Building and Environment最新文献_第3页

Corrigendum to “Experimental and Numerical study on upper-room Far-UVC system under different ventilation schemes to disinfect airborne microorganisms in indoor environments” [Build. Environ. 266 (2024) 112108] 对 "不同通风方案下上层房间远紫外系统对室内环境中空气微生物消毒的实验和数值研究 "的更正 [Build. Environ.

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112152

引用次数: 0

Air infiltration characteristics in oxygen-enhanced and heated chambers on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau 青藏高原氧气强化室和加热室的空气渗透特征

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112172

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is characterized by a low-pressure and oxygen-deficient environment due to its high altitude, causing discomfort and major safety problems for the inhabitants. To address this, oxygen-enriched chambers can be used to alleviate the plateau reaction. However, little consideration has been given to air infiltration in these chambers, with a lack of information on the corresponding infiltration heat loss phenomenon. This paper addresses this by investigating the phenomenon of air flow in an oxygen-enriched chamber using experiments and simulations. The results highlight that when there is a difference in oxygen concentration between the interior and exterior of the chamber, mass transfer occurs due to both the molecular diffusion in addition to a flow due to the air density difference caused by the variation in concentration. Also, the simultaneous stack effect is roughly equivalent to 10 times the oxygen pressure, and the two pressure effects act in opposite directions. It is also noted that both the oxygen pressure and the stack effect decrease as the atmospheric pressure decreases. Overall, the oxygen-enriched chambers exhibit less infiltration in plateau areas with a low atmospheric pressure compared to plains areas with a relatively high atmospheric pressure. Finally, this study establishes formulas that can be used to calculate air infiltration rates in oxygen-enriched chambers. This study fills a gap in the existing literature regarding the air infiltration mechanism in oxygen-enriched chambers at high altitudes and low pressures, providing a theoretical foundation for improving indoor environments in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and other high-altitude regions.

青藏高原海拔高，环境低压缺氧，给居民带来不适和重大安全问题。为解决这一问题，可以使用富氧舱来缓解高原反应。然而，人们很少考虑这些室内的空气渗透问题，也缺乏相应的渗透热损失现象的信息。本文通过实验和模拟研究了富氧室中的空气流动现象，从而解决了这一问题。结果表明，当氧室内部和外部的氧气浓度存在差异时，除了由于浓度变化造成的空气密度差引起的流动外，分子扩散也会导致传质。此外，同时产生的叠加效应大致相当于 10 倍的氧气压力，两种压力效应的作用方向相反。我们还注意到，氧气压力和叠加效应都会随着大气压力的降低而减小。总体而言，与大气压力相对较高的平原地区相比，富氧室在大气压力较低的高原地区的渗透率较低。最后，本研究建立了可用于计算富氧室空气渗透率的公式。这项研究填补了现有文献中关于高海拔低气压富氧室空气渗透机制的空白，为改善青藏高原和其他高海拔地区的室内环境提供了理论基础。

{"title":"Air infiltration characteristics in oxygen-enhanced and heated chambers on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is characterized by a low-pressure and oxygen-deficient environment due to its high altitude, causing discomfort and major safety problems for the inhabitants. To address this, oxygen-enriched chambers can be used to alleviate the plateau reaction. However, little consideration has been given to air infiltration in these chambers, with a lack of information on the corresponding infiltration heat loss phenomenon. This paper addresses this by investigating the phenomenon of air flow in an oxygen-enriched chamber using experiments and simulations. The results highlight that when there is a difference in oxygen concentration between the interior and exterior of the chamber, mass transfer occurs due to both the molecular diffusion in addition to a flow due to the air density difference caused by the variation in concentration. Also, the simultaneous stack effect is roughly equivalent to 10 times the oxygen pressure, and the two pressure effects act in opposite directions. It is also noted that both the oxygen pressure and the stack effect decrease as the atmospheric pressure decreases. Overall, the oxygen-enriched chambers exhibit less infiltration in plateau areas with a low atmospheric pressure compared to plains areas with a relatively high atmospheric pressure. Finally, this study establishes formulas that can be used to calculate air infiltration rates in oxygen-enriched chambers. This study fills a gap in the existing literature regarding the air infiltration mechanism in oxygen-enriched chambers at high altitudes and low pressures, providing a theoretical foundation for improving indoor environments in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and other high-altitude regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A review of Eye-Tracking Applications in biophilic design 亲生物设计中的眼动跟踪应用综述

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112179

The application of eye-tracking technology to evaluate biophilic design in built environments has increased, yet a comprehensive analysis of its integration and efficacy remains limited. This review conducted a structured search in Scopus and Web of Science using the search terms “eye tracking” AND “biophil∗,” identifying 35 publications that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. It collates the details of the biophilic elements under investigation, the research designs employed, and the theoretical frameworks that underpin the use of eye-tracking technology. The analysis reveals that daylight and plants are the most commonly examined biophilic elements. Synthesizing eye-tracking responses to these elements is challenging due to the distinct theoretical perspectives applied across studies of daylight and plants. Moreover, the research designs in these studies differ significantly, especially regarding the choice of eye-tracking devices, metrics, and experimental tasks. Extending beyond the initial 35 publications, the discussion incorporates insights from additional eye-tracking studies outside the biophilic realm, pinpointing opportunities for theoretical and methodological improvements. This research underscores the capacity of eye-tracking technology to enrich our understanding of human interactions with natural elements, advocating for the biophilic design in built environments.

眼动跟踪技术在评估建筑环境亲生物设计方面的应用越来越多，但对其整合和功效的全面分析仍然有限。本综述使用 "眼动跟踪 "和 "亲生物性∗"这两个搜索关键词在 Scopus 和 Web of Science 中进行了结构化搜索，共发现 35 篇符合纳入标准的出版物。本报告整理了所调查的亲生物元素的详细信息、所采用的研究设计以及眼动跟踪技术使用的理论框架。分析表明，日光和植物是最常见的亲生物元素。由于对日光和植物的研究采用了不同的理论视角，因此综合这些元素的眼动跟踪反应具有挑战性。此外，这些研究中的研究设计也大相径庭，尤其是在眼动跟踪设备、衡量标准和实验任务的选择方面。除了最初的 35 篇论文之外，讨论还纳入了亲生物领域之外的其他眼动跟踪研究的见解，指出了理论和方法改进的机会。这项研究强调了眼动跟踪技术能够丰富我们对人类与自然元素互动的理解，倡导在建筑环境中进行亲生物设计。

{"title":"A review of Eye-Tracking Applications in biophilic design","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of eye-tracking technology to evaluate biophilic design in built environments has increased, yet a comprehensive analysis of its integration and efficacy remains limited. This review conducted a structured search in Scopus and Web of Science using the search terms “eye tracking” AND “biophil∗,” identifying 35 publications that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. It collates the details of the biophilic elements under investigation, the research designs employed, and the theoretical frameworks that underpin the use of eye-tracking technology. The analysis reveals that daylight and plants are the most commonly examined biophilic elements. Synthesizing eye-tracking responses to these elements is challenging due to the distinct theoretical perspectives applied across studies of daylight and plants. Moreover, the research designs in these studies differ significantly, especially regarding the choice of eye-tracking devices, metrics, and experimental tasks. Extending beyond the initial 35 publications, the discussion incorporates insights from additional eye-tracking studies outside the biophilic realm, pinpointing opportunities for theoretical and methodological improvements. This research underscores the capacity of eye-tracking technology to enrich our understanding of human interactions with natural elements, advocating for the biophilic design in built environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ensuring accurate microclimate research: How to select representative meteorological data of local climate in microclimate studies 确保小气候研究的准确性：如何在小气候研究中选择具有代表性的当地气候气象数据

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112166

Microclimate research has seen significant growth in recent years, particularly in areas such as outdoor thermal comfort, urban ecology, and urban heat mitigation. However, the short-term nature of many studies in this field presents challenges in ensuring that the collected data accurately represents local climate conditions. This paper introduces a novel method to enhance the quality and applicability of microclimate research by quantifying the representativeness of short-term meteorological data. Our approach employs the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic to compare daily meteorological data from nearby stations against long-term climate trends. Key findings demonstrate that this method effectively identifies representative data periods. This method allows researchers to evaluate the representativeness of each day's data according to their specific study objectives, whether focusing on typical or extreme weather conditions. By implementing this framework, researchers can: (a) Post-filter existing data to identify the most representative samples. (b) Quantify the climate representativeness of their findings, enhancing result interpretation and applicability. (c) More confidently generalize conclusions from short-term studies. The paper also provides simplified alternatives to the full method, making it accessible to a wider range of researchers. By adopting this approach, microclimate studies can achieve greater confidence in their data's representativeness, leading to more robust and generalizable conclusions. Our method addresses a key methodological challenge in microclimate research and provides a flexible data assessment framework. This framework enables researchers to systematically evaluate climate data representativeness, enhancing the reliability and applicability of their findings across various urban climate studies, from thermal comfort assessments to climate adaptation strategies.

近年来，小气候研究有了显著增长，尤其是在室外热舒适度、城市生态学和城市热减缓等领域。然而，该领域的许多研究都是短期的，这给确保所收集的数据准确反映当地气候条件带来了挑战。本文介绍了一种新方法，通过量化短期气象数据的代表性来提高微气候研究的质量和适用性。我们的方法采用 Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) 统计法，将附近站点的每日气象数据与长期气候趋势进行比较。主要研究结果表明，这种方法能有效识别具有代表性的数据时段。这种方法允许研究人员根据其特定的研究目标，评估每天数据的代表性，无论是侧重于典型天气条件还是极端天气条件。通过实施这一框架，研究人员可以(a) 对现有数据进行后过滤，以确定最具代表性的样本。(b) 量化研究结果的气候代表性，加强结果的解释和适用性。(c) 更有把握地推广短期研究的结论。本文还提供了完整方法的简化替代方案，使更多研究人员可以使用。通过采用这种方法，小气候研究可以对其数据的代表性更有信心，从而得出更可靠、更可推广的结论。我们的方法解决了微气候研究中一个关键的方法挑战，并提供了一个灵活的数据评估框架。该框架使研究人员能够系统地评估气候数据的代表性，从而提高从热舒适度评估到气候适应战略等各种城市气候研究结果的可靠性和适用性。

{"title":"Ensuring accurate microclimate research: How to select representative meteorological data of local climate in microclimate studies","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microclimate research has seen significant growth in recent years, particularly in areas such as outdoor thermal comfort, urban ecology, and urban heat mitigation. However, the short-term nature of many studies in this field presents challenges in ensuring that the collected data accurately represents local climate conditions. This paper introduces a novel method to enhance the quality and applicability of microclimate research by quantifying the representativeness of short-term meteorological data. Our approach employs the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic to compare daily meteorological data from nearby stations against long-term climate trends. Key findings demonstrate that this method effectively identifies representative data periods. This method allows researchers to evaluate the representativeness of each day's data according to their specific study objectives, whether focusing on typical or extreme weather conditions. By implementing this framework, researchers can: (a) Post-filter existing data to identify the most representative samples. (b) Quantify the climate representativeness of their findings, enhancing result interpretation and applicability. (c) More confidently generalize conclusions from short-term studies. The paper also provides simplified alternatives to the full method, making it accessible to a wider range of researchers. By adopting this approach, microclimate studies can achieve greater confidence in their data's representativeness, leading to more robust and generalizable conclusions. Our method addresses a key methodological challenge in microclimate research and provides a flexible data assessment framework. This framework enables researchers to systematically evaluate climate data representativeness, enhancing the reliability and applicability of their findings across various urban climate studies, from thermal comfort assessments to climate adaptation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing multiple elements of physical office environment for maximizing perceived work efficiency: Insights from surveys of 58 offices during summer 分析物理办公环境的多种要素，最大限度地提高工作效率：从夏季对 58 个办公室的调查中获得的启示

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112153

Worker performance is affected by environmental stimuli in the office. Therefore, it is important to analyze the relationship between workers and multiple environment elements simultaneously in order to understand the relationship between the office environment and worker performance. In addition, surveying a large sample of offices simultaneously is desirable to obtain more practical insights. Therefore, this study surveyed multiple elements of the physical office environment related to worker performance in a large sample of offices. The elements of the physical office environment surveyed were air temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ concentration, and sound pressure level during the summer. Along with measurements from 58 offices across 29 buildings in Tokyo, Japan, 947 responses to a questionnaire survey of workers conducted to evaluate work performance were analyzed to elucidate the relationship between these elements of the physical office environment and perceived work efficiency. The analysis showed that air temperature was more related to worker performance than to the other elements. In addition, 25 °C air temperature group was observed to be associated with high worker performance, with worker performance being lowest in the 27 °C group. This finding is expected to provide insight into indoor environments that can effectively enhance office worker performance.

工人的工作表现会受到办公室环境刺激的影响。因此，必须同时分析工人与多个环境要素之间的关系，以了解办公环境与工人绩效之间的关系。此外，最好同时对大量办公室样本进行调查，以获得更多实用的见解。因此，本研究调查了大样本办公室中与员工绩效相关的多个物理办公环境要素。调查的物理办公环境要素包括夏季的空气温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳浓度和声压级。除了对日本东京 29 栋大楼的 58 间办公室进行测量外，还分析了 947 份对工人进行的工作绩效评估问卷调查的回复，以阐明这些物理办公环境要素与感知工作效率之间的关系。分析结果表明，与其他要素相比，空气温度与工人工作表现的关系更为密切。此外，还观察到 25 °C气温组与工人的高绩效相关，而 27 °C组的工人绩效最低。这一发现有望为有效提高办公室工作人员绩效的室内环境提供启示。

{"title":"Analyzing multiple elements of physical office environment for maximizing perceived work efficiency: Insights from surveys of 58 offices during summer","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worker performance is affected by environmental stimuli in the office. Therefore, it is important to analyze the relationship between workers and multiple environment elements simultaneously in order to understand the relationship between the office environment and worker performance. In addition, surveying a large sample of offices simultaneously is desirable to obtain more practical insights. Therefore, this study surveyed multiple elements of the physical office environment related to worker performance in a large sample of offices. The elements of the physical office environment surveyed were air temperature, relative humidity, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, and sound pressure level during the summer. Along with measurements from 58 offices across 29 buildings in Tokyo, Japan, 947 responses to a questionnaire survey of workers conducted to evaluate work performance were analyzed to elucidate the relationship between these elements of the physical office environment and perceived work efficiency. The analysis showed that air temperature was more related to worker performance than to the other elements. In addition, 25 °C air temperature group was observed to be associated with high worker performance, with worker performance being lowest in the 27 °C group. This finding is expected to provide insight into indoor environments that can effectively enhance office worker performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transmission of respiratory diseases in high-metabolic environments: A case study of gym 高代谢环境中的呼吸道疾病传播：健身房案例研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112161

Outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases have often been reported in fitness centers, likely attributed to high population density, extensive shared surfaces, and elevated metabolic equivalent (MET) levels. This study analyzed the behaviors of 30 gym attendees to establish a connection between exercise intensity and virus exposure. Close interactions among participants were tracked using self-developed wearable devices that utilized computer vision technologies, while surface-contact behaviors were recorded using video cameras. A multi-route transmission model for respiratory infectious diseases was subsequently created, integrating the observed behaviors. The Omicron variant of COVID-19 served as a case study to evaluate infection risk via various transmission routes and to assess the efficacy of interventions. The METs during physical activity were about 3.5 times higher than those recorded at rest. The average interpersonal distance during close interactions in the gym was measured at 0.82 m, with 36.7 % of interactions occurring face-to-face. On average, the participants made contact with surfaces 770.3 times per hour, with 517.5 of these contacts involving public surfaces. The hourly infection rate was calculated at 18.5 %, with long-range airborne transmission and close contact accounting for 70.1 % and 28.5 % of the cases, respectively. To mitigate transmission risk, several intervention scenarios were modeled. These included (1) 100 % mask-wearing with N95 masks and occupancy reduced to 62 % (25

m^{2}

/person); (2) 100 % mask-wearing with surgical masks and occupancy reduced to 26 % (59.6

m^{2}

/person); (3) no mask-wearing, with occupancy reduced to 18 % (86.1

m^{2}

/person). All scenarios fulfilled the criteria for achieving an

R_{t}

below 1, indicating that under these conditions, gyms could be reopened safely.

据报道，健身中心经常爆发呼吸道传染病，这可能归因于人口密度大、共用表面多以及代谢当量（MET）水平升高。本研究分析了 30 名健身中心参与者的行为，以建立运动强度与病毒暴露之间的联系。研究人员使用自主研发的可穿戴设备，利用计算机视觉技术跟踪参与者之间的亲密互动，同时使用摄像机记录表面接触行为。随后，结合观察到的行为，建立了呼吸道传染病的多途径传播模型。以 COVID-19 的 Omicron 变种为案例，评估通过各种传播途径的感染风险，并评估干预措施的效果。体力活动时的 METs 比休息时记录的 METs 高出约 3.5 倍。据测量，在健身房进行亲密互动时的平均人际距离为 0.82 米，其中 36.7% 的互动是面对面进行的。参与者平均每小时接触物体表面 770.3 次，其中 517.5 次涉及公共物体表面。经计算，每小时的感染率为 18.5%，其中远距离空气传播和近距离接触分别占 70.1% 和 28.5%。为降低传播风险，模拟了几种干预方案。这些方案包括：（1）100% 戴 N95 口罩，占用率降至 62%（25 平方米/人）；（2）100% 戴外科口罩，占用率降至 26%（59.6 平方米/人）；（3）不戴口罩，占用率降至 18%（86.1 平方米/人）。所有方案都符合 Rt 低于 1 的标准，表明在这些条件下，健身房可以安全地重新开放。

{"title":"Transmission of respiratory diseases in high-metabolic environments: A case study of gym","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases have often been reported in fitness centers, likely attributed to high population density, extensive shared surfaces, and elevated metabolic equivalent (MET) levels. This study analyzed the behaviors of 30 gym attendees to establish a connection between exercise intensity and virus exposure. Close interactions among participants were tracked using self-developed wearable devices that utilized computer vision technologies, while surface-contact behaviors were recorded using video cameras. A multi-route transmission model for respiratory infectious diseases was subsequently created, integrating the observed behaviors. The Omicron variant of COVID-19 served as a case study to evaluate infection risk via various transmission routes and to assess the efficacy of interventions. The METs during physical activity were about 3.5 times higher than those recorded at rest. The average interpersonal distance during close interactions in the gym was measured at 0.82 m, with 36.7 % of interactions occurring face-to-face. On average, the participants made contact with surfaces 770.3 times per hour, with 517.5 of these contacts involving public surfaces. The hourly infection rate was calculated at 18.5 %, with long-range airborne transmission and close contact accounting for 70.1 % and 28.5 % of the cases, respectively. To mitigate transmission risk, several intervention scenarios were modeled. These included (1) 100 % mask-wearing with N95 masks and occupancy reduced to 62 % (25 <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>/person); (2) 100 % mask-wearing with surgical masks and occupancy reduced to 26 % (59.6 <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>/person); (3) no mask-wearing, with occupancy reduced to 18 % (86.1 <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>/person). All scenarios fulfilled the criteria for achieving an <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>t</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> below 1, indicating that under these conditions, gyms could be reopened safely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ten questions concerning the role of urban greenery in shaping the future of urban areas 关于城市绿化在塑造城市未来中的作用的十个问题

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112154

Strengthening sustainability starts with maintaining a balanced relationship between society, the environment, and the economy, and one of the pillars of doing this is increasing the amount of green infrastructure and expanding it in urban areas. Densely populated urban areas with fewer greenery are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, storm surge, heat waves, droughts, and changing diseases, and vulnerable populations in urban areas are likely to be disproportionately affected. In addition to providing multidimensional benefits to all ecosystems, urban greenery is influential in developing sustainable lifestyles and healthy eating habits, increasing individual well-being derived from the need for a sense of belonging and social inclusion, as well as reducing carbon footprint. As urban greenery is part of urban development but less attention is paid to it, the benefits of these areas should be further explored and highlighted. Thus, ten questions were raised concerning the contribution of urban greenery to the future of urban areas. The questions not only to address important issues related to urban greenery and to provide guidance for future studies, but also to offer new perspectives for future policies. The answers to the ten questions are based on the expertise of the authors to highlight the importance and the potential of urban greenery in shaping the future.

加强可持续性首先要保持社会、环境和经济之间的平衡关系，而做到这一点的支柱之一就是增加绿色基础设施的数量，并在城市地区扩大其规模。人口稠密、绿化较少的城市地区尤其容易受到气候变化的影响，包括海平面上升、风暴潮、热浪、干旱和不断变化的疾病，而城市地区的弱势群体可能会受到不成比例的影响。除了为所有生态系统提供多方面的益处外，城市绿化还对培养可持续的生活方式和健康的饮食习惯、提高个人因归属感和社会包容需求而产生的幸福感以及减少碳足迹具有影响力。城市绿化是城市发展的一部分，但人们对其关注较少，因此应进一步探索和强调这些区域的益处。因此，就城市绿化对城市地区未来的贡献提出了十个问题。这些问题不仅旨在解决与城市绿化有关的重要问题，为今后的研究提供指导，还为未来的政策提供了新的视角。对这十个问题的回答是基于作者的专业知识，以突出城市绿化在塑造未来方面的重要性和潜力。

{"title":"Ten questions concerning the role of urban greenery in shaping the future of urban areas","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strengthening sustainability starts with maintaining a balanced relationship between society, the environment, and the economy, and one of the pillars of doing this is increasing the amount of green infrastructure and expanding it in urban areas. Densely populated urban areas with fewer greenery are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, storm surge, heat waves, droughts, and changing diseases, and vulnerable populations in urban areas are likely to be disproportionately affected. In addition to providing multidimensional benefits to all ecosystems, urban greenery is influential in developing sustainable lifestyles and healthy eating habits, increasing individual well-being derived from the need for a sense of belonging and social inclusion, as well as reducing carbon footprint. As urban greenery is part of urban development but less attention is paid to it, the benefits of these areas should be further explored and highlighted. Thus, ten questions were raised concerning the contribution of urban greenery to the future of urban areas. The questions not only to address important issues related to urban greenery and to provide guidance for future studies, but also to offer new perspectives for future policies. The answers to the ten questions are based on the expertise of the authors to highlight the importance and the potential of urban greenery in shaping the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel prediction framework for estimating high spatial resolution near-ground PM2.5 and O3 concentrations at street-level in urban areas 用于估算城市地区街道级高空间分辨率近地面 PM2.5 和 O3 浓度的新型预测框架

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112141

National monitoring stations lack spatial coverage for reflecting microscopic changes in air pollution. Several studies have attempted to use locally measured data to develop prediction models to complement national stations. However, the lack of meteorological stations in urban areas makes it challenging to obtain temperature (TEM) and relative humidity (RH) with high spatial resolution; since these are important air pollution predictors, these models cannot be applied to entire urban areas. Here, we propose a new prediction framework that estimates near-ground high spatial resolution PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations based on short-time and large-scale monitoring and multisource urban data. We conducted a mobile monitoring experiment in Wuhan using electric bicycles to collect PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations and TEM and RH to train our models. First, we predicted the near-surface TEM and RH via mobile monitoring of the TEM, RH and other built environment data. Second, we used near-surface TEM and RH with other urban big data to predict the PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations. The results revealed that the estimation performance of the proposed two-stage machine learning prediction models is high, with R² values above 0.95. Satellite top of atmosphere reflectance (TOA), land surface reflectance (LSR) and street view data were incorporated into the new framework to obtain higher-spatial-resolution (50 m) air pollution maps. Our results revealed that TEM and RH varied considerably between the near-surface and meteorological stations. Accurate near-ground TEM and RH are important for predicting near-ground PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations. Furthermore, TOA and LSR are promising for predicting near-ground PM_2.5 concentrations.

国家监测站缺乏反映空气污染微观变化的空间覆盖范围。一些研究试图利用当地测量的数据来开发预测模型，以补充国家监测站的不足。然而，由于城市地区缺乏气象站，要获得高空间分辨率的温度（TEM）和相对湿度（RH）具有挑战性；由于这些数据是重要的空气污染预测指标，这些模型无法应用于整个城市地区。在此，我们提出了一个新的预测框架，该框架可根据短时和大规模监测以及多源城市数据估算近地面高空间分辨率 PM2.5 和 O3 浓度。我们在武汉进行了一次移动监测实验，使用电动自行车收集 PM2.5 和 O3 浓度以及 TEM 和 RH，以训练我们的模型。首先，我们通过移动监测 TEM、RH 和其他建筑环境数据来预测近地表 TEM 和 RH。其次，我们利用近地表 TEM 和 RH 以及其他城市大数据来预测 PM2.5 和 O3 浓度。结果表明，所提出的两阶段机器学习预测模型的估计性能很高，R2 值在 0.95 以上。卫星大气顶部反射率（TOA）、陆地表面反射率（LSR）和街景数据被纳入新框架，以获得更高空间分辨率（50 米）的空气污染地图。我们的研究结果表明，近地面和气象站之间的 TEM 和相对湿度差异很大。准确的近地面 TEM 和 RH 对于预测近地面 PM2.5 和 O3 浓度非常重要。此外，TOA 和 LSR 对预测近地面 PM2.5 浓度也很有帮助。

{"title":"A novel prediction framework for estimating high spatial resolution near-ground PM2.5 and O3 concentrations at street-level in urban areas","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>National monitoring stations lack spatial coverage for reflecting microscopic changes in air pollution. Several studies have attempted to use locally measured data to develop prediction models to complement national stations. However, the lack of meteorological stations in urban areas makes it challenging to obtain temperature (TEM) and relative humidity (RH) with high spatial resolution; since these are important air pollution predictors, these models cannot be applied to entire urban areas. Here, we propose a new prediction framework that estimates near-ground high spatial resolution PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations based on short-time and large-scale monitoring and multisource urban data. We conducted a mobile monitoring experiment in Wuhan using electric bicycles to collect PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations and TEM and RH to train our models. First, we predicted the near-surface TEM and RH via mobile monitoring of the TEM, RH and other built environment data. Second, we used near-surface TEM and RH with other urban big data to predict the PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations. The results revealed that the estimation performance of the proposed two-stage machine learning prediction models is high, with R<sup>2</sup> values above 0.95. Satellite top of atmosphere reflectance (TOA), land surface reflectance (LSR) and street view data were incorporated into the new framework to obtain higher-spatial-resolution (50 m) air pollution maps. Our results revealed that TEM and RH varied considerably between the near-surface and meteorological stations. Accurate near-ground TEM and RH are important for predicting near-ground PM<sub>2.5</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations. Furthermore, TOA and LSR are promising for predicting near-ground PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A modified multi-node human thermoregulation model with improved sweating response to simulate human physiological behaviours in warm and hot environments 改进出汗反应的多节点人体体温调节模型，模拟人类在温暖和炎热环境中的生理行为

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112164

The present research developed a modified multi-node thermoregulation model derived from the renowned Tanabe and JOS series models (JOS-2 and JOS-3). The JOS-3 model's predictions showed an abrupt spike in mean skin temperature, contradicting the findings from experiments. The JOS-3 model's sweating mechanism exhibits an inconsistency, and the sweating mechanism is not triggered promptly and accurately, leading to a sudden rise in skin temperature. This disparity significantly impacts the ability of the model to precisely replicate thermoregulatory responses under various climatic conditions and levels of physical activity. The proposed modified thermoregulation model extends the JOS-3 model by modifying the set-point temperature and sweating signals. The performance of the developed modified thermoregulation model is thoroughly analyzed under various conditions involving different environmental conditions, activity levels, and clothing types. The proposed model eliminates abrupt rise in the mean skin temperature and improves its prediction accuracy, notably reducing mean skin temperature RMSE in hot-humid conditions (0.66 °C vs. 0.85 °C) compared to the JOS-3 model. In hot-dry settings, improvements are significant, reducing the mean skin temperature and core temperature RMSE (0.48 °C vs. 0.06 °C and 0.05 °C vs. 0.02 °C, respectively). Overall, the modified thermoregulation model offers a reliable and accurate solution to analyze human physiological conditions for a wide range of practical problems.

本研究从著名的田边和 JOS 系列模型（JOS-2 和 JOS-3）中衍生出一个改进的多节点体温调节模型。JOS-3 模型的预测结果显示，平均皮肤温度会突然飙升，这与实验结果相矛盾。JOS-3 模型的出汗机制表现出不一致性，没有及时准确地触发出汗机制，导致皮肤温度突然升高。这种差异极大地影响了该模型在不同气候条件和体力活动水平下精确复制体温调节反应的能力。所提出的修正体温调节模型通过修改设定点温度和出汗信号对 JOS-3 模型进行了扩展。在涉及不同环境条件、活动水平和服装类型的各种条件下，对所开发的修正体温调节模型的性能进行了全面分析。与 JOS-3 模型相比，所提出的模型消除了平均皮肤温度突然升高的现象，并提高了预测精度，显著降低了湿热条件下的平均皮肤温度均方根误差（0.66 °C：0.85 °C）。在干热条件下，该模型也有显著改善，降低了平均皮肤温度和核心温度均方根误差（分别为 0.48 °C 对 0.06 °C 和 0.05 °C 对 0.02 °C）。总之，改进后的体温调节模型为分析各种实际问题的人体生理状况提供了可靠而准确的解决方案。

{"title":"A modified multi-node human thermoregulation model with improved sweating response to simulate human physiological behaviours in warm and hot environments","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research developed a modified multi-node thermoregulation model derived from the renowned Tanabe and JOS series models (JOS-2 and JOS-3). The JOS-3 model's predictions showed an abrupt spike in mean skin temperature, contradicting the findings from experiments. The JOS-3 model's sweating mechanism exhibits an inconsistency, and the sweating mechanism is not triggered promptly and accurately, leading to a sudden rise in skin temperature. This disparity significantly impacts the ability of the model to precisely replicate thermoregulatory responses under various climatic conditions and levels of physical activity. The proposed modified thermoregulation model extends the JOS-3 model by modifying the set-point temperature and sweating signals. The performance of the developed modified thermoregulation model is thoroughly analyzed under various conditions involving different environmental conditions, activity levels, and clothing types. The proposed model eliminates abrupt rise in the mean skin temperature and improves its prediction accuracy, notably reducing mean skin temperature RMSE in hot-humid conditions (0.66 °C vs. 0.85 °C) compared to the JOS-3 model. In hot-dry settings, improvements are significant, reducing the mean skin temperature and core temperature RMSE (0.48 °C vs. 0.06 °C and 0.05 °C vs. 0.02 °C, respectively). Overall, the modified thermoregulation model offers a reliable and accurate solution to analyze human physiological conditions for a wide range of practical problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing embodied carbon emissions from material consumption in Hong Kong's building sector from 2012 to 2050 under uncertainty 在不确定因素下评估2012年至2050年香港建筑行业材料消耗的内蕴碳排放量

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112137

Material consumption in building construction contributes to numerous embodied carbon (EC) emissions, and thus assessing this aspect of EC is crucial for tracking the climate change impacts of construction activities. The existence of multiple uncertainty factors leads to deviations of assessment results from reality. This study developed a systematic methodology to assess the material consumption-related EC emissions in the building sector under uncertainty at multiple levels, and applied it in Hong Kong's building sector from 2012 to 2050. Four types of uncertainty factors, namely, floor area of new buildings, material consumption intensity, carbon emission factor, and material recycling quantity, were considered, with their fluctuation intervals determined based on data sources and precision. The Sobol’ sensitivity analysis method was adopted to identify the sensitive factors affecting the EC. Results showed that the annual EC from material consumption peaked at 2.61 Mt in 2018, equivalent to 6.4% of the carbon emissions in Hong Kong. The emissions are estimated to have a rapid decline until 0.02–0.24 Mt in 2050 under different scenarios of accommodation floor area and material recycling. Concrete and steel account for over 80 % of the EC throughout the study period. The uncertainty factors lead to considerable variations in the EC assessment results, with fluctuations ranging up to ±83.7 %. The building sector scale was identified as the dominant factor affecting the EC results in the long term, while the significance of material demand and emission factors diminishes progressively. Based on these findings, we suggest establishing a carbon footprint tracking system for building materials, and implementing a dynamic update and modification mechanism for the decarbonisation targets in Hong Kong's building sector.

建筑施工中的材料消耗会产生大量的内含碳排放（EC），因此评估这方面的内含碳排放对于跟踪建筑活动对气候变化的影响至关重要。多种不确定因素的存在导致评估结果与实际情况存在偏差。本研究开发了一套系统方法，用于评估在多层次不确定性条件下，建筑行业与材料消耗相关的EC排放量，并将其应用于2012年至2050年的香港建筑行业。研究考虑了四类不确定性因素，即新建建筑面积、材料消耗强度、碳排放因子和材料回收量，并根据数据来源和精度确定其波动区间。采用 "Sobol "敏感性分析方法确定影响 EC 的敏感因素。结果显示，材料消耗产生的年碳排放量在2018年达到峰值261万吨，相当于香港碳排放量的6.4%。在不同的楼面面积和材料回收情况下，估计排放量会迅速下降，直至2050年的0.02-0.24百万吨。在整段研究期間，混凝土和鋼材佔總碳排放量超過 80%。不确定性因素导致EC评估结果差异巨大，波动范围高达±83.7%。从长远来看，建筑行业规模是影响EC结果的主要因素，而材料需求和排放因素的重要性则逐渐减弱。基于上述研究结果，我们建议建立建筑材料碳足迹追踪系统，并为香港建筑业的减碳目标实施动态更新和修改机制。

{"title":"Assessing embodied carbon emissions from material consumption in Hong Kong's building sector from 2012 to 2050 under uncertainty","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Material consumption in building construction contributes to numerous embodied carbon (EC) emissions, and thus assessing this aspect of EC is crucial for tracking the climate change impacts of construction activities. The existence of multiple uncertainty factors leads to deviations of assessment results from reality. This study developed a systematic methodology to assess the material consumption-related EC emissions in the building sector under uncertainty at multiple levels, and applied it in Hong Kong's building sector from 2012 to 2050. Four types of uncertainty factors, namely, floor area of new buildings, material consumption intensity, carbon emission factor, and material recycling quantity, were considered, with their fluctuation intervals determined based on data sources and precision. The Sobol’ sensitivity analysis method was adopted to identify the sensitive factors affecting the EC. Results showed that the annual EC from material consumption peaked at 2.61 Mt in 2018, equivalent to 6.4% of the carbon emissions in Hong Kong. The emissions are estimated to have a rapid decline until 0.02–0.24 Mt in 2050 under different scenarios of accommodation floor area and material recycling. Concrete and steel account for over 80 % of the EC throughout the study period. The uncertainty factors lead to considerable variations in the EC assessment results, with fluctuations ranging up to ±83.7 %. The building sector scale was identified as the dominant factor affecting the EC results in the long term, while the significance of material demand and emission factors diminishes progressively. Based on these findings, we suggest establishing a carbon footprint tracking system for building materials, and implementing a dynamic update and modification mechanism for the decarbonisation targets in Hong Kong's building sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0