Building and Environment最新文献

Validation of large eddy simulations in urban wind studies using a new overall area metric 使用新的总面积指标验证城市风研究中的大涡度模拟

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112285

Usman Shaukat , Jasna Bogunovic Jakobsen , Naoki Ikegaya , Knut Erik Teigen Giljarhus

There is an increase in reliance on large-eddy simulations (LES) over traditional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations for conducting urban wind studies because of their potential to capture detailed flow characteristics and unsteady flow phenomena. Validation remains a crucial aspect of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Yet, LES validation often relies on traditional RANS-based metrics that focus on mean quantities, despite LES providing richer flow details. With adequate LES validation guidelines lacking in the computational wind engineering literature, this paper introduces a new validation metric tailored for LES in urban wind studies. This study uses the ”Michelstadt” test case, a semi-idealized model of a generic European city, to demonstrate the metric’s evaluation. It begins by assessing the importance of mesh sensitivity and inflow generation techniques in achieving high-fidelity LES results. Then, the proposed metric, called the overall area metric (OAM), improves the evaluation of LES results by quantitatively comparing the cumulative density functions (CDFs) of the velocity time series of LES with experiments. The LES results for mean velocity and Reynolds stresses align well with the experimental data based on traditional hit rate and factor of two metrics both within and above the urban canopy layer (UCL). The OAM reveals poor results above the building compared to the results within the UCL for the mean streamwise velocity. Therefore, the OAM metric accurately represents velocity distributions, allowing validation of a wider range of wind speeds, unlike previous metrics. This is important in recent LES studies on rare high-wind events, such as gusts.

与传统的雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯（RANS）模拟相比，大涡模拟（LES）在城市风研究中的应用越来越广泛，因为它可以捕捉到详细的流动特征和非稳态流动现象。验证仍然是计算流体动力学（CFD）分析的一个重要方面。然而，尽管 LES 可提供更丰富的流动细节，但其验证往往依赖于基于 RANS 的传统指标，这些指标侧重于平均量。由于计算风工程文献中缺乏适当的 LES 验证指南，本文介绍了一种专为城市风研究中的 LES 量身定制的新验证指标。本研究使用 "米歇尔施塔特 "测试案例（一个普通欧洲城市的半理想化模型）来演示该指标的评估。研究首先评估了网格灵敏度和流入生成技术在实现高保真 LES 结果方面的重要性。然后，通过定量比较 LES 速度时间序列的累积密度函数 (CDF)，改进了对 LES 结果的评估。根据传统的命中率和二因子指标，在城市冠层（UCL）内部和上方，平均速度和雷诺应力的 LES 结果与实验数据非常吻合。与 UCL 内的平均流速结果相比，OAM 在建筑物上方显示的结果较差。因此，与之前的指标不同，OAM 指标准确地反映了速度分布，允许对更大范围的风速进行验证。这对于近期针对罕见大风事件（如阵风）的 LES 研究非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of dust endotoxins, airborne bacteria, and PM2.5 at old-age nursing homes and children's daycare centers in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea 韩国首尔市区养老院和儿童日托中心的粉尘内毒素、空气中的细菌和 PM2.5 评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112293

Sung Ho Hwang , JongUk Won , Wha Me Park

Indoor air pollutants are associated with adverse health effects in people, particularly children and older adults—the most vulnerable groups health-wise who also happen to spend much of their time in indoor environments. To contribute to knowledge on how these groups can be protected, this study sought to determine the relationships between indoor pollutants (dust endotoxins, airborne bacteria (AB), and particulate matter (PM_2.5)) and environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity (RH), use of air conditioners (AC), use of windows, and season). For each pollutant, 360 samples were collected from 31 old-age nursing homes and 31 daycare centers in South Korea. The Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis rank sum, Spearman's rank analysis, and multivariate regression were used to determine whether there were significant differences between indoor pollutants and environmental factors. Dust endotoxin values ranged between < LOD and 632 EU/mL and between 306 and 632 CFU/m³ for AB, and ranged from 3.9 to 32.5 µg/m³ for PM_2.5. Dust endotoxin levels showed a significant relationship with RH and season in the multiple regression analysis. Periodic AC filter cleaning and exchange, as well as proper RH management in these facilities may help reduce indoor biological pollutants. The findings of this study are informative for addressing the respiratory health issues of older people and children in indoor facilities.

室内空气污染物与人们的不良健康影响有关，尤其是儿童和老年人--他们是健康方面最脆弱的群体，而且大部分时间都在室内环境中度过。为了帮助人们了解如何保护这些群体，本研究试图确定室内污染物（灰尘内毒素、空气传播细菌 (AB) 和颗粒物 (PM2.5)）与环境因素（温度、相对湿度 (RH)、空调使用情况、窗户使用情况和季节）之间的关系。针对每种污染物，研究人员从韩国 31 家养老院和 31 家日托中心收集了 360 份样本。采用曼-惠特尼 U 检验、Kruskal-Wallis 秩和检验、斯皮尔曼秩分析和多元回归检验来确定室内污染物与环境因素之间是否存在显著差异。灰尘内毒素值介于< LOD和632 EU/mL之间，AB介于306和632 CFU/m3之间，PM2.5介于3.9至32.5 µg/m3之间。在多元回归分析中，粉尘内毒素水平与相对湿度和季节有显著关系。在这些设施中定期清洗和更换空调过滤器，以及进行适当的相对湿度管理，可能有助于减少室内生物污染物。这项研究的结果对于解决室内设施中老年人和儿童的呼吸健康问题具有参考价值。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges and future directions in evaporative cooling: Balancing sustainable cooling with microbial safety 蒸发冷却的挑战和未来方向：平衡可持续冷却与微生物安全

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112292

Łukasz Stefaniak, Sylwia Szczęśniak, Juliusz Walaszczyk, Krzysztof Rajski, Katarzyna Piekarska, Jan Danielewicz

Evaporative cooling systems are gaining popularity due to their environmental benefits, particularly in reducing energy consumption and utilizing air (R-729) and water (R-718) as refrigerants. However, these systems are susceptible to microbial contamination, posing significant health risks, especially in environments where air is in direct contact with water. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the microbial risks associated with evaporative cooling systems, focusing on bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, fungi, and other pathogens that can proliferate in the moist environments these systems create. While Legionella contamination is well-documented and frequently addressed, this study highlights the need for more comprehensive evaluation of other microbial risks. The research compares the microbial safety of evaporative cooling systems with that of traditional vapor compression cooling and examines the role of cooling pad materials and water quality in promoting microbial growth. It also underscores the limitations of current maintenance practices, which often overlook non-Legionella risks. To improve microbial safety, the paper proposes several mitigation strategies, including UV water treatment and heat exchanger surface modifications, to reduce microbial contamination. Additionally, the study calls for more detailed and consistent maintenance guidelines that cover a broader spectrum of microbial threats beyond Legionella, as well as regular monitoring of indoor air quality to ensure the safe operation of these systems in human-occupied spaces.

Ultimately, the findings emphasize that, with improved microbial safety protocols and regular maintenance, evaporative cooling systems can become a sustainable and safe alternative to conventional cooling technologies in various environments.

蒸发冷却系统因其环保优势而越来越受欢迎，特别是在降低能耗和利用空气（R-729）和水（R-718）作为制冷剂方面。然而，这些系统很容易受到微生物污染，对健康构成重大威胁，尤其是在空气与水直接接触的环境中。文章深入分析了与蒸发冷却系统相关的微生物风险，重点介绍了嗜肺军团菌、真菌和其他病原体等细菌，这些细菌会在这些系统所创造的潮湿环境中大量繁殖。虽然军团菌污染已被充分证实并经常被处理，但这项研究强调了对其他微生物风险进行更全面评估的必要性。研究比较了蒸发冷却系统和传统蒸汽压缩冷却系统的微生物安全性，并考察了冷却垫材料和水质在促进微生物生长方面的作用。研究还强调了当前维护方法的局限性，因为这些方法往往忽视了非军团菌风险。为了提高微生物安全性，论文提出了几种缓解策略，包括紫外线水处理和热交换器表面改造，以减少微生物污染。此外，研究还呼吁制定更详细、更一致的维护指南，涵盖军团菌以外的更广泛的微生物威胁，并定期监测室内空气质量，以确保这些系统在有人居住的空间内安全运行。最终，研究结果强调，通过改进微生物安全协议和定期维护，蒸发冷却系统可以成为各种环境中传统冷却技术的可持续安全替代品。

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引用次数: 0

Contextual evaluation of the impact of dynamic urban window view content on view satisfaction 动态城市窗口视图内容对视图满意度影响的情境评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112303

Simeon N. Ingabo, Ying-Chieh Chan

Movement is a preferred attribute in window views, but identifying the ideal amount of movement for different space types remains challenging. This study examined the impact of movement in urban window views on view satisfaction in four spaces: office, living room, restaurant and classroom. Fifty dynamic urban window views were recorded at 30 frames per second, and movement was quantified by examining the percentage of pixels that exhibited intensity changes between successive video frames. Window view compositional ratios were determined through semantic segmentation using a pretrained DeepLabv3+ model. Fifty participants evaluated the movement and view satisfaction in a virtual reality survey. Movement was sufficient when average change in the view after every 1/30 s ranged between 2 % to 8 % during the viewing period. Correlation analysis revealed that the strongest indicators of excessive, insufficient and sufficient movement are Ratio of Human-associated Dynamic Objects (RHDO), Building Ratio (BR), and Greenery Ratio (GR), respectively. It was established that occupants can tolerate higher movement and RHDO in restaurants and offices than in living rooms and classrooms. These insights can inform the allocation of space in mixed-use buildings. The movement quantification method can also be incorporated into other dynamic window view evaluation frameworks.

移动是窗景的首选属性，但确定不同空间类型的理想移动量仍具有挑战性。本研究考察了城市橱窗视图中的运动对办公室、起居室、餐厅和教室四个空间视图满意度的影响。研究人员以每秒 30 帧的速度录制了 50 幅动态城市橱窗视图，并通过检查连续视频帧之间强度变化的像素百分比来量化移动情况。通过使用预训练的 DeepLabv3+ 模型进行语义分割，确定橱窗视图的构成比例。50 名参与者在虚拟现实调查中对移动和视图满意度进行了评估。在观看过程中，每 1/30 秒后视图的平均变化范围在 2 % 到 8 % 之间时，移动就足够了。相关性分析表明，与人相关的动态物体比率（RHDO）、建筑比率（BR）和绿化比率（GR）分别是运动过度、运动不足和运动充分的最强指标。研究结果表明，与起居室和教室相比，餐厅和办公室中的居住者可以忍受更高的活动量和动态物体比率。这些见解可以为混合用途建筑的空间分配提供参考。移动量化方法也可纳入其他动态窗景评估框架。

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引用次数: 0

Preliminary investigation of volatile organic compounds and odor emissions from emulsion paint and laminate flooring in dynamic environmental chamber 乳胶漆和复合地板在动态环境室中的挥发性有机化合物和气味排放初步调查

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112300

Yibing Hu , Weihui Liang , Yao Gao , Jianshun (Jensen) Zhang

Building materials are major sources of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors. This study investigated the emissions of VOCs and odors from emulsion paint and laminate flooring over a 264-hour period using a dynamic environmental chamber by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC–MS/O) and sensory assessment methods. The odor intensity (OI) of emulsion paint and laminate flooring ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 and from 2.0 to 3.2, respectively, peaking at 12 h and stabilizing after 24 h. Both acceptability and hedonic tone exhibited a significantly negative correlation with OI. The total VOCs (TVOC) concentration of emulsion paint ranged from 626.7 to 1041.1 µg/m³, while that in laminate flooring ranged from 43.4 to 581.2 µg/m³. Based on odor activity values (OAV), toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and decanal were identified as primary odorants emitted from the two building materials. The GC–MS/O method detected a great number of odorants, including 2-methyl-butane, cyclopentane, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, nonanal, decanal, o-xylene and styrene in emulsion paint. Laminate flooring exhibited odorants with the first five being consistent with those found in emulsion paint and an additional two identified as benzene and toluene. Some disparity was noted between the primary odorants identified by the OAV and GC–MS/O methods. TVOC concentration and OAV_sum showed no significant correlation with OI in the air mixture. These findings provide a preliminary investigation of the dynamic odor emission characteristics of building materials, highlighting the importance of comprehensive odor assessments.

建筑材料是室内挥发性有机化合物（VOC）和气味的主要来源。这项研究利用气相色谱-质谱法/原子吸收光谱法（GC-MS/O）和感官评估法，在一个动态环境室中对乳胶漆和复合地板在 264 小时内的挥发性有机化合物和气味排放情况进行了调查。乳胶漆和强化复合地板的气味强度（OI）分别为 1.4 至 3.5 和 2.0 至 3.2，在 12 小时达到峰值，24 小时后趋于稳定。乳胶漆的总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）浓度介于 626.7 微克/立方米至 1041.1 微克/立方米之间，而强化复合地板的总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）浓度介于 43.4 微克/立方米至 581.2 微克/立方米之间。根据气味活性值，甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、2-乙基-1-己醇和癸醛被确定为这两种建筑材料散发的主要气味物质。气相色谱-质谱/水相色谱法在乳胶漆中检测到大量气味物质，包括 2-甲基丁烷、环戊烷、2-乙基-1-己醇、壬醛、癸醛、邻二甲苯和苯乙烯。强化复合地板中的前五种气味与乳胶漆中的气味一致，另外两种被确认为苯和甲苯。通过 OAV 和 GC-MS/O 方法确定的主要气味物质之间存在一些差异。TVOC 浓度和 OAVsum 与空气混合物中的 OI 没有明显的相关性。这些研究结果对建筑材料的动态气味排放特征进行了初步调查，强调了全面气味评估的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying thermo-physiological stress exposure during extreme events: Developing a morphological case study in Istanbul 量化极端事件中的热生理压力暴露：在伊斯坦布尔开展形态学案例研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112304

Elif Nur Sarı , Andre Santos Nouri , Mert Ekşi , Andreas Matzarakis

This study aimed to determine thermal comfort conditions during Extreme Heat Events (EHE), particularly focus on Very Hot Day and Heat Wave Event in Istanbul. The analysis was based on a comprehensive dataset of hourly temperature records collected from six meteorological stations over the period 1991–2021. Subsequently, Land Surface Temperature (LST) was mapped on the basis of EHE days. Finally, specific areas with different street morphologies values from the referenced LST were obtained, enabling the evaluation of heat stress for the EHE day and for the period between 2006 and 2021. The study identified August 5th, 2021 as the day of extreme heat stress in Istanbul. LST obtained for August 5th was divided into three groups: low (23.3 °C), moderate (26 °C), and high (29.3 - 30 °C), and findings regarding heat stress were obtained through thermal indices. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) values on August 5th, 2021, were significantly higher than the 15-year average, showing a shift from moderate and slight heat stress to strong and extreme heat stress levels. PET values indicated strong heat stress, especially around noon, reaching up to 40.5 °C in lower LST, and extreme heat stress level of 45.7 °C in the afternoon in higher LST. Extreme thermal conditions were generally observed on the right side of streets oriented between 105° and 165° in both regions.

本研究旨在确定极端高温事件（EHE）期间的热舒适条件，尤其关注伊斯坦布尔的酷热日和热浪事件。分析基于 1991-2021 年期间从六个气象站收集的每小时温度记录的综合数据集。随后，根据极热日绘制了地表温度图。最后，从参考的 LST 值中获得了具有不同街道形态值的特定区域，从而能够对 EHE 日以及 2006 年至 2021 年期间的热应力进行评估。研究确定 2021 年 8 月 5 日为伊斯坦布尔的极端热应激日。8 月 5 日获得的 LST 被分为三组：低（23.3 °C）、中（26 °C）和高（29.3 - 30 °C），并通过热指数获得了有关热应力的结论。2021 年 8 月 5 日的生理等效温度 (PET) 值明显高于 15 年的平均值，显示出从中度和轻度热应激向强度和极端热应激水平的转变。PET 值显示了强烈的热应力，尤其是在中午前后，在较低 LST 时高达 40.5 °C，在较高 LST 时下午达到 45.7 °C的极端热应力水平。在这两个地区，街道右侧的极端热量条件一般都在 105° 和 165° 之间。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying the effects of luminous properties on human visual and non-visual responses in indoor environments: An integrative lighting network 量化室内环境中光照特性对人类视觉和非视觉反应的影响：综合照明网络

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112302

Dandan Hou , Ming Ronnier Luo , Yandan Lin

Artificial lighting is a critical element in indoor environments such as offices, educational facilities, and healthcare settings. However, the dose-response relationships between luminous properties and human responses remain unclear, hindering the scientific determination of lighting parameters in indoor design. This study aims to quantify the impact of luminous properties on human visual and non-visual responses through psychophysical experiments, exploring the correlations and causal relationships between these responses and environmental factors, ultimately establishing a quantitative integrative lighting network. Within the neuroscientific framework of visual and non-visual pathways, this study hypothesizes that 18 luminous properties positively influence five typical human responses: visual preference, visual performance, fatigue, alertness, and emotion. Data were collected from 65 participants (30 males and 35 females) under 28 common indoor lighting conditions by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), preference scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), d2 Test of Attention, and fatigue scale. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses identified significant luminous properties associated with human responses and developed optimal regression models that explained 58.7 % of the variance in visual preference, 75.5 % in visual performance, 57.0 % in fatigue, 70.2 % in alertness, and 59.0 % in positive emotion. Further mediation regression analysis revealed the influence of color quality (V1) on alertness was fully mediated by the impact of spectrum on non-visual components (NV), as was the influence of light distribution and illuminance (V2) on emotion. Based on these findings, an integrative lighting network was constructed, providing essential quantitative evidence and guidelines for designing indoor lighting environments to meet diverse functional needs.

人工照明是办公室、教育设施和医疗机构等室内环境的关键因素。然而，光照特性与人体反应之间的剂量-反应关系仍不明确，阻碍了室内设计中照明参数的科学确定。本研究旨在通过心理物理实验，量化光照特性对人类视觉和非视觉反应的影响，探索这些反应与环境因素之间的相关性和因果关系，最终建立一个定量的综合照明网络。在视觉和非视觉通路的神经科学框架内，本研究假设 18 种光照特性会积极影响人类的五种典型反应：视觉偏好、视觉表现、疲劳、警觉性和情绪。在 28 种常见室内照明条件下，通过卡罗林斯卡嗜睡量表（KSS）、偏好量表、积极和消极情绪表（PANAS）、d2 注意力测试和疲劳量表收集了 65 名参与者（30 名男性和 35 名女性）的数据。相关和多元线性回归分析确定了与人类反应相关的重要光照特性，并建立了最佳回归模型，可解释 58.7% 的视觉偏好差异、75.5% 的视觉表现差异、57.0% 的疲劳差异、70.2% 的警觉差异和 59.0% 的积极情绪差异。进一步的中介回归分析显示，色彩质量（V1）对警觉性的影响完全由光谱对非视觉成分（NV）的影响所中介，而光线分布和照度（V2）对情绪的影响也是如此。基于这些发现，我们构建了一个综合照明网络，为设计室内照明环境以满足不同的功能需求提供了重要的定量证据和指导。

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引用次数: 0

Survival time analysis of the relationship between the residential environment and residents’ health status 居住环境与居民健康状况关系的生存时间分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112305

Tomomitsu Kamata , Junta Nakano , Ryota Fujii , Shuzo Murakami , Toshiharu Ikaga , Shun Kawakubo

Based on numerous cross-sectional analyses, the residential environment has been identified to have an impact on residents’ health status. However, there has been little study of whether these impacts persist in the long term or diminish over time. Accordingly, the present study used data tracking of more than 15,000 residents for nearly 10 years to examine the long-term relationships between the residential environment and residents’ health status using the Kaplan–Meier method and discrete time logit models. The results revealed that higher comprehensive assessment of the thermal, acoustic, light, hygiene, safety, and security environment in the residence is likely to extend the period until health deteriorates. Specifically, the period until low subjective health perception was about 2 years longer for residents in the top 16% of assessments of the residential environment compared with the national average assessment. This trend was also supported by supplementary analyses using the incidence of 10 types of non-communicable diseases: diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular diseases, disorders of conjunctiva, hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, upper respiratory tract disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, dermatitis and eczema, and inflammatory arthropathies. These findings are relevant for a wide range of stakeholders, from individual residents to policymakers, and highlight that a good residential environment effectively promotes healthy longevity. This study will serve as a starting point for further long-term studies.

根据大量横断面分析，住宅环境已被确认会对居民的健康状况产生影响。然而，对于这些影响是否会长期存在或随着时间的推移而减弱，却鲜有研究。因此，本研究采用 Kaplan-Meier 法和离散时间 logit 模型，对 15000 多名居民进行了近 10 年的数据追踪，研究居住环境与居民健康状况之间的长期关系。研究结果表明，对住宅的热、声、光、卫生、安全和安保环境进行更全面的评估，有可能延长健康状况恶化的时间。具体来说，与全国平均水平相比，居住环境评估排名前 16% 的居民，其主观健康感知下降的时间要长约 2 年。利用 10 种非传染性疾病（糖尿病、脑血管疾病、结膜疾病、高血压疾病、心脏病、上呼吸道疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病、哮喘、皮炎和湿疹以及炎症性关节病）的发病率进行的补充分析也证实了这一趋势。这些研究结果与从居民个人到政策制定者等广泛的利益相关者息息相关，并强调良好的居住环境能有效促进健康长寿。这项研究将成为进一步开展长期研究的起点。

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引用次数: 0

Predictive models of tranquility in urban public open spaces based on audiovisual indicators analysis 基于视听指标分析的城市公共开放空间宁静度预测模型

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112260

Wei Yan , Qi Meng , Yuxin Yin , Da Yang , Mengmeng Li , Jian Kang

Tranquil areas significantly enhance residential environmental quality and social well-being. However, a structured predictive assessment mechanism has yet to be established. This study develops prediction models for diverse places by conducting tranquility analyses based on 91 sample sites, integrating 10 objective and 31 subjective audiovisual indicators. The results indicate: (1) For auditory aspects, objective indicators such as sound level and psychoacoustic parameters demonstrate higher explanatory power compared to subjective indicators. By contrast, for visual aspects, subjective indicators such as perceived intensity and evaluation demonstrate higher explanatory power than objective indicators. (2) Sensitivity to sound is higher than to visual stimuli when perceiving tranquility. Negative elements (e.g., artificial sounds (AS): r = -0.69, p ≤ 0.05, other artificial elements (OAE): r = -0.41, p ≤ 0.05) have a stronger impact than positive elements (e.g., natural sounds (NS): r = 0.62, p ≤ 0.05, natural elements (NE): r = 0.29, p ≤ 0.05). (3) Key predictive variables for potential tranquil areas include the number of noises (NN), natural sounds/artificial sounds (NS/AS), civilization level (CL), Loudness, and natural contextual elements/other artificial elements (NCE/OAE). For natural places, AS and the number of people (NP) are key predictive variables. Similarly, for historical and cultural places, L_A90, NN, and OAE are key predictive variables. These findings can be applied to the prediction, identification, and evaluation of different types of urban tranquil areas, thereby guiding their creation and optimization.

宁静的区域可大大提高居住环境质量和社会福利。然而，结构化的预测评估机制尚未建立。本研究通过对 91 个样本地点进行宁静度分析，整合 10 项客观和 31 项主观视听指标，建立了针对不同场所的预测模型。结果表明：(1) 在听觉方面，声级和心理声学参数等客观指标的解释力高于主观指标。相比之下，在视觉方面，感知强度和评价等主观指标的解释力高于客观指标。(2) 在感知宁静时，对声音的敏感度高于对视觉刺激的敏感度。消极因素（如人工声音（AS）：r = -0.69，p ≤ 0.05；其他人工因素（OAE）：r = -0.41，p ≤ 0.05）比积极因素（如自然声音（NS）：r = 0.62，p ≤ 0.05；自然因素（NE）：r = 0.29，p ≤ 0.05）的影响更大。(3）潜在宁静区域的主要预测变量包括噪音数量（NN）、自然声音/人工声音（NS/AS）、文明程度（CL）、响度（Loudness）和自然环境元素/其他人工元素（NCE/OAE）。对于自然场所而言，AS 和人数（NP）是关键的预测变量。同样，对于历史文化场所，LA90、NN 和 OAE 是关键的预测变量。这些发现可用于预测、识别和评估不同类型的城市宁静区域，从而指导其创建和优化。

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引用次数: 0

CFD simulation of the stratified atmospheric boundary layer: Consistency between Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and the standard k-ε model 分层大气边界层的 CFD 模拟：莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论与标准 k-ε 模型的一致性

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112284

Hao (Simone) Wang , Bert Blocken , Zhang Lin

Including thermal stratification in CFD simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow is important for a wide range of applications, from pollutant dispersion over wind energy farm performance to urban thermal microclimate. One of the most important prerequisites for accurate CFD simulations of thermally stratified ABL flow is horizontal homogeneity. Horizontal homogeneity refers to the absence of unintended streamwise gradients in the approach-flow profiles of mean velocity, turbulence quantities and temperature when flowing from the inlet of the domain to the location of interest in the domain, over uniformly rough level terrain. This paper proposes a generic and consistent solution to maintain horizontal homogeneity in CFD simulations of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) based stratified ABL flow. A new description is proposed for the coefficient

C_{ε 3}

, which appears in the buoyancy term in the transport equation of the turbulence dissipation rate. This proposed solution is successfully demonstrated by simulations in an empty domain for four stability conditions (1/L = 1/152.4 m⁻¹, 1/1071.7 m⁻¹, 0 m⁻¹ and -1/296.3 m⁻¹), where the standard k-ε turbulence model with the new

C_{ε 3}

is shown to well maintain the profiles of U, ε and T with only minor deviations for the k profiles. The performance of the turbulence model with the new

C_{ε 3}

is also illustrated by the flow around a rectangular building under thermal stratification.

在大气边界层（ABL）流的 CFD 模拟中加入热分层对于从污染物扩散到风能发电场性能以及城市热微气候等广泛应用非常重要。要对热分层 ABL 流动进行精确的 CFD 模拟，最重要的先决条件之一就是水平均质性。水平均质性是指在均匀粗糙的平坦地形上，从域的入口流向域中感兴趣的位置时，平均速度、湍流量和温度的接近流剖面没有意外的流向梯度。本文提出了一种通用且一致的解决方案，用于在基于莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论（MOST）的分层 ABL 气流 CFD 模拟中保持水平均质性。本文对系数 Cε3 提出了新的描述，该系数出现在湍流耗散率传输方程的浮力项中。在空域中对四种稳定条件（1/L = 1/152.4 m-1、1/1071.7 m-1、0 m-1 和 -1/296.3 m-1）进行了模拟，结果表明采用新 Cε3 的标准 k-ε 湍流模型能很好地保持 U、ε 和 T 的剖面，仅在 k 剖面上存在微小偏差。采用新 Cε3 的湍流模型的性能还通过热分层条件下矩形建筑物周围的流动进行了说明。

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引用次数: 0