Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112248
Ning He , Jiawen Guo , Yanxin Li , Yubo Quan , Ruoxia Li , Liu Yang
This paper developed a novel stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy to enhance the operational efficiency of office buildings. Firstly, an improved state space model encompassing temperature and relative humidity simultaneously is developed to accurately characterize the thermal comfort condition within the office building. Then, given the obtained comprehensive model, a new SMPC approach is proposed based on chance constraints to minimize energy consumption while guaranteeing thermal comfort for occupants. Besides, the feasibility and stability properties of the SMPC are demonstrated theoretically. Finally, the proposed SMPC method is verified through a real office building located in Xi'an, China, and the result shows that compared to the conventional ONOFF and MPC control strategies, the SMPC can achieve 39.1 % and 33.3 % energy-saving and less temperature and relative humidity requirement violations.
{"title":"Stochastic model predictive control for the optimal operation of office buildings","authors":"Ning He , Jiawen Guo , Yanxin Li , Yubo Quan , Ruoxia Li , Liu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper developed a novel stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy to enhance the operational efficiency of office buildings. Firstly, an improved state space model encompassing temperature and relative humidity simultaneously is developed to accurately characterize the thermal comfort condition within the office building. Then, given the obtained comprehensive model, a new SMPC approach is proposed based on chance constraints to minimize energy consumption while guaranteeing thermal comfort for occupants. Besides, the feasibility and stability properties of the SMPC are demonstrated theoretically. Finally, the proposed SMPC method is verified through a real office building located in Xi'an, China, and the result shows that compared to the conventional ON<img>OFF and MPC control strategies, the SMPC can achieve 39.1 % and 33.3 % energy-saving and less temperature and relative humidity requirement violations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112248"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112252
Dongxue Zhao , Cong Song , Yanfeng Liu , Xiaoyun Wang
The Xizang people, living in the “Third Pole of the World,” have long-formed asymmetrical dressing habits that pose unique challenges to their physiological mechanisms. This study examined the physiological parameters of the Xizang people under symmetrical and various asymmetrical dressing angles to analyze the influence of these dressing styles on their thermal responses. Partial correlation analysis was used to further clarify the physiological thermal assessment indicator of the Xizang people. The results showed that, compared to symmetrical dressing, the Xizang people exhibited higher blood perfusion index and core temperature under asymmetrical dressing. In cold environments, those with symmetrical dressing had higher mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and relative activity ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic nervous system, indicating dominant sympathetic nerve activity. At an ambient temperature of 15 °C, the Xizang people demonstrated a mean skin temperature difference of 2.6 °C and a right wrist temperature difference of 4.5 °C between symmetrical and the asymmetrical dressing angle with 50° Skin temperature was identified as the physiological thermal assessment indicator for the Xizang people considering asymmetrical dressing styles. This study provided a physiological foundation for the accurate design of plateau built environments suitable for the Xizang people.
{"title":"Thermal physiological characteristics of the Xizang people in asymmetrical dressing exposures on the plateau","authors":"Dongxue Zhao , Cong Song , Yanfeng Liu , Xiaoyun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Xizang people, living in the “Third Pole of the World,” have long-formed asymmetrical dressing habits that pose unique challenges to their physiological mechanisms. This study examined the physiological parameters of the Xizang people under symmetrical and various asymmetrical dressing angles to analyze the influence of these dressing styles on their thermal responses. Partial correlation analysis was used to further clarify the physiological thermal assessment indicator of the Xizang people. The results showed that, compared to symmetrical dressing, the Xizang people exhibited higher blood perfusion index and core temperature under asymmetrical dressing. In cold environments, those with symmetrical dressing had higher mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and relative activity ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic nervous system, indicating dominant sympathetic nerve activity. At an ambient temperature of 15 °C, the Xizang people demonstrated a mean skin temperature difference of 2.6 °C and a right wrist temperature difference of 4.5 °C between symmetrical and the asymmetrical dressing angle with 50° Skin temperature was identified as the physiological thermal assessment indicator for the Xizang people considering asymmetrical dressing styles. This study provided a physiological foundation for the accurate design of plateau built environments suitable for the Xizang people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112252"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112232
Xiaodong Wang , Yang Lv , Danyang Guo , Xianghao Duan
In the context of rapid urbanization, apartments have become the preferred living choice for many urban residents, bringing the microbial environment of public areas and its impact on residents' health into sharp focus. This study sampled airborne and settling microbes at key congregation points within apartment public areas, analyzed microbial community composition, and systematically assessed microbial risks during both static and dynamic stages. The results reveal that in the static phase, the airborne microbial population is dominated by Staphylococcus (740 CFU/m³), Lysinibacillus (650 CFU/m³), and Micrococcus (550 CFU/m³), while the settling microbial population is led by Staphylococcus (5658.8 CFU/(m²·h)), Micrococcus (4872.9 CFU/(m²·h)), and Lysinibacillus (2672.2 CFU/(m²·h)). The highest counts of airborne microbes were found in the stairwell (270 CFU/m³) during both phases, whereas settling microbes peaked at the apartment entrance (3615.4 CFU/(m²·h)) in the static phase and in the elevator car (15,247.4 CFU/(m²·h)) during the dynamic phase. Further biodiversity analysis results showed that the elevator car had higher diversity during both the morning and evening peaks in the dynamic phase, indicating that pedestrian flow significantly impacts the composition of the microbial community. A mathematical model was also developed to evaluate microbial hazards. The model reveals the elevator car having the highest microbial risk during dynamic phase, with an 18.2% higher risk in the evening peak compared to the morning. This study provides a scientific basis for microbial risk management, environmental design optimization, and disease prevention strategies in public areas of apartment buildings, which will help improve residents' living environment.
{"title":"Analysis of microbial contamination and risk assessment model construction at critical public congregation areas of apartment buildings","authors":"Xiaodong Wang , Yang Lv , Danyang Guo , Xianghao Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of rapid urbanization, apartments have become the preferred living choice for many urban residents, bringing the microbial environment of public areas and its impact on residents' health into sharp focus. This study sampled airborne and settling microbes at key congregation points within apartment public areas, analyzed microbial community composition, and systematically assessed microbial risks during both static and dynamic stages. The results reveal that in the static phase, the airborne microbial population is dominated by <em>Staphylococcus</em> (740 CFU/m³), <em>Lysinibacillus</em> (650 CFU/m³), and <em>Micrococcus</em> (550 CFU/m³), while the settling microbial population is led by <em>Staphylococcus</em> (5658.8 CFU/(m²·h)), <em>Micrococcus</em> (4872.9 CFU/(m²·h)), and <em>Lysinibacillus</em> (2672.2 CFU/(m²·h)). The highest counts of airborne microbes were found in the stairwell (270 CFU/m³) during both phases, whereas settling microbes peaked at the apartment entrance (3615.4 CFU/(m²·h)) in the static phase and in the elevator car (15,247.4 CFU/(m²·h)) during the dynamic phase. Further biodiversity analysis results showed that the elevator car had higher diversity during both the morning and evening peaks in the dynamic phase, indicating that pedestrian flow significantly impacts the composition of the microbial community. A mathematical model was also developed to evaluate microbial hazards. The model reveals the elevator car having the highest microbial risk during dynamic phase, with an 18.2% higher risk in the evening peak compared to the morning. This study provides a scientific basis for microbial risk management, environmental design optimization, and disease prevention strategies in public areas of apartment buildings, which will help improve residents' living environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112232"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142657437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112251
Yiping Lin, Hong Huang, Xiaole Zhang
In actual pollutant dispersion accidents, the location of the source is typically concealed and the intensity of the source varies with time. It is important to accurately estimate source parameters based on limited sensor data. However, previous studies were based on the assumption of stabilized sources and concentration fields, and ignored the process of sensor concentration changes over time, which affects the accuracy of the estimation. Therefore, this study applied a source term estimation (STE) method which combines the Bayesian inference method with unsteady adjoint equations to a time-varying source around building. The influences of the release forms, locations, and heights of the source were analyzed from the flow field and transient stage perspectives. We found that the estimation of the time-varying source performed worse than that of the constant source assumed in existing studies. The uncertainty of the estimated results increased with the complexity of the release forms of the source. In particular, the estimation of the location and strength of the period source had a wider probability distribution, higher uncertainty, and was more susceptible to changes in source location and height. The results showed that for time-varying sources, the estimated results fluctuated strongly over time with the pre-developmental and stabilization phases, and it was critical to estimate the source term based on sensor data at various time points.
{"title":"Source term estimation of a time-varying source around a building based on Bayesian inference and unsteady adjoint equations","authors":"Yiping Lin, Hong Huang, Xiaole Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In actual pollutant dispersion accidents, the location of the source is typically concealed and the intensity of the source varies with time. It is important to accurately estimate source parameters based on limited sensor data. However, previous studies were based on the assumption of stabilized sources and concentration fields, and ignored the process of sensor concentration changes over time, which affects the accuracy of the estimation. Therefore, this study applied a source term estimation (STE) method which combines the Bayesian inference method with unsteady adjoint equations to a time-varying source around building. The influences of the release forms, locations, and heights of the source were analyzed from the flow field and transient stage perspectives. We found that the estimation of the time-varying source performed worse than that of the constant source assumed in existing studies. The uncertainty of the estimated results increased with the complexity of the release forms of the source. In particular, the estimation of the location and strength of the period source had a wider probability distribution, higher uncertainty, and was more susceptible to changes in source location and height. The results showed that for time-varying sources, the estimated results fluctuated strongly over time with the pre-developmental and stabilization phases, and it was critical to estimate the source term based on sensor data at various time points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112251"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112245
Shahrzad Soudian, Umberto Berardi
Buildings in urban areas are responsible for a significant share of GHG emissions that directly contribute to climate change. Nevertheless, the built environment is vulnerable to the changing climate. Particularly, the unpredictable weather threatens the performance of building components, durability of building materials, and indoor environmental comfort. In this study, the impact of future climate on thermal performance of building façades in the Canadian climate is investigated using simulation analysis. To account for different climate conditions, three future weather scenarios pertaining to global temperature rise of 0.5 °C, 1.5 °C, and 2.5 °C were compared with historical weather data. Both hourly and Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data were studied. The results, including thermal transmittance, heat flux, moisture content, and façade temperature were compared. This comparison could show the applicability of using averaged TMY data compared to the large hourly dataset. The results show a pattern of change in the façade's thermal and hygrothermal performance as temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation norms change in both seasons. The comparison between the TMY and the Yearly data showed an underestimation of heat transfer within the façade when the TMY data is used. The historical TMY data results showed the inadequacy of this weather file for climate impact assessments of facades in both summer and winter. The approach used in this study can be repeated for different climate conditions, acting as a tool to design façades and predict their performance in face of a changing climate.
{"title":"Impact of future climate scenarios on thermal performance and resilience of building façades: Canadian climate case study","authors":"Shahrzad Soudian, Umberto Berardi","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings in urban areas are responsible for a significant share of GHG emissions that directly contribute to climate change. Nevertheless, the built environment is vulnerable to the changing climate. Particularly, the unpredictable weather threatens the performance of building components, durability of building materials, and indoor environmental comfort. In this study, the impact of future climate on thermal performance of building façades in the Canadian climate is investigated using simulation analysis. To account for different climate conditions, three future weather scenarios pertaining to global temperature rise of 0.5 °C, 1.5 °C, and 2.5 °C were compared with historical weather data. Both hourly and Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data were studied. The results, including thermal transmittance, heat flux, moisture content, and façade temperature were compared. This comparison could show the applicability of using averaged TMY data compared to the large hourly dataset. The results show a pattern of change in the façade's thermal and hygrothermal performance as temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation norms change in both seasons. The comparison between the TMY and the Yearly data showed an underestimation of heat transfer within the façade when the TMY data is used. The historical TMY data results showed the inadequacy of this weather file for climate impact assessments of facades in both summer and winter. The approach used in this study can be repeated for different climate conditions, acting as a tool to design façades and predict their performance in face of a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112245"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112231
Gineesh Gopi , Woogeun Kim , Youngseok Lee , Chungwon Cho , Jung Kyung Kim
As the automobile industry is transitioning toward electric vehicles, manufacturers have started implementing local warmers alongside cabin heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for effective thermal comfort management. However, optimal operating strategies need to be developed for integrating local warmers with HVAC systems. Although the Berkeley models comprising local/overall thermal sensation and comfort models offer insights in this regard, they lack follow-up assessments for occupants transitioning from very cold states. In this study, Berkeley models were evaluated using two sets of experimental data collected in a transient vehicle cabin under cold outdoor conditions: test (A) with cabin HVAC alone and test (B) with both HVAC and local warmers. The findings confirm the satisfactory performances of the Berkeley models for predicting overall sensation and comfort, with a maximum root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.15. The local comfort model performed poorly with the original coefficients across both datasets (maximum RMSE of 1.96). Therefore, the model coefficients were regressed for the dataset from test A and validated against the dataset from test B to achieve a maximum RMSE of 0.49. With these regressed coefficients, it was observed that moving toward a neutral whole-body state diminished the potential to maximize local comfort. Conversely, the local sensation model showed poor agreement (maximum RMSE of 1.9); we confirmed that accurate adaptive setpoint temperatures are a prerequisite for ensuring good predictions from the model. These findings are expected to contribute toward future efforts in using Berkeley models to formulate effective local warmer–HVAC operational strategies in electric vehicles.
随着汽车行业向电动汽车过渡，制造商开始在车厢加热、通风和空调（HVAC）系统旁安装局部加热器，以实现有效的热舒适管理。然而，需要制定最佳的操作策略，将局部加热器与 HVAC 系统集成在一起。虽然由局部/整体热感觉和舒适度模型组成的伯克利模型在这方面提供了见解，但它们缺乏对从极冷状态过渡到极冷状态的乘员的后续评估。在这项研究中，伯克利模型使用了在寒冷室外条件下的瞬态车厢内收集的两组实验数据进行评估：测试（A）仅使用车厢内的暖通空调系统，测试（B）同时使用暖通空调系统和局部加热器。结果证实，伯克利模型在预测整体感觉和舒适度方面表现令人满意，最大均方根误差（RMSE）为 0.15。局部舒适度模型在两个数据集中的原始系数表现不佳（最大均方根误差为 1.96）。因此，对测试 A 的数据集进行了模型系数回归，并根据测试 B 的数据集进行了验证，结果最大 RMSE 为 0.49。通过这些回归系数可以发现，向中性全身状态发展会降低局部舒适度最大化的潜力。相反，局部感觉模型的一致性较差（最大均方根误差为 1.9）；我们证实，准确的自适应设定点温度是确保模型良好预测的先决条件。预计这些发现将有助于未来使用伯克利模型为电动汽车制定有效的本地暖风空调运行策略。
{"title":"Experimental evaluations of Berkeley thermal sensation and comfort models in electric vehicle cabin under cold outdoor conditions","authors":"Gineesh Gopi , Woogeun Kim , Youngseok Lee , Chungwon Cho , Jung Kyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the automobile industry is transitioning toward electric vehicles, manufacturers have started implementing local warmers alongside cabin heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for effective thermal comfort management. However, optimal operating strategies need to be developed for integrating local warmers with HVAC systems. Although the Berkeley models comprising local/overall thermal sensation and comfort models offer insights in this regard, they lack follow-up assessments for occupants transitioning from very cold states. In this study, Berkeley models were evaluated using two sets of experimental data collected in a transient vehicle cabin under cold outdoor conditions: test (A) with cabin HVAC alone and test (B) with both HVAC and local warmers. The findings confirm the satisfactory performances of the Berkeley models for predicting overall sensation and comfort, with a maximum root mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.15. The local comfort model performed poorly with the original coefficients across both datasets (maximum RMSE of 1.96). Therefore, the model coefficients were regressed for the dataset from test A and validated against the dataset from test B to achieve a maximum RMSE of 0.49. With these regressed coefficients, it was observed that moving toward a neutral whole-body state diminished the potential to maximize local comfort. Conversely, the local sensation model showed poor agreement (maximum RMSE of 1.9); we confirmed that accurate adaptive setpoint temperatures are a prerequisite for ensuring good predictions from the model. These findings are expected to contribute toward future efforts in using Berkeley models to formulate effective local warmer–HVAC operational strategies in electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112231"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112242
Qiyue Zou , Jun Yang , Yuqing Zhang , Yi Bai , Junjie Wang
Assessing heat vulnerability is essential for analyzing and improving the urban thermal environment. We developed a heat vulnerability model to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of thermal vulnerability and its relationship with local climate zones (LCZs) in Shenyang City at the community level. Additionally, we thoroughly explored the change patterns of heat vulnerability in communities with similar LCZ components. Our findings revealed that: (1) Building-type LCZs exhibited a non-uniform distribution, with LCZ8 representing the largest proportion, and LCZ1 and LCZ2 accounting for the smallest proportions. Nature-type LCZ communities were distributed along the Hun River and in some areas of the northwest and south, with LCZD having the largest proportion and LCZB the smallest. (2) Building height was positively correlated with the heat vulnerability index (HVI), while building density had minimal impact on HVI. LCZ8 had the highest HVI, and LCZG had the lowest. (3) Clustering the communities revealed that buildings had a greater impact on HVI than impervious surfaces. Creating strong ventilation and increasing the number of nature-type LCZs were identified as the most important factors for community development. These results highlight the differences in heat vulnerability among communities with various landscape configurations, providing a theoretical basis for targeted community structure adjustments and the reduction of urban thermal risks.
{"title":"Variation in community heat vulnerability for Shenyang City under local climate zone perspective","authors":"Qiyue Zou , Jun Yang , Yuqing Zhang , Yi Bai , Junjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessing heat vulnerability is essential for analyzing and improving the urban thermal environment. We developed a heat vulnerability model to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of thermal vulnerability and its relationship with local climate zones (LCZs) in Shenyang City at the community level. Additionally, we thoroughly explored the change patterns of heat vulnerability in communities with similar LCZ components. Our findings revealed that: (1) Building-type LCZs exhibited a non-uniform distribution, with LCZ8 representing the largest proportion, and LCZ1 and LCZ2 accounting for the smallest proportions. Nature-type LCZ communities were distributed along the Hun River and in some areas of the northwest and south, with LCZD having the largest proportion and LCZB the smallest. (2) Building height was positively correlated with the heat vulnerability index (HVI), while building density had minimal impact on HVI. LCZ8 had the highest HVI, and LCZG had the lowest. (3) Clustering the communities revealed that buildings had a greater impact on HVI than impervious surfaces. Creating strong ventilation and increasing the number of nature-type LCZs were identified as the most important factors for community development. These results highlight the differences in heat vulnerability among communities with various landscape configurations, providing a theoretical basis for targeted community structure adjustments and the reduction of urban thermal risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112242"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112250
Wenjing Ji , Junjie Zeng , Kaijia Zhao , Jing Liu
Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM2.5) in indoor environments originates from both indoor and outdoor sources, influencing associated human health risks through different compositions. This study simultaneously collected and analyzed indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples in three major Chinese megacities—Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen—to characterize PM2.5 sources and assess their health impacts. A total of seven distinct sources, both indoor and outdoor, were identified for PM2.5: indoor activities, metal smelting, industrial activities, soil dust, vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and fuel oil combustion. Indoor activities accounted for approximately 20 % of the residential indoor PM2.5, with the remainder predominantly due to outdoor PM2.5 infiltration. The contributions of indoor activities to noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks ranged from 3.6 % to 28.5 %, whereas outdoor PM2.5 sources posing greater health risks. The cumulative noncarcinogenic risks for adults in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen were 0.99, 1.15, and 0.72, respectively, slightly higher than those for children. The cumulative carcinogenic risks for adults were approximately five times those for children, with values of 6.90 × 10−5, 6.34 × 10−5, and 6.83 × 10−5, respectively, all surpassing the acceptable limit. Noncarcinogenic risks were predominantly attributed to Ni, Co, and Mn, contributing over 85 % to the total risk, while Cr was the primary contributor (>89 %) to carcinogenic risks. Indoor environmental exposure accounting for over 80 % of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for adults, and exceeding 90 % for children. This study provides significant insights into the effective control of PM2.5 pollution and the reduction of health risks from a source perspective.
{"title":"Source apportionment and health-risk assessment of PM2.5-bound elements in indoor/outdoor residential buildings in Chinese megacities","authors":"Wenjing Ji , Junjie Zeng , Kaijia Zhao , Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in indoor environments originates from both indoor and outdoor sources, influencing associated human health risks through different compositions. This study simultaneously collected and analyzed indoor and outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples in three major Chinese megacities—Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen—to characterize PM<sub>2.5</sub> sources and assess their health impacts. A total of seven distinct sources, both indoor and outdoor, were identified for PM<sub>2.5</sub>: indoor activities, metal smelting, industrial activities, soil dust, vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and fuel oil combustion. Indoor activities accounted for approximately 20 % of the residential indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub>, with the remainder predominantly due to outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> infiltration. The contributions of indoor activities to noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks ranged from 3.6 % to 28.5 %, whereas outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> sources posing greater health risks. The cumulative noncarcinogenic risks for adults in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen were 0.99, 1.15, and 0.72, respectively, slightly higher than those for children. The cumulative carcinogenic risks for adults were approximately five times those for children, with values of 6.90 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, 6.34 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, and 6.83 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, respectively, all surpassing the acceptable limit. Noncarcinogenic risks were predominantly attributed to Ni, Co, and Mn, contributing over 85 % to the total risk, while Cr was the primary contributor (>89 %) to carcinogenic risks. Indoor environmental exposure accounting for over 80 % of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for adults, and exceeding 90 % for children. This study provides significant insights into the effective control of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution and the reduction of health risks from a source perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112250"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112249
Jiin Son , Jihoon Kim , Junemo Koo
This study presents the development and application of a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) model to estimate ventilation and infiltration rates using long-term observation data, addressing the challenge of dynamically varying space operations and meteorological conditions. A central research equestion is: How can we accurately estimate ventilation rates while accounting for these time-varying factors? Traditional tracer gas methods require numerous measurements to accurately characterize air change rates (ACR) under dynamic space operations and varying meteorological conditions. Our PINN model integrates these fluctuating factors, providing a more precise analysis of their transient effects on ACR. We employed Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to interpret the sensitivity and contributions of each influencing factor. Our findings indicate that the state of windows and doors significantly affects spatial operations, while wind speed and direction are the most impactful meteorological factors. The interaction between open windows and doors results in higher ventilation rates compared to their individual effects. Wind-related factors cause ACR variations exceeding 200 %, with the wind direction relative to the office window playing a crucial role. Additionally, external temperature and indoor-outdoor temperature differences show a strong correlation with ACR. However, limitations include the lack of outdoor CO2 measurements and the assumption of uniform indoor CO2 levels, which may affect accuracy. Generalizability is also limited due to the specificity of the space studied. Future work should incorporate outdoor CO2 data and multiple spaces to enhance model applicability. This study contributes to optimizing ventilation strategies for better indoor air quality and energy efficiency.
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Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112244
T. Sanemitsu , W. Wang , N. Ikegaya
The effect of urban geometries on the peak wind speed at the pedestrian level was investigated using simplified urban-like arrays in wind tunnel experiments. To scrutinize the turbulent flow's spatial and temporal characteristics, large-eddy simulations (LESs) were adopted to simulate suitable experimental conditions using an external force accelerating the flow with the periodic boundary condition. Although previous studies have revealed that conventional LESs use a constant pressure gradient as a momentum source, driving the flow differs from those in developing boundary layers in experiments, and the effect of the momentum source on peak wind speeds at the pedestrian level remains unknown. Therefore, this study used a series of LESs based on the three driving methods to investigate the impact of the momentum provision on the relevant statistics and peak values. The turbulent statistics showed good agreement among the cases driven by the momentum sources regardless of the shape of the profiles of the momentum source. Peak wind speeds, quantified by percentiles, were estimated using statistical models based on the Weibull distribution. Overall, the results showed a good agreement between the LESs and statistical model estimations when higher-order moments were adopted as the estimation parameters.
在风洞实验中，利用简化的类城市阵列研究了城市几何形状对行人层峰值风速的影响。为了仔细研究湍流的空间和时间特征，采用了大涡流模拟（LES）技术，利用外力加速流动，在周期性边界条件下模拟合适的实验条件。虽然以往的研究表明，传统的 LES 使用恒定的压力梯度作为动量源，但驱动流动的动量源与实验中发展边界层的动量源不同，而且动量源对行人层峰值风速的影响仍然未知。因此，本研究使用了一系列基于三种驱动方法的 LES，以研究动量提供对相关统计量和峰值的影响。在动量源驱动的情况下，无论动量源的剖面形状如何，湍流统计数据都显示出良好的一致性。使用基于威布尔分布的统计模型估算了以百分位数量化的峰值风速。总体而言，当采用高阶矩作为估算参数时，结果显示 LES 与统计模型估算结果之间具有良好的一致性。
{"title":"Impact of momentum sources on pedestrian-level peak wind predictions of an urban-like array using large-eddy simulations and statistical models","authors":"T. Sanemitsu , W. Wang , N. Ikegaya","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of urban geometries on the peak wind speed at the pedestrian level was investigated using simplified urban-like arrays in wind tunnel experiments. To scrutinize the turbulent flow's spatial and temporal characteristics, large-eddy simulations (LESs) were adopted to simulate suitable experimental conditions using an external force accelerating the flow with the periodic boundary condition. Although previous studies have revealed that conventional LESs use a constant pressure gradient as a momentum source, driving the flow differs from those in developing boundary layers in experiments, and the effect of the momentum source on peak wind speeds at the pedestrian level remains unknown. Therefore, this study used a series of LESs based on the three driving methods to investigate the impact of the momentum provision on the relevant statistics and peak values. The turbulent statistics showed good agreement among the cases driven by the momentum sources regardless of the shape of the profiles of the momentum source. Peak wind speeds, quantified by percentiles, were estimated using statistical models based on the Weibull distribution. Overall, the results showed a good agreement between the LESs and statistical model estimations when higher-order moments were adopted as the estimation parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"267 ","pages":"Article 112244"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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