Building and Environment最新文献

Sensor fault diagnosis and calibration techniques in building energy systems: A review and future outlook 建筑能源系统传感器故障诊断与校准技术综述与展望

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112365

Kai Hu , Chengchu Yan , Jing Ye , Yizhe Xu , Zhenying Zhu , Yanfeng Gong

While extensive research has been conducted on fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and sensor calibration in building energy systems, a comprehensive overview of the technical developments in these areas, particularly in response to emerging needs such as high-precision measurement and the advent of new technologies like big data and artificial intelligence, remains limited. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a systematic review of sensor-related topics in building energy systems. It logically summarizes existing research, draws conclusions on current developments, and predicts future trends in sensor technology. The paper categorizes the impacts of sensor failures on energy systems into three primary areas: energy efficiency, thermal fault diagnosis, and indoor thermal comfort. It then outlines the evolution of FDD methods by introducing various models. Finally, recent studies and applications of “true value”/benchmark value determination methods, calibration algorithms, and measurement performance evaluation are presented, along with a summary of the main challenges in sensor calibration and evaluation for ensuring efficient building energy system operation in the context of these emerging trends.

虽然对建筑能源系统中的故障检测和诊断（FDD）和传感器校准进行了广泛的研究，但对这些领域的技术发展的全面概述，特别是对高精度测量等新兴需求的响应，以及大数据和人工智能等新技术的出现，仍然有限。为了弥补这一差距，本文对建筑能源系统中与传感器相关的主题进行了系统的回顾。它从逻辑上总结了现有的研究，得出了当前发展的结论，并预测了传感器技术的未来趋势。本文将传感器故障对能源系统的影响分为三个主要领域：能源效率、热故障诊断和室内热舒适。然后通过介绍各种模型概述了FDD方法的发展。最后，介绍了“真值”/基准值确定方法、校准算法和测量性能评估的最新研究和应用，并总结了在这些新兴趋势的背景下，为确保建筑能源系统的高效运行，传感器校准和评估面临的主要挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of musical tempo on human thermal comfort during interval exercise 间歇运动中音乐节奏对人体热舒适的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112359

Meng Zhen , Weijie Xia , Dahu Lin

Compared to steady-state exercise, thermal comfort during interval exercise varies. Moreover, research on the effects of musical tempo on subjective thermal perception, emotional state, and physiological responses in individuals performing interval exercise remains limited. Based on this, 22 participants were recruited for this study to simulate a gym environment within a climate chamber. The K5 metabolic analyzer combined with questionnaires was used to monitor the subjective responses and physiological parameters of participants during exercise, analyzing the effect of musical tempo on thermal comfort during interval exercise. Furthermore, by externalizing different tempos of music during the exercise phases of the experiment, participants' emotional states were induced to be either pleasant (positive) or boring (negative). The no-music working condition served as a control group for this experiment with no emotional induction. The research results indicate that music tempo affects the subjective thermal response, physiological response, and emotional state of the exercising population, with this influence showing clear differences and patterns. Notably, Regardless of the music tempo, the emotional index (MI) exhibited strong negative correlations with thermal sensation votes (TSV) (r = -0.76, -0.93), metabolic rate (MR) (r = -0.91, -0.95), and heart rate (HR) (r = -0.92, -0.94) across two exercise intensities. Based on these findings, a more adaptive PMV improvement model (PMV*) was developed using correlation analysis and regression fitting. This study provides important insights for the design of personalized exercise environments.

与稳态运动相比，间歇运动期间的热舒适有所不同。此外，音乐节奏对间歇运动个体主观热知觉、情绪状态和生理反应的影响研究仍然有限。在此基础上，研究人员招募了22名参与者来模拟气候室内的健身房环境。采用K5代谢分析仪和问卷调查相结合的方法，监测被试在运动过程中的主观反应和生理参数，分析音乐节奏对间歇运动时热舒适的影响。此外，通过在实验的练习阶段外化不同的音乐节奏，参与者的情绪状态被诱导为愉快（积极）或无聊（消极）。无音乐工作环境为对照组，无情绪诱导。研究结果表明，音乐节奏对运动人群主观热反应、生理反应和情绪状态的影响具有明显的差异性和规律性。值得注意的是，无论音乐节奏如何，在两种运动强度下，情绪指数（MI）与热感觉投票（TSV）（r = -0.76, -0.93）、代谢率（r = -0.91, -0.95）和心率（r = -0.92, -0.94）表现出强烈的负相关。在此基础上，通过相关分析和回归拟合，建立了更具适应性的PMV改进模型（PMV*）。这项研究为个性化运动环境的设计提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Green roof performance monitoring: Insights on physical properties of 4 extensive green roof types after 2 years of microclimatic measurements 绿色屋顶性能监测：在2年的小气候测量后，对4种广泛的绿色屋顶类型的物理特性的见解

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112356

Dominik Gößner, Maria Kunle, Milena Mohri

Green infrastructure elements like green roofs provide a range of ecosystem services to urban areas. Although shallow extensive green roofs contribute less to stormwater retention and microclimatic improvement than other green roof types, they remain the most widely used system in European market. This study aims to establish a basis for optimizing green roof designs by thoroughly examining the differences in the physical characteristics of the roofs as well as their environmental impacts and performances in relation to their properties. Two years of microclimatic monitoring on four green roofs revealed distinctly different behaviors regarding evapotranspiration, substrate moisture, substrate temperature, ground-level air temperature, and heat flux. The performances in evapotranspiration and cooling of ground-level air temperature in summer were clearly related to substrate thickness and water storage capacity of the roofs. Furthermore, differences in rainwater interception and stomatal conductance were quantified among various plant species. The results highlight that green roofs with thick substrates or large water storage capacities, combined with highly transpiring and densely growing plant species are most likely to deliver the ecosystem services needed in cities. The collected data also proofs to be essential for high-precision modeling of green roofs’ microclimatic effects in the context of urban planning.

绿色屋顶等绿色基础设施元素为城市地区提供了一系列生态系统服务。尽管与其他绿色屋顶类型相比，浅层广泛的绿色屋顶对雨水保留和小气候改善的贡献较小，但它们仍然是欧洲市场上使用最广泛的系统。本研究旨在通过深入研究屋顶物理特性的差异，以及与其特性相关的环境影响和性能，为优化绿色屋顶设计奠定基础。在4个绿色屋顶上进行的2年小气候监测显示，在蒸散量、基质水分、基质温度、地面气温和热通量等方面存在显著差异。夏季地面气温的蒸散和降温性能与基材厚度和屋面蓄水能力有明显的关系。此外，还量化了不同植物在雨水截留和气孔导度方面的差异。研究结果强调，具有厚基质或大储水能力的绿色屋顶，加上高度蒸腾和密集生长的植物物种，最有可能提供城市所需的生态系统服务。收集的数据也证明了在城市规划背景下绿色屋顶小气候效应的高精度建模是必不可少的。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental comparative study of energy saving based on occupancy-centric control in smart buildings 基于乘员中心控制的智能建筑节能实验对比研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112322

Irfan Qaisar , Wei Liang , Kailai Sun , Tian Xing , Qianchuan Zhao

Buildings account for approximately one-third of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate occupancy data is critical for enabling energy-efficient control strategies and enhancing comfort in buildings. However, most current research on multi-zone occupancy-centric control (OCC) relies on simulated rather than real-world occupancy data. Additionally, the optimal operational intervals of existing OCC-based HVAC systems have not been fully explored in dynamic indoor environments. This study presents an extensive experimental study evaluating the impact of multi-zone real-world OCC systems on energy conservation and comfort in a multi-zone building. We collected real-world occupancy data using vision-based methods and developed HVAC control strategies using operational intervals of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min to evaluate their effects on energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Simulations were performed using OpenStudio with EnergyPlus. The results indicate that customized operational intervals significantly improve both energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Shorter intervals can provide effective energy savings in dynamic settings, while longer intervals yield improved comfort and energy efficiency in more stable environments. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of OCC systems in optimizing energy usage and comfort and sets the stage for future developments in building management strategies. Emerging trends, such as integrating large language models into OCC, are also discussed for future exploration.

建筑约占全球能源消耗和温室气体排放的三分之一。准确的入住率数据对于实现节能控制策略和提高建筑物舒适度至关重要。然而，目前大多数关于多区域占用中心控制（OCC）的研究都依赖于模拟的占用数据，而不是真实的占用数据。此外，现有的基于occ的暖通空调系统在动态室内环境下的最佳运行间隔尚未得到充分的探索。本研究提出了一项广泛的实验研究，评估了多区域实际OCC系统对多区域建筑节能和舒适的影响。我们使用基于视觉的方法收集了真实世界的占用数据，并开发了HVAC控制策略，使用5、10、15、30和60分钟的运行间隔来评估它们对能源效率和占用者舒适度的影响。使用OpenStudio和EnergyPlus进行模拟。结果表明，定制的运行间隔显著提高了能源效率和乘员舒适度。在动态环境中，较短的间隔可以有效地节省能源，而在更稳定的环境中，较长的间隔可以提高舒适性和能源效率。这项研究证明了OCC系统在优化能源使用和舒适度方面的有效性，并为未来建筑管理策略的发展奠定了基础。还讨论了一些新兴趋势，例如将大型语言模型集成到OCC中，以供将来探索。

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引用次数: 0

Age differences in thermal comfort and sensitivity under contact local body cooling 接触局部降温条件下热舒适和热敏感性的年龄差异

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112355

Huice Mao, Hang Yu, Yin Tang, Qiaxin Weng, Kege Zhang

Global climate change presents challenges to comfort and health of the elderly. Contact-based local thermal regulation offers a potential solution to enhance their thermal comfort, yet lacks practical application guidelines. To investigate the impact of local regulation on overall thermal perception, this study recruited 16 elderly individuals (66.7 ± 4.2 years) and 16 young individuals (23.3 ± 1.0 years), exposing them to local cooling of 12 body parts in hot indoor environments. Subjective questionnaires and skin temperature were collected. The results indicate that in a stable thermal environment, elderly individuals reported lower thermal sensation votes (TSV), higher thermal comfort votes (TCV), and weaker willingness to change the environment. While young participants preferred cooling the trunk, the elderly preferred cooling of the head and neck. Under local cooling, most of the body parts did not show significant differences in local TSV between the two groups, but the elderly group exhibited significantly higher local TCV. Cooling of the core body parts (head, neck, chest, upper back, abdomen, and lower back) had a greater impact on reducing overall TSV and increasing overall TCV among the elderly. The elderly showed higher acceptance of local cooling, particularly favoring cooling of the head and neck, which are the most thermally sensitive area. Thermal sensitivity significantly decreased with age. Based on the results, local cooling of 26 °C to the head, neck, chest, and upper back is the recommended solution for local regulation in hot environments. This research provides valuable insights for developing targeted strategies to improve thermal comfort for the elderly.

全球气候变化对老年人的舒适和健康提出了挑战。基于接触的局部热调节提供了潜在的解决方案，以提高他们的热舒适性，但缺乏实际应用指南。为了研究局部调节对整体热感知的影响，本研究招募了16名老年人（66.7±4.2岁）和16名年轻人（23.3±1.0岁），将他们暴露在高温室内环境中12个身体部位的局部冷却中。收集主观问卷和皮肤温度。结果表明，在稳定的热环境下，老年人热感觉投票（TSV）较低，热舒适投票（TCV）较高，改变环境的意愿较弱。年轻人更喜欢给躯干降温，而老年人更喜欢给头部和颈部降温。局部降温条件下，两组大部分部位局部TCV差异不显著，但老年组局部TCV明显升高。老年人身体核心部位（头部、颈部、胸部、上背部、腹部和下背部）的降温对降低总体TSV和增加总体TCV有更大的影响。老年人对局部降温的接受度更高，尤其是对头部和颈部的降温，这是最热敏感的区域。随着年龄的增长，热敏性显著降低。综上所述，在高温环境下，建议头部、颈部、胸部和上背部局部降温26℃。这项研究为制定有针对性的策略来改善老年人的热舒适提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Office environments and worker satisfaction with thermal and air environments during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan 日本2019冠状病毒病大流行期间和之后的办公环境和员工对热环境和空气环境的满意度

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112349

Ryo Asaoka , Wataru Umishio , Naoki Kagi , Motoya Hayashi , Takao Sawachi , Takahiro Ueno

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed office environments, worker satisfaction, and the associations between them. As indoor environments with high worker satisfaction are achieved by properly maintaining indoor environmental quality factors, understanding the associations between office environments and worker satisfaction is imperative. In this study, questionnaire surveys and environmental measurements were conducted on 916 workers during the pandemic (November–December 2020) and 738 workers after the pandemic (July–August 2023) in 22 offices in Japan. The proportion of offices implementing "increasing the amount of outdoor air" and "natural ventilation by opening the windows" decreased from 59% to 18% and from 50% to 25%, respectively, suggesting a reduction in these practices after the pandemic. Most buildings met the relevant guideline values for temperature (18–28 °C), relative humidity (40–70%), CO₂ concentration (≤1000 ppm), and PM_2.5 mass concentration (≤15 μg/m³) during and after the pandemic. Multilevel linear regression analyses showed that lower PM_2.5 mass concentrations were correlated with higher worker satisfaction with the thermal environment during the pandemic and with the air environment both during and after the pandemic even though PM_2.5 is invisible and odorless. These results suggests that confounding factors such as "increasing the amount of outdoor air," "natural ventilation by opening the windows," "installing the medium-efficiency particulate air (MEPA) filters," and "installing the air cleaners" affect worker satisfaction. Therefore, these countermeasures changed the associations between office environments and worker satisfaction. These findings will help enhance worker satisfaction in the post-COVID-19 era.

2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行改变了办公环境、员工满意度以及两者之间的关联。由于高员工满意度的室内环境是通过适当保持室内环境质量因素来实现的，因此了解办公环境与员工满意度之间的关系是必要的。在本研究中，对大流行期间（2020年11月至12月）的916名工人和大流行后（2023年7月至8月）的738名工人进行了问卷调查和环境测量。实施“增加室外空气量”和“通过开窗自然通风”的办公室比例分别从59%下降到18%和从50%下降到25%，这表明大流行后这些做法有所减少。在疫情期间和之后，大多数建筑物的温度（18-28℃）、相对湿度（40-70%）、CO2浓度（≤1000ppm）和PM2.5质量浓度（≤15 μg/m3）均符合相关指标值。多水平线性回归分析表明，PM2.5质量浓度越低，工作者对疫情期间热环境的满意度越高，对疫情期间和疫情后空气环境的满意度也越高，尽管PM2.5是看不见的、无味的。这些结果表明，“增加室外空气量”、“开窗自然通风”、“安装中等效率颗粒物空气过滤器”和“安装空气净化器”等混杂因素会影响员工的满意度。因此，这些对策改变了办公环境与员工满意度之间的关系。这些发现将有助于提高后covid -19时代员工的满意度。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid personalized thermal comfort model based on wrist skin temperature 基于手腕皮肤温度的混合个性化热舒适模型

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112321

Chuangkang Yang , Ruizi Zhang , Hiroaki Kanayama , Daisuke Sato , Keiichiro Taniguchi , Nobuki Matsui , Yasunori Akashi

Indoor thermal comfort plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life in residential and work environments. However, existing thermal comfort models often rely on complex measurements or require a large number of personal thermal votes, which limits their practical application. To address these challenges, this study develops a hybrid thermal comfort model aimed at reducing the measurement burden and personal response while improving the accuracy of personalized thermal comfort prediction. The proposed hybrid model combines a mathematical model with machine learning techniques, integrating the generalization ability of the mathematical model and the self-learning capabilities of machine learning. Data were collected from an experiment conducted in the climate controlled chamber in an office building with 12 subjects. By monitoring only wrist skin temperature, indoor air temperature, and their temporal variations, the proposed model significantly simplifies the measurement. In the absence of available training data, the mathematical model can be used independently, improving prediction accuracy by 21.11% on median and up to 44.45% over the PMV model. In a 5-fold cross-validation with 45 data points per subject, the hybrid model outperforms the standalone machine learning model by up to 24.45%. The model demonstrates robust performance with limited training data across various metrics and scenarios, highlighting its potential for practical application in building environments.

室内热舒适对提高居住和工作环境的生活质量起着至关重要的作用。然而，现有的热舒适模型往往依赖于复杂的测量或需要大量的个人热投票，这限制了它们的实际应用。为了解决这些问题，本研究开发了一种混合热舒适模型，旨在减少测量负担和个人反应，同时提高个性化热舒适预测的准确性。该混合模型将数学模型与机器学习技术相结合，综合了数学模型的泛化能力和机器学习的自学习能力。实验数据是在一个办公大楼的气候控制室内进行的，共有12名受试者。通过仅监测手腕皮肤温度、室内空气温度及其时间变化，该模型显著简化了测量。在缺乏训练数据的情况下，该数学模型可以独立使用，预测准确率在中位数上提高21.11%，比PMV模型提高44.45%。在每个受试者45个数据点的5倍交叉验证中，混合模型比独立机器学习模型的性能高出24.45%。该模型在各种度量和场景的有限训练数据下展示了强大的性能，突出了其在建筑环境中的实际应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Comparing the improvement of occupant thermal comfort with local heating devices in cold environments 寒冷环境下局部采暖装置对乘员热舒适性改善的比较

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112350

Xueyue Zhu , Hong Liu , Mengyuan He , Yuxin Wu , Fengwei Xiong , Baizhan Li

Local heating can improve the thermal comfort of occupants and save energy in buildings in cold environments; however, few studies have investigated the effects of heat-transfer modes. Here, we aimed to evaluate different local heating measurements including five-sided enclosed radiant panel, heating plate, and fan heater using climate chamber experiments with 20 participants in cold environments (14 °C). Skin temperature and thermal perception votes under two radiation types with low and high power, one condition of conduction, and one condition of convection were collected and analyzed (RL, RH, CD, and CV). Under conditions RH, CD, and CV, the investigated parameters significantly improved by three local heating devices, with foot skin temperature rising by 0.46 °C, foot thermal sensation rising by 1.25 scores, and overall thermal comfort increasing by 0.36 score; however, their energy consumption varied greatly. In contrast, no significant improvement was observed in the RL group. Additionally, direct application of heat at sites of palpable cold discomfort was not always the optimal approach, and heating other parts of the body may provide significant alleviation. We recommend that the surface temperature of local heaters based on conduction and radiation for heat transfer should not be lower than 40.38 °C and 52.15 °C, respectively. To maintain thermal comfort, air outlet temperature should not be lower than 34.56 °C for convection type heaters. Our results provide technical and experimental basis for designing energy-saving buildings.

在寒冷环境下，局部采暖可以提高居住者的热舒适性，节约能源；然而，很少有研究探讨了传热方式的影响。在这里，我们旨在通过气候室实验评估不同的局部加热测量，包括五面封闭辐射板，加热板和风扇加热器，20名参与者在寒冷环境（14°C）。采集和分析了低功率和高功率两种辐射类型、一种传导条件和一种对流条件下的皮肤温度和热感知投票（RL、RH、CD和CV）。在RH、CD和CV条件下，三种局部加热装置显著改善了实验参数，足部皮肤温度提高了0.46℃，足部热感觉提高了1.25分，整体热舒适提高了0.36分；然而，他们的能量消耗差异很大。相比之下，RL组没有明显的改善。此外，在可触及的冷不适部位直接加热并不总是最佳方法，而加热身体的其他部位可能会提供显着的缓解。我们建议采用传导传热和辐射传热的局部加热器表面温度不低于40.38℃和52.15℃。为了保持热舒适，对流式加热器的出风口温度不应低于34.56℃。研究结果为节能建筑设计提供了技术和实验依据。

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引用次数: 0

Efficiency evaluation of commonly used methods to accelerate formaldehyde release and removal in households: A field measurement in bedroom 常用方法促进家庭甲醛释放和去除的效果评价：卧室现场测量

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112348

Yangyang Gao , Mengtao Han

Modern home interiors are prone to toxic gas emissions, such as formaldehyde, which can lead to respiratory diseases and cancer. Therefore, removing formaldehyde from households is crucial. This study measured the effects of common household factors (air temperature and light intensity) on formaldehyde release, and evaluated the efficiency of various removal methods (pothos, activated carbon, TiO₂ suspension, and ventilation) in bedroom. The formaldehyde release rate (K) ratio at different air temperatures: K₁₆ °_C:K₂₁ °_C:K₂₆ °_C = 0.474:1:1.65. Under different light conditions: K_UV-125_l_x:K_UV-324_l_x:K_INB-117_l_x = 2.407:4.099:1. Regarding formaldehyde removal, Pothos initially contributed to a fluctuation in formaldehyde concentration (C) due to vapor release, but had minimal overall impact on removal. Activated carbon and TiO₂ suspensions can remove formaldehyde. Activated carbon initially caused C to decline, followed by a subsequent increase. The TiO₂ suspension increased humidity, leading to an initial rise in C, followed by a decrease to a stabilized level. Ventilation led to a rapid drop in C, followed by an increase, and finally a decline, due to the dynamic balance between ventilation and K. Comprehensive evaluation of the net formaldehyde removal rate per unit volume (or per unit leaf area for pothos) revealed: activated carbon >TiO₂ suspension >pothos. At different air change per hour (ACH), the ratio of time required for formaldehyde removal (t) was t_ACH-10.89:t_ACH-54.39:t_ACH-108.78 = 1.825:1:0.754. Effect size analysis showed that Cohen's d for primary data was >0.5, combined with the K, C, and t results, temperature and UV irradiation were positively correlated with formaldehyde release, while ACH and activated carbon amount were positively correlated with formaldehyde removal.

现代家庭内部容易排放有毒气体，如甲醛，这可能导致呼吸系统疾病和癌症。因此，去除家庭中的甲醛是至关重要的。本研究测量了常见的家庭因素（空气温度和光照强度）对甲醛释放的影响，并评估了卧室中各种去除方法（pothos、活性炭、TiO2悬浮液和通风）的效率。不同空气温度下甲醛释放率(K)比：K16℃：K21℃：K26℃= 0.474:1:1.65。不同光照条件下：KUV-125lx:KUV-324lx:KINB-117lx = 2.407:4.099:1。在甲醛去除方面，Pothos最初由于蒸汽释放导致甲醛浓度(C)波动，但对去除的总体影响很小。活性炭和TiO2悬浮液可以去除甲醛。活性炭最初使C下降，随后又增加。TiO2悬浮液增加湿度，导致初始C升高，随后下降到稳定水平。通风导致C迅速下降，然后上升，最后下降，这是由于通风和k之间的动态平衡。综合评价单位体积（或单位叶面积）的净甲醛去除率显示：活性炭>；TiO2悬浮液>；pothos。在不同换气量每小时（ACH）下，甲醛去除所需的时间比(t)为ACH-10.89: ACH-54.39: ACH-108.78 = 1.825:1:0.754。效应量分析显示，原始数据的Cohen’s d为>；0.5，结合K、C、t的结果，温度和紫外线照射与甲醛释放量呈正相关，ACH和活性炭量与甲醛去除率呈正相关。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of multi-factor influences on elderly usage patterns and heat-stress exposure in neighbourhood public outdoor spaces 社区公共户外空间老年人使用方式及热应激暴露的多因素影响评价

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112340

Jiawei Wang, Jianong Li, Jianlei Niu

Given the hotter weather in summer, quantifying the impacts of thermal and non-thermal factors on the usage of public outdoor spaces (POS) and exposure to heat stress among older people are essential to evaluate heat-related risks in POS and guide POS designs to guarantee the safety of outdoor activities. In this study, field tests were conducted from June to August in four POS of two public housing estates in Hong Kong, to investigate the elderly's POS usage and thermal response in relation to microclimate parameters, POS exercise function, and companionship. A method for evaluating the intensity of health-warning-heat-stress exposure in POS is proposed, aiming to guide risk reducing measures in POS. The results indicate that, at air temperatures within the 29.0 °C and 35.0 °C range, one-degree increase in mean radiant temperature is associated with around 0.05 decrease in POS effective usage rate (eff_UR). The eff_UR is found less sensitive to wind conditions, while 67% of the interviewees prefer stronger wind speed. An average thermal sensation vote of 1 (slightly warm) and a fairly high eff_UR are found under a wide mPET range spanning from 30.0 °C to 39.0 °C, while moderate-to-strong heat stress may occur when mPET exceeds 35.0 °C. Elderly users’ thermal sensitivities reduce in POS providing exercise functions, and when in the company of and chatting with others. The intensity of health-warning-heat-stress exposure varies over time and differs across POS, which will be exacerbated due to global warming unless climate-adapted cooling strategies are implemented.

在夏季炎热天气下，量化热、非热因素对公共室外空间使用和老年人热应激暴露的影响，对于评估公共室外空间热相关风险，指导公共室外空间设计以保证户外活动的安全至关重要。本研究于6月至8月在香港两个公共屋苑的4个POS进行实地测试，调查老年人POS的使用情况和热反应与小气候参数、POS运动功能和陪伴的关系。研究结果表明，在29.0℃和35.0℃范围内，平均辐射温度每升高1℃，POS有效利用率（effUR）降低0.05左右。effUR对风力条件不太敏感，而67%的受访者更喜欢更强的风速。在30.0°C至39.0°C的mPET温度范围内，平均热感觉指数为1（略热）和相当高的effUR，而当mPET温度超过35.0°C时，可能会出现中度至强烈的热应激。老年用户在提供运动功能的POS中，以及与他人在一起聊天时，热敏感性降低。健康预警-热应激暴露的强度随时间而变化，在不同的POS中也不同，除非实施适应气候的降温策略，否则将因全球变暖而加剧。

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