Building and Environment最新文献

Indoor moss biomonitoring proving construction-related pollution load from outdoors 室内苔藓生物监测证明与施工有关的室外污染负荷

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112198

Indoor pollution load in an office environment was investigated during ongoing construction works in the vicinity using the wet moss biomonitoring technique. Monitoring boxes were placed inside eight offices with mechanical ventilation located on three floors and with four different orientations to outdoor construction works for 8 weeks. Samples were collected every two weeks for two months, and the concentrations of selected elements: Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Si and Zn were determined. Total deposition (composition, number and size of particles) was determined in the samples too. Correlation analysis complemented by Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed using a compositional approach. Concentrations correlated significantly among crustal elements and among road dust elements. PCA identified three groups of elements – representing construction dust, traffic origin and indoor origin, while those associated with construction dust had the highest contribution. The elevation (floor) affected the composition of the samples the most, the orientation to the pollution sources was secondary. Construction dust was most dominant on the 1st floor; samples from the sheltered sites were negatively associated with construction dust elements; here, the finest particles were also observed. Starting at 6 weeks of exposure, construction dust elements started to dominate in samples. Construction dust is a serious pollution problem, and its infiltration from the outdoors is apparent even in mechanical-ventilated indoor environments. Moss indoor monitoring technique was proven to be a suitable cost-effective alternative to automatic air samplers in determining the outdoor-originating pollution loads indoors.

采用湿苔生物监测技术调查了附近正在进行的建筑工程期间办公环境的室内污染负荷。监测箱被放置在三层楼的八间带机械通风设备的办公室内，与室外建筑工程有四个不同的朝向，为期八周。在两个月的时间里，每两周收集一次样本，并测定选定元素的浓度：测定了铝、砷、钙、镉、铬、铜、铁、镁、锰、铅、硅和锌。此外，还测定了样本中的总沉积物（颗粒的成分、数量和大小）。采用成分分析法进行了相关性分析，并辅以主成分分析法（PCA）。地壳元素之间和道路尘埃元素之间的浓度有明显的相关性。主成分分析确定了三组元素--分别代表建筑尘埃、交通尘埃和室内尘埃，而与建筑尘埃相关的元素所占比例最高。海拔（楼层）对样本成分的影响最大，而污染源的方位则次之。建筑尘埃在 1 楼最为常见；来自遮蔽场所的样本与建筑尘埃成分呈负相关；在这里，也能观察到最细的颗粒。从暴露 6 周开始，建筑尘埃开始在样本中占主导地位。建筑粉尘是一个严重的污染问题，即使在机械通风的室内环境中，其从室外渗入的现象也很明显。事实证明，在确定室内源于室外的污染负荷方面，Moss 室内监测技术是自动空气采样器的一种经济有效的替代品。

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引用次数: 0

The efficiency of portable air cleaners in reducing cross-exposure through respiratory aerosols: Effects of flowrate, location, and unit type 便携式空气净化器在减少呼吸道气溶胶交叉接触方面的效率：流速、位置和设备类型的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112199

This study evaluates the efficacy of portable air cleaners (PACs) in a controlled climate chamber that simulates an office environment, assessing their impact on respiratory particle transmission between two thermal manikins (representing an infected and an exposed individual) as well as on the noise level in the chamber. The study explores three types of PAC, namely floor-type (PAC1), table (PAC2) and personalized (PAC3) in various locations and operation modes. The particles were generated using an aerosol generator and introduced into the infected manikin's exhalation; the particle concentration at the exposed manikin's breathing zone (BZ) was measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer. The results showed that the PAC2, operating at a flow rate of 97 m³/h, significantly reduced the intake fraction (IF) by over 90 % within the first hour, proving to be the most effective in minimizing cross-exposure risks while maintaining sound levels within the acceptable limits for office rooms. In contrast, PAC3, with a lower flow rate of 13 m³/h, reduced IF by only 21.6 % after 60 min. The result also showed that settings with higher flow rates (higher than 134 m³/h) resulted in noise levels above the maximum allowable for office spaces for all tested PACs. Additionally, prolonged operation did not further decrease IF significantly after reaching optimal reduction levels within 30–60 min, depending on the PAC type and settings. Further, the study showed that strategic placement away from direct alignment with occupants' BZ is recommended to optimize aerosol removal and noise management.

本研究评估了便携式空气净化器（PAC）在模拟办公环境的受控气候箱中的功效，评估了其对两个热人体模型（分别代表受感染者和暴露者）之间的呼吸道微粒传播以及对室内噪音水平的影响。研究探讨了三种类型的 PAC，即不同位置和运行模式下的落地式 PAC1、台式 PAC2 和个性化 PAC3。使用气溶胶发生器产生颗粒，并将其引入受感染人体模型的呼气中；使用空气动力颗粒测定仪测量受感染人体模型呼吸区（BZ）的颗粒浓度。结果表明，PAC2 以 97 m³/h 的流速运行，在第一小时内就将吸入分数 (IF) 显著降低了 90% 以上，证明它在最大限度地降低交叉暴露风险方面最为有效，同时还能将声级保持在办公室可接受的范围内。相比之下，流量较低的 PAC3（13 立方米/小时）在 60 分钟后仅将 IF 降低了 21.6%。结果还显示，流量越大（高于 134 立方米/小时），所有测试的 PAC 的噪音水平都会超过办公空间的最大允许值。此外，根据 PAC 类型和设置的不同，在 30-60 分钟内达到最佳降噪水平后，长时间运行不会进一步显著降低 IF。此外，研究还表明，为了优化气溶胶去除和噪声管理，建议采用远离直接对准居住者 BZ 的战略位置。

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引用次数: 0

Indoor environmental quality and subjective perceptions in multi-chair dental offices 多椅牙科诊室的室内环境质量和主观感受

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112196

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in multi-chair dental offices is strongly related to treatment effectiveness, patient comfort, and dental professionals’ occupational exposure. This study conducts comprehensive field measurements and questionnaire surveys to assess the IEQ in two multi-chair dental offices of the Periodontal Department (PD) and the Endodontics Department (ED) in a stomatological hospital in Changsha during the transitional season, summer, and winter. It first reveals the IEQ status and then examines its impact on the perceptions of both dental professionals and patients. The results indicate no considerable difference in IEQ between the PD and the ED. For the measurement, the worst IEQ is observed in winter, with air temperature, relative humidity, PM_2.5 concentration, and sound pressure level not meeting the prescribed limits. The worst case is for the PM_2.5 concentration, where the highest daily average level is 1.6–4.0 times higher than the limit. However, according to the questionnaire surveys, the highest participant satisfaction score of the overall environment is also observed in winter (i.e., 1.0). The inconsistent results reflected from the measurements and surveys demonstrate the complex influence of a multi-parameter environment on subjective perceptions. Additionally, dental professionals as long-term occupants of the dental offices, report a lower level of overall environmental satisfaction (i.e., 0.38) compared to patients (i.e., 0.86), especially regarding air quality and acoustic environment. These findings are important information for improving environmental standards and formulating accurate environmental control methods, which then contribute to enhanced health, well-being, and performance of both dental professionals and patients.

多椅牙科诊室的室内环境质量（IEQ）与治疗效果、患者舒适度和牙科专业人员的职业暴露密切相关。本研究对长沙市某口腔医院牙周科（PD）和牙体牙髓科（ED）两间多椅牙科诊室的室内环境质量进行了全面的实地测量和问卷调查。研究首先揭示了IEQ状况，然后探讨了IEQ对牙科专业人员和患者感受的影响。结果表明，口腔科和急诊室的 IEQ 没有明显差异。在测量方面，冬季的 IEQ 最差，空气温度、相对湿度、PM2.5 浓度和声压级均未达到规定限值。最差的情况是 PM2.5 浓度，最高日平均水平比限值高出 1.6-4.0 倍。然而，根据问卷调查，参与者对整体环境的满意度在冬季也是最高的（即 1.0）。测量和调查所反映出的不一致结果表明了多参数环境对主观感受的复杂影响。此外，作为牙科诊室的长期使用者，牙科专业人员对整体环境的满意度（即 0.38）低于患者（即 0.86），尤其是在空气质量和声学环境方面。这些发现对于提高环境标准和制定准确的环境控制方法具有重要意义，从而有助于提高牙科专业人员和患者的健康、福祉和工作表现。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating a novel portable semiconductor liquid cooling garment for reducing heat stress of healthcare workers in a hot-humid environment 评估一种新型便携式半导体液体冷却服，以减轻医护人员在湿热环境中的热应力

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112194

Limited research focused on exploring personal cooling garments (PCGs) that offer excellent portability, along with a substantial, long-lasting, and consistent cooling effect for healthcare workers exposed to extreme heat while combating the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this gap, a novel, energy-efficient, and portable semiconductor liquid cooling garment (SLCG) was introduced, which incorporates a semiconductor-powered cold source and a cooling vest crafted from a semi-transparent thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film that offers extensive body coverage. Its practical cooling efficacy was assessed through a human trial involving ten male participants engaging in two protocols under a hot-humid environment (i.e., 30 ± 0.5 °C, RH = 80 ± 5 %). These protocols included both low-intensity (Prot.1) and moderate-intensity (Prot.2) exercises, mimicking the physical demands faced by healthcare workers. SLCG significantly reduced the mean, torso and local skin temperatures during both Prot.1 and Prot.2 (p < 0.05), also with a notable reduction in heart rate and sweat loss during Prot.1 (p < 0.05). Rating of perceived exertion as well as thermal sensations, wetness sensations and comfort sensations in the whole-body and local-body (i.e., head & neck, trunk, arms and legs) were all remarkably improved using SLCG during Prot.1 (p < 0.05). These perceptual sensations in SLCG were only improved in the whole body during the resting stage, and in the trunk region during Prot.2 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, participants felt no significant added weight or movement restrictions with SLCG in either protocol.

在抗击 COVID-19 大流行的过程中，为暴露在酷热环境中的医护人员提供便携性极佳且具有显著、持久和稳定降温效果的个人降温衣（PCGs）的研究十分有限。为了填补这一空白，我们推出了一种新型、节能、便携式半导体液体冷却衣（SLCG），它集成了半导体供电冷源和由半透明热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）薄膜制成的冷却背心，可广泛覆盖全身。通过一项人体试验对其实际冷却效果进行了评估，十名男性参与者在湿热环境（即 30 ± 0.5 °C，相对湿度 = 80 ± 5 %）下进行了两项试验。这些方案包括低强度（Prot.1）和中等强度（Prot.2）运动，模拟医护人员面临的体力需求。在 Prot.1 和 Prot.2 中，SLCG 都能明显降低平均温度、躯干温度和局部皮肤温度（p < 0.05），在 Prot.1 中还能明显降低心率和汗液流失（p < 0.05）。全身和局部（即头部、颈部、躯干、手臂和腿部）的体力消耗感、热感、湿润感和舒适感都在保护 1 期间使用 SLCG 得到了显著改善（p <0.05）。在 SLCG 中，只有在静止阶段全身的这些知觉感觉得到了改善，而在 Prot.2 阶段躯干区域的这些知觉感觉得到了改善（p < 0.05）。此外，在两种方案中，参与者都没有明显感觉到 SLCG 增加的重量或运动限制。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the potential relationship between cooling green space and built-up area: Analysis of community green space characteristics based on GWPCA 探索降温绿地与建筑面积之间的潜在关系：基于 GWPCA 的社区绿地特征分析

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112190

Rapid urbanization exacerbates urban heat island (UHI) problem. Although urban green space (UGS) can produce multiple benefits for mitigating UHI, the accompanying problems of urban development cause multiple pressures on greenery. Therefore, the pattern of green spaces should be adjusted to adapt to the current situation of the built-up area, fully utilizing its cooling effect, which is of great significance for achieving sustainable and balanced urban development. We selected 849 community units in Harbin city for the study, calculated the urban green space pattern index (UGSP) based on geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA), And used bivariate choropleth map and Cartesian coordinate system to explore the spatial relationship between UGSP and associated characteristics of urbanization (e.g., land function diversity and development intensity). The results showed the following. (1) Compared with traditional PCA, GWPCA can capture local details of UGSP, especially proportion of tree area was the most sensitive factor in the urban core area, and FRAC_MN and LSI were the sensitive factors in the west and south of urban outer areas, respectively. (2) The matching degree between development intensity (I) and UGSP was slightly better than that between land function diversity (D) and UGSP, and showed a more egalitarian phenomenon. (3) The equilibrium value (d_Low) presented a relatively random spatial distribution when UGSP was less than D/I, and the unbalanced value (d_High) was scattered in the core area. Both d_Low and d_High were concentrated outside the urban core area when UGSP was greater than D/I. Our study provides an effective guidance for community greenery to mitigate UHI and realize the harmonious coexistence between city and nature.

快速城市化加剧了城市热岛（UHI）问题。虽然城市绿地（UGS）可以为缓解 UHI 带来多重益处，但伴随城市发展而来的问题也对绿化造成了多重压力。因此，应调整绿地格局以适应建成区现状，充分利用绿地的降温作用，这对实现城市可持续均衡发展具有重要意义。本研究选取了哈尔滨市 849 个社区单元作为研究对象，基于地理加权主成分分析法（GWPCA）计算了城市绿地格局指数（UGSP），并利用双变量纵横图和直角坐标系探讨了 UGSP 与城市化相关特征（如土地功能多样性和开发强度）之间的空间关系。结果表明(1）与传统 PCA 相比，GWPCA 能够捕捉 UGSP 的局部细节，尤其是树木面积比例是城市核心区最敏感的因子，FRAC_MN 和 LSI 分别是城市外围区西部和南部的敏感因子。(2）开发强度（I）与 UGSP 之间的匹配度略高于土地功能多样性（D）与 UGSP 之间的匹配度，呈现出较为平均的现象。(3) 当 UGSP 小于 D/I 时，平衡值（dLow）呈现相对随机的空间分布，而不平衡值（dHigh）则分散在核心区。当 UGSP 大于 D/I 时，dLow 和 dHigh 都集中在城市核心区之外。我们的研究为社区绿化缓解 UHI、实现城市与自然和谐共处提供了有效指导。

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引用次数: 0

WRF-HEATS coupling: Incorporating human behaviors and city topography into urban heat stress evaluation WRF-HEATS 耦合：将人类行为和城市地形纳入城市热应力评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112191

Urban human thermal stress can be inaccurately estimated along with less-understood heat heterogeneity due to the absence of high-resolution meteorological information and realistic human behavior representation. To this end, we coupled a regional climate model (weather research and forecasting model, WRF) and a human energy balance model (human-environment adaptive thermal stress model, HEATS) to predict pedestrian's dynamic thermal stress at a neighborhood scale. The WRF-human coupling system resolves human-environment heat exchanges based on meteorological and topographical information with the consideration of dynamic human activities. The coupling system has been tested and utilized to study dynamic heat stress in a typical hot, humid, and mountainous city, Hong Kong. Our results revealed widespread heat heterogeneity with up to 7 ^°C difference in Physiological Subjective Temperature (PST) in the core urban area, and extreme heat exposure (up to 45 ^°C PST) in calm-wind zones at noon. Heat stress can be further aggregated considering realistic human behaviors such as extra clothing (e.g., protective facemask during pandemics) and physical exercise (e.g., walking along inclined terrain). Optimal-thermal-comfort routes have been designed and suggested based on the simulated neighborhood-scale heat stress map.

由于缺乏高分辨率气象信息和真实的人类行为表现，对城市人类热应力的估计可能不准确，同时对热异质性的理解也较少。为此，我们将区域气候模型（天气研究与预报模型，WRF）和人类能量平衡模型（人类-环境适应性热应力模型，HEATS）耦合起来，预测街区尺度上行人的动态热应力。WRF 人类耦合系统基于气象和地形信息，并考虑到人类的动态活动，解决了人类与环境的热交换问题。该耦合系统已经过测试，并被用于研究香港这个典型的湿热山区城市的动态热应力。研究结果表明，热异质性非常普遍，核心城区的生理主观温度（PST）最高相差 7 °C，而中午风平浪静地区的极端热暴露（PST 最高相差 45 °C）也非常普遍。考虑到现实中的人类行为，如额外穿衣（如大流行病期间的防护面罩）和体育锻炼（如在倾斜地形上行走），可进一步汇总热应激。根据模拟的邻里尺度热压力地图，设计并建议了最佳热舒适路线。

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引用次数: 0

Nature-based cool pavements for urban overheating mitigation: Experimental proof of concept 基于自然的凉爽人行道，缓解城市过热问题：概念实验证明

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112184

Global warming is leading to more frequent and intense heat waves, transforming urban areas into inhospitable environments, particularly during the summer, due to the exacerbation of the urban overheating effect. Outdoor pavements, which account for 20–40 % of urban surfaces, play a crucial role in this phenomenon due to their dark colour and low albedo, resulting in high surface temperatures and the accumulation of thermal energy released into the environment. This study introduces a nature-based solution to mitigate the impact of urban overheating by cooling outdoor pavements using water from existing fountains or ponds in cities. The water functions as a coolant, significantly reducing the surface temperature of the pavement by up to 25 °C compared to dry samples exposed to the sun. The innovative aspect of this concept lies in the fact that the pavements do not exhibit capillarity, thereby achieving sensible cooling without evaporation and subsequent water consumption. The concept's impact is examined by considering pavements of varying thicknesses and albedos. In the conducted experiments, water-cooled pavements 100 % eliminated the risk of overheating compared to air temperature. This strategy offers an effective and sustainable approach to counteract the adverse effects of urban overheating in cities.

全球变暖导致热浪更加频繁和剧烈，由于城市过热效应加剧，特别是在夏季，城市地区变成了荒凉的环境。室外人行道占城市路面的 20-40%，由于其颜色深、反照率低，在这一现象中扮演着重要角色，导致路面温度升高，释放到环境中的热能不断积累。本研究介绍了一种基于自然的解决方案，即利用城市现有喷泉或池塘中的水冷却室外人行道，从而减轻城市过热的影响。与暴露在阳光下的干燥样本相比，水可作为冷却剂，将路面表面温度显著降低 25 °C。这一概念的创新之处在于，路面不表现出毛细现象，从而在不蒸发和不耗水的情况下实现显热冷却。通过对不同厚度和反照率的路面进行研究，考察了这一概念的影响。在实验中，与空气温度相比，水冷路面 100%地消除了过热风险。这一策略为应对城市过热的不利影响提供了一种有效且可持续的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Personal exposure of women to PM2.5-bound PAH derivatives from cooking emissions in varied rural kitchen setups 妇女个人暴露于不同农村厨房设备中烹饪排放的 PM2.5 多环芳烃衍生物的情况

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112189

The present study investigates the personal exposure of women to PM_2.5 and associated chemical constituents such as Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon and 63 Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds in varied kitchen setups viz. Indoor kitchen without partition (IKWO); Indoor kitchen with partition (IKWP); Separate enclosed kitchen outside the home (SEKO); Open kitchen (OK); and Open kitchen under stairway (OK_S) of south India. The exposure to PM_2.5 was found to be highest in OK_S followed by IKWP, SEKO, IKWO and OK with average concentrations of 8943.54 ± 699, 6117.80 ± 1732, 4257.85 ± 2215, 2118.07 ± 524 and 1505.89 ± 431 μg/m³, respectively. Similarly, OK_S had the greatest levels of PM_2.5-bounded PAHs (∑PAH63, ∑PAH16, and BaP) due to their small size and poor ventilation. The lifetime Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) indicated the highest lifetime exposure risk per million population (400) in OK_S type of kitchens followed by IKWO (307), SEKO (151), IKWP (149), and then OK (7) using the relative potency factor (RPF) which includes nitro-PAHs as well as methyl-PAHs apart from PAHs with high molecular weight. Additionally, it was shown that the lifetime ECR of biomass fuel was six times greater than that of LPG. The current analysis recommends a complete transition to LPG and strictly avoiding open kitchens under the staircase. Thus, the findings of this study will provide valuable information to improve the quality of the indoor environment of rural houses in India.

本研究调查了印度南部妇女在不同厨房设置中个人暴露于 PM2.5 和相关化学成分（如元素碳、有机碳和 63 种多芳烃化合物）的情况，这些厨房设置分别是：无隔板室内厨房（IKWO）、有隔板室内厨房（IKWP）、家外独立封闭厨房（SEKO）、开放式厨房（OK）和楼梯下开放式厨房（OK_S）。结果发现，OK_S 的 PM2.5 暴露量最高，其次是 IKWP、SEKO、IKWO 和 OK，平均浓度分别为 8943.54 ± 699、6117.80 ± 1732、4257.85 ± 2215、2118.07 ± 524 和 1505.89 ± 431 μg/m3。同样，OK_S 的 PM2.5 多环芳烃（∑PAH63、∑PAH16 和 BaP）含量最高，原因是其面积小、通风差。根据相对效力系数（RPF），除了高分子量的多环芳烃外，还包括硝基多环芳烃和甲基多环芳烃，结果表明 OK_S 型厨房每百万人口终生暴露于多环芳烃的风险最高（400），其次是 IKWO（307）、SEKO（151）、IKWP（149），然后是 OK（7）。此外，研究还表明，生物质燃料的寿命 ECR 是液化石油气的六倍。目前的分析建议完全过渡到液化石油气，并严格避免楼梯下的开放式厨房。因此，这项研究的结果将为改善印度农村住宅的室内环境质量提供有价值的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Assessing the impact of summer heat on the movement of people in Tokyo based on mobile phone location data” [Build. Environ. 265 (2024) 111952] 基于移动电话定位数据评估夏季高温对东京人员流动的影响"[Build. Environ.

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112165

引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of particle exposure in commuters: Evaluating different modes of transportation in Tehran 通勤者接触颗粒物的比较分析：评估德黑兰的不同交通方式

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112183

Daily commuting significantly contributes to the overall exposure to particulate matter (PM) in urban areas, underscoring the need to understand the factors influencing PM exposure. This study assessed personal exposure levels and inhalation doses of PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ across various transportation modes in Tehran, Iran. The study included buses, open-window taxis, subways, walking, and cycling for over 125 trips. Data were collected during the morning and evening peak hours using low-cost sensors, with an average trip distance of 7.50 km. On average, buses exhibited the highest mean PM_2.5 concentration (25.0

\frac{μ g}{m^{3}}

), followed by subways (17.0

\frac{μ g}{m^{3}}

), taxis (14.4

\frac{μ g}{m^{3}}

), cycling (13.5

\frac{μ g}{m^{3}}

), and walking (8.80

\frac{μ g}{m^{3}}

). Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between traffic volume and PM concentrations in taxi and bus modes (r = 0.78 and 0.56, respectively). Subway commuters experienced the lowest PM_2.5 inhalation dose (2.50 μg), whereas bus commuters experienced the highest (6.20 μg). Pedestrians had the highest average inhalation dose of PM_2.5 with 20.7 μg due to longer trip durations. The daily average PM_2.5 levels in all transportation modes exceeded the WHO thresholds by 1.60 times. These findings offer crucial insights into personal exposure concentrations among commuters and serve as a basis for effective air quality management plans and broader global investigations of air pollution.

日常通勤大大增加了城市地区颗粒物（PM）的总体暴露量，因此有必要了解影响PM暴露量的因素。这项研究评估了伊朗德黑兰各种交通模式下个人接触 PM2.5 和 PM10 的水平和吸入剂量。研究对象包括公交车、开窗出租车、地铁、步行和骑自行车等超过 125 次出行。数据是在早晚高峰时段使用低成本传感器收集的，平均行程为 7.50 公里。平均而言，公交车的 PM2.5 平均浓度最高（25.0 μgm3），其次是地铁（17.0 μgm3）、出租车（14.4 μgm3）、自行车（13.5 μgm3）和步行（8.80 μgm3）。皮尔逊相关分析表明，出租车和公交车的交通流量与 PM 浓度之间的关系密切（r 分别为 0.78 和 0.56）。地铁乘客的 PM2.5 吸入量最低（2.50 微克），而公交乘客的吸入量最高（6.20 微克）。由于出行时间较长，行人的 PM2.5 平均吸入剂量最高，为 20.7 微克。所有交通工具的 PM2.5 日平均水平都超过了世界卫生组织阈值的 1.60 倍。这些研究结果为了解通勤者的个人暴露浓度提供了重要依据，也为有效的空气质量管理计划和更广泛的全球空气污染调查提供了基础。

{"title":"Comparative analysis of particle exposure in commuters: Evaluating different modes of transportation in Tehran","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Daily commuting significantly contributes to the overall exposure to particulate matter (PM) in urban areas, underscoring the need to understand the factors influencing PM exposure. This study assessed personal exposure levels and inhalation doses of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and PM<sub>10</sub> across various transportation modes in Tehran, Iran. The study included buses, open-window taxis, subways, walking, and cycling for over 125 trips. Data were collected during the morning and evening peak hours using low-cost sensors, with an average trip distance of 7.50 km. On average, buses exhibited the highest mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration (25.0 <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></math></span>), followed by subways (17.0 <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></math></span>), taxis (14.4 <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></math></span>), cycling (13.5 <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></math></span>), and walking (8.80 <span><math><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow></math></span>). Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between traffic volume and PM concentrations in taxi and bus modes (r = 0.78 and 0.56, respectively). Subway commuters experienced the lowest PM<sub>2.5</sub> inhalation dose (2.50 μg), whereas bus commuters experienced the highest (6.20 μg). Pedestrians had the highest average inhalation dose of PM<sub>2.5</sub> with 20.7 μg due to longer trip durations. The daily average PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels in all transportation modes exceeded the WHO thresholds by 1.60 times. These findings offer crucial insights into personal exposure concentrations among commuters and serve as a basis for effective air quality management plans and broader global investigations of air pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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