-informed effectiveness indicators for whole-building evaluation of phase change materials in buildings 建筑相变材料全建筑评价的物理信息有效性指标

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114270

Facundo Bre , Silvana Flores-Larsen , Roberto Lamberts , Eduardus A.B. Koenders

Phase change materials (PCMs) are a promising passive technology for reducing building heating and cooling energy use, yet their whole-building effectiveness as latent thermal storage remains insufficiently characterized. The present study introduces PCM Effectiveness Indicators (PCMEIs), a set of physics-informed, whole-building metrics that relate daily thermal-load reductions to the installed latent heat capacity. Using these indicators, this study demonstrates that PCM activation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for whole-building effectiveness. The proposed indicators capture dynamic, year-round performance across climates, implicitly accounting for partial phase transitions, fluctuating loads, and interactions with passive design strategies. They can be applied consistently to heating, cooling, and mixed-load analyses. Using EnergyPlus simulations and a global sensitivity analysis, 400 design configurations were evaluated for a prototype building in four ASHRAE climate zones (3A, 4A, 5A, and 6A). Across all climates, envelope characteristics, particularly the window-to-wall ratio, exerted a stronger influence on PCM effectiveness than commonly studied material properties such as melting temperature. These findings highlight the importance of co-optimizing PCMs with envelope design variables, especially at early design stages. Furthermore, PCMs achieved the highest effectiveness in heating-dominated climates and when mitigating cooling loads. Despite substantial PCM-induced load reductions, PCMEI values rarely exceeded 20%, indicating practical limits to whole-building latent-capacity utilization under real climatic variability. A design threshold was identified: maintaining installed latent heat capacity below approximately twice the building’s peak daily thermal load prevents oversizing and maximizes utilization. The proposed PCMEIs provide a transparent and scalable framework for whole-building evaluation of PCMs, supporting benchmark development and performance-based integration in energy-efficient building design.

相变材料（PCMs）是一种很有前途的被动式技术，可以减少建筑供暖和制冷能源的使用，但其作为潜热储存的整体建筑有效性仍然没有得到充分的表征。本研究介绍了PCM有效性指标（PCMEIs），这是一套物理信息，整个建筑的指标，将每日热负荷减少与安装的潜热容量联系起来。利用这些指标，本研究表明PCM激活是整体建筑有效性的必要条件，但不是充分条件。所提出的指标捕捉了动态的、跨气候的全年性能，隐含地考虑了部分相变、波动负荷以及与被动设计策略的相互作用。它们可以一致地应用于加热，冷却和混合负载分析。利用EnergyPlus模拟和全局灵敏度分析，对四个ASHRAE气候区（3A、4A、5A和6A）的原型建筑进行了400种设计配置评估。在所有气候条件下，包膜特性，特别是窗壁比，对PCM效率的影响比通常研究的材料特性（如熔化温度）更大。这些发现强调了与包膜设计变量共同优化pcm的重要性，特别是在早期设计阶段。此外，pcm在以加热为主的气候和减轻冷却负荷时达到了最高的效率。尽管pcm导致了大量的负荷减少，但PCMEI值很少超过20%，这表明在实际气候变化下，整个建筑潜在容量利用率的实际限制。确定了一个设计阈值：将安装的潜热容量保持在建筑物每日峰值热负荷的大约两倍以下，以防止过大，并最大限度地利用。建议的建筑节能指标为整体建筑的建筑节能指标评估提供了一个透明和可扩展的框架，支持基准开发和基于性能的节能建筑设计整合。

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引用次数: 0

Integrated evaluation of personal environmental control systems in a nearly net zero energy office 近零能耗办公室个人环境控制系统的综合评价

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114275

Masanari Ukai , Daiki Takehara , Kazuki Aono , Naoki Aizawa , Kentaro Kimura , Daisuke Hatori , Yuka Mutoh , Tsubura Watanabe , Shin-ichi Tanabe

A year-round deployment of 274 personal environmental control systems (PECS) was evaluated in a nearly net-zero energy office with an activity-based working (ABW) layout. The monitoring data revealed clear seasonal and diurnal usage patterns and showed that many activations occurred within the ASHRAE Standard 55 comfort zone, indicating that PECS were frequently used for fine-tuning rather than for discomfort relief alone. Thermal-manikin tests demonstrated distinct cooling contributions from each PECS type under 26 °C conditions. Based on the observed lack of winter usage, a desk-integrated hybrid system combining foot-level warm air and a rear radiant panel was developed. This hybrid system increased local equivalent temperature (Teq) by up to 6 °C and whole-body Teq by approximately 2 °C under ∼20 °C ambient conditions, and a winter field study (mean operative temperature 20.4 °C) indicated improved comfort and perceived productivity. These findings highlight the practical potential of PECS to maintain comfort at lower heating setpoints in real ABW-based office operations, offering a viable pathway toward ZEB-aligned thermal management.

在一个采用基于活动的工作（ABW）布局的办公室中，对全年部署的274套个人环境控制系统（PECS）进行了评估。监测数据显示了明显的季节性和日间使用模式，并显示许多激活发生在ASHRAE标准55舒适区内，这表明PECS经常用于微调而不仅仅是缓解不适。热模型测试表明，在26°C条件下，每种PECS类型的冷却贡献不同。根据观察到的冬季使用不足的情况，开发了一种结合脚水平暖空气和后部辐射板的桌面集成混合系统。在~ 20°C的环境条件下，该混合系统将局部等效温度（Teq）提高了6°C，全身等效温度（Teq）提高了约2°C，冬季现场研究（平均工作温度20.4°C）表明舒适度和感知生产率得到了提高。这些发现强调了PECS在实际以abw为基础的办公室操作中保持较低加热设制值的舒适性的实际潜力，为实现与zeb一致的热管理提供了可行的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Sensory stimuli in the built environment for autistic people: A scoping review 自闭症患者建筑环境中的感官刺激：范围综述

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114271

Zhihao Wang, Siti Sarah Herman, Noranita Mansor, Shuaijie Yan

The built environment significantly influences the health and well-being of autistic people. Among its many dimensions, the intensity, density, scale, and spatial configuration of sensory stimuli directly impact autistic people’s sensory perception and environmental adaptability. Despite growing recognition of sensory needs in inclusive design discourse, studies on how built environments can support appropriate sensory conditions for autistic people remain limited. To bridge this gap, this study uses a scoping review to identify, synthesize, and analyze existing studies on autistic people’s sensory experiences and related design considerations, thereby identifying key characteristics that enhance sensory inclusivity in built environments. Following the PRISMA-ScR methodology, 77 studies were included. The findings highlight the need to design sensory-inclusive built environments that holistically support autistic people’s well-being across three interrelated dimensions: physical, psychological, and social. Four primary sensory modalities were identified as central to environmental experiences: visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory. Across these modalities, eleven key environmental factors were identified: lighting, color, visual complexity, material, thermal, spatial configuration, acoustic parameters, sound source attributes, functional area odors, wayfinding, and natural elements. These factors are operationalized through six design qualities: safety, sensory balance, adjustability, predictability, controllability, and recovery. The outcomes of this review provide architects, designers, policymakers, and stakeholders with guidance for developing more inclusive built environments that promote the well-being of autistic people.

建成环境显著影响自闭症患者的健康和福祉。感官刺激的强度、密度、尺度和空间配置等维度直接影响自闭症患者的感官知觉和环境适应性。尽管在包容性设计话语中越来越多地认识到感官需求，但关于建筑环境如何为自闭症患者提供适当的感官条件的研究仍然有限。为了弥补这一差距，本研究采用了一种范围审查来识别、综合和分析现有的关于自闭症患者感官体验和相关设计考虑的研究，从而确定增强建筑环境感官包容性的关键特征。按照PRISMA-ScR方法，纳入了77项研究。研究结果强调，需要设计具有感官包容性的建筑环境，从三个相互关联的方面全面支持自闭症患者的福祉：身体、心理和社会。四种主要的感觉模式被确定为环境体验的核心：视觉、听觉、触觉和嗅觉。在这些模式中，确定了11个关键的环境因素：照明、颜色、视觉复杂性、材料、热、空间配置、声学参数、声源属性、功能区气味、寻路和自然元素。这些因素通过六个设计品质来实现：安全性、感官平衡性、可调节性、可预测性、可控性和可恢复性。本综述的结果为建筑师、设计师、政策制定者和利益相关者提供了指导，以开发更具包容性的建筑环境，促进自闭症患者的福祉。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal differences between children and adults in relation to street landscape structure: A case study of Hangzhou 儿童与成人热差异与街道景观结构的关系——以杭州为例

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114273

Xiaoya Jin , Tailong Zhang , Xiaohua Wu , Weilin Lou , Yamei Shen , Ziyang Zhang , Yuehan Guo

With the intensification of the urban heat island effect, children are increasingly exposed to elevated thermal stress in street environments. This study focuses on typical school-route streets in Hangzhou, combining field measurements and ENVI-met simulations to examine how street landscape structures (SVF, BVF, TVF) influence thermal differences between children and adults. Cooling effects under various intervention scenarios were also evaluated. Results show that: (1) children generally experience higher thermal exposure than adults, with children’s PET commonly exceeding that of adults by 1–4 °C during daytime and reaching 6–9 °C during specific periods, showing pronounced temporal characteristics; (2) the coupling between street geometry and the three-dimensional radiation field constitutes the fundamental mechanism driving these differences. Due to height-dependent variations in view factors, children are more exposed to longwave radiation from near-ground surfaces and lower building facades. In E-W oriented streets, the low solar altitude angle further induces multiple reflections and concentration of shortwave radiation within the lower part of the street canyon, amplifying these differences; (3) trees provide the most effective cooling, whereas discontinuous tree canopies lead to localized thermal fluctuations, and highly reflective materials may cause secondary heating. To promote child-friendly cities, it is essential to adopt a height-sensitive microclimate assessment framework and to coordinately optimize street orientation, tree configuration, and surface materials in order to achieve thermal environmental equity. This research provides scientific guidance for child-friendly street design and urban microclimate optimization, supporting more climate-adaptive and equitable urban environments.

随着城市热岛效应的加剧，儿童在街道环境中受到的热应力越来越高。本研究以杭州市典型的学校路线街道为研究对象，结合实地测量和ENVI-met模拟，研究街道景观结构（SVF、BVF、TVF）对儿童和成人热差异的影响。对不同干预方案下的降温效果进行了评价。结果表明：(1)儿童的热暴露程度普遍高于成人，儿童的PET在白天比成人高1 ~ 4℃，在特定时期达到6 ~ 9℃，具有明显的时间特征；(2)街道几何形态与三维辐射场之间的耦合是导致这些差异的根本机制。由于视野因素的高度变化，儿童更多地暴露于近地面和较低建筑立面的长波辐射。在东西向的街道上，低太阳高度角进一步引起了街道峡谷下部短波辐射的多次反射和集中，放大了这些差异；(3)树木提供最有效的冷却，而不连续的树冠导致局部热波动，高反射材料可能导致二次加热。为了促进儿童友好型城市，必须采用高度敏感的小气候评估框架，协调优化街道朝向、树木配置和地面材料，以实现热环境公平。本研究为儿童友好型街道设计和城市微气候优化提供科学指导，支持更具气候适应性和公平性的城市环境。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of walking activity on micro-environment heat convection and thermal comfort in chemical protective clothing 步行活动对化学防护服微环境热对流及热舒适性的影响

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114277

Sheng He , Jie Yang , Feifan He , Song Chen , Jialin Wu , Liangchang Shen , Xin Zheng , Ming Fu , Yayun Li , Wenguo Weng

Walking exerts complex influences on heat transfer within the micro-environment of chemical protective clothing (CPC), and consequently impairs wearers’ thermal comfort. Existing studies lack approaches for the rapid estimation of heat transfer and thermal comfort. To elucidate this issue, an intermittent meditation-walking-meditation protocol at 2 km·h⁻¹ under two ambient temperatures: 25 °C and 40 °C was performed by human-subject trials. Micro-environment ambient temperature and relative humidity at chest and upper arm were measured, as well as skin temperature and subjective perceptions. Furthermore, dimensionless analysis (Nusselt number (Nu), Reynolds number (Re), Richardson number (Ri)) quantified convective dynamics and evaluated thermal comfort vote (TCV). The results showed that during walking at 40 °C, the chest skin temperature and micro-environmental temperature at the chest CPC inner boundary increased by 2.9 °C (34.2±0.4 °C → 37.1±0.2 °C) and 12.3 °C (25.3±1.6 °C → 37.6±0.6 °C), respectively. While corresponding increasements were only 1.5 °C and 3.9 °C at 25 °C. Walking induced forced convection in micro-environment and differed across body segments: turbulent flow (Re: 3500—3650) was evaluated at the chest with the micro-environmental thickness of 70—150 mm, while laminar flow at the upper arm (thickness 5—25 mm). Furthermore, synergistic heating from the environment and skin narrowed the micro-environmental temperature difference, weakening natural convection. This lowered the chest Nu and dropped TCV to -1.88. Finally, micro-environmental temperature showed a strong negative linear correlation with TCV (R² > 0.8). This study clarified key regulators of CPC micro-environmental convection, offering support for region-specific CPC design optimization and thermal comfort improvement.

行走对化学防护服微环境内的热传递有复杂的影响，从而影响穿着者的热舒适性。现有的研究缺乏快速估计传热和热舒适的方法。为了阐明这一问题，在25°C和40°C两种环境温度下，进行了2公里·h（⁻¹）的间歇冥想-步行-冥想方案。测量微环境环境温度、胸部和上臂相对湿度、皮肤温度和主观感觉。此外，无量纲分析（努塞尔数（Nu）、雷诺数（Re）、理查德森数（Ri））量化了对流动力学并评估了热舒适投票（TCV）。结果表明，在40℃下行走时，胸部皮肤温度和胸部CPC内边界微环境温度分别升高2.9℃（34.2±0.4℃→37.1±0.2℃）和12.3℃（25.3±1.6℃→37.6±0.6℃）。而在25℃时，相应的升温幅度仅为1.5℃和3.9℃。行走诱导的微环境强迫对流在不同身体部位存在差异：在微环境厚度70 - 150mm的胸部处评估湍流（Re: 3500-3650），而在上臂处评估层流（厚度5 - 25mm）。此外，来自环境和皮肤的协同加热缩小了微环境温差，减弱了自然对流。这降低了胸前Nu， TCV降至-1.88。微环境温度与TCV呈较强的负线性相关（R²> 0.8）。本研究明确了CPC微环境对流的关键调节因子，为区域CPC设计优化和热舒适改善提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal variations in indoor thermal environments and dynamic comfort of passengers in airport terminals during winter 冬季机场候机楼室内热环境与乘客动态舒适度时空变化

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114268

Yuxin Yang , Juan Yu , Deyin Zhang , Hao Tang , Wenzhong Jiang , Libin Han , Junmin Li , Borong Lin , Yu Dong

Clarifying passengers’ dynamic thermal comfort needs is essential for sustainable civil aviation and for progressing toward zero-carbon airport terminals. This study adopts a passenger “whole-journey” perspective. It examines spatiotemporal variations in thermal conditions and subjective responses in a major hub terminal during winter in a mild (Cwb) climate. Field measurements in key functional zones revealed clear thermal non-uniformity. Large temperature gradients occurred between boundary transition zones and interior areas. These step changes often exceeded commonly used comfort limits for transitional exposure. We also observed strong zonal differences in thermal neutral temperature (TNT), ranging from 17.6 °C to 20.2 °C. In most zones, the measured operative temperatures were higher than the neutral requirement. This indicates an “overheating margin” and suggests energy-saving potential. Based on zone-level setpoint alignment with TNT, heating loads could theoretically be reduced by 7 %–18.5 % in some zones. The weighted average saving across primary passenger areas is 7.7 %. Waiting time further shaped comfort requirements. It served as a practical proxy for metabolic-rate decay. TNT increased from 18.3 °C to 20.3 °C when dwell time exceeded 60 min. Finally, we explored an LLM-based predictor as a complementary tool for thermal sensation inference, achieving 72.8 % accuracy (within ±1 TSV). This work proposes a passenger-centered framework for zone-specific control, demonstrating the exploratory potential of AI-assisted prediction in low-carbon operations.

明确乘客的动态热舒适需求对于可持续民用航空和向零碳机场航站楼迈进至关重要。本研究采用乘客“全程”视角。它检查了在一个主要枢纽终端的热条件和主观反应的时空变化在冬季在温和（Cwb）气候。关键功能区的现场测量显示出明显的热不均匀性。在边界过渡区和内部区域之间存在较大的温度梯度。这些阶跃变化通常超过了通常使用的过渡性暴露的舒适限度。我们还观察到热中性温度（TNT）在17.6°C至20.2°C之间存在明显的地带性差异。在大多数区域，测量的工作温度高于中性要求。这表明存在“过热幅度”，并暗示了节能潜力。基于区域级设定值与TNT的一致性，理论上某些区域的热负荷可以减少7% - 18.5%。主要客运区的加权平均节省率为7.7%。等待时间进一步塑造了舒适度要求。它作为代谢率衰减的实用代理。当停留时间超过60 min时，TNT由18.3℃增加到20.3℃。最后，我们探索了一个基于llm的预测器作为热感觉推断的补充工具，达到72.8%的准确率（在±1 TSV内）。这项工作提出了一个以乘客为中心的区域特定控制框架，展示了人工智能辅助预测在低碳运营中的探索潜力。

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引用次数: 0