Building and Environment最新文献_第10页

Radon-222 entry rate in homes and workplaces determined with modern electronic radon detectors 用现代电子氡探测器测定家庭和工作场所氡-222的进入率

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114190

Krasimir Mitev , Vladislav Todorov , Strahil Georgiev , Philippe Cassette , Benoit Sabot , Zornitza Daraktchieva , Stefan Röttger , Ivelina Dimitrova

Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. While radon exposure is assessed by the annual average radon concentration, the radon entry rate, which is fundamental to understanding radon behaviour and mitigation, has received less attention due to measurement challenges. Technological advancements over the past decade have led to the development of affordable and widely available consumer-grade electronic detectors that can provide time-resolved radon measurements. A novel method for estimating the radon entry rate from radon time series measured by fast-response, consumer-grade electronic monitors is presented. It was validated through experiments conducted in a primary metrology laboratory and test-bed studies. It was implemented in a three-year radon monitoring campaign in 36 occupied dwellings and workplaces located in both radon-priority and non-priority areas. During the campaign data on the dynamics of radon entry rate and air change rate were gathered remotely without interrupting the buildings’ usage cycle. A correlation between the radon entry rate and the air change rate at low ventilation was observed in about 80

% of the buildings, which demonstrates that the radon entry rate can be studied in relation to other dynamic parameters. This new approach can be used by scientists developing models for radon transport in buildings, as well as by remediation and mitigation professionals to provide smart and energy-efficient mitigation strategies. The method proposed herein provides insights into radon dynamics and can revolutionize our efforts to maintain a healthy indoor environment with respect to radon.

氡是肺癌的第二大诱因，仅次于吸烟。虽然氡暴露是通过年平均氡浓度来评估的，但由于测量方面的挑战，氡进入率受到的关注较少，而氡进入率是了解氡行为和减缓的基础。过去十年的技术进步导致了价格合理且广泛可用的消费级电子探测器的发展，这些探测器可以提供时间分辨的氡测量。提出了一种从快速响应消费级电子监测仪测量的氡时间序列中估计氡进入率的新方法。在初级计量实验室和试验台研究中进行了实验验证。它是在一项为期三年的氡监测运动中实施的，该运动在氡优先和非优先地区的36个被占用住宅和工作场所进行。在活动期间，在不中断建筑物使用周期的情况下，远程收集了氡进入率和空气变化率的动态数据。在低通风条件下，约80%的建筑物的氡进入率与换气率之间存在相关性，这表明氡进入率可以与其他动态参数进行研究。这种新方法可用于开发建筑物内氡传输模型的科学家，也可用于补救和缓解专业人员，以提供智能和节能的缓解战略。本文提出的方法提供了对氡动力学的见解，并可以彻底改变我们在氡方面维持健康室内环境的努力。

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引用次数: 0

A coupled heat and moisture transfer model for smart clothing with temperature adaptive porosity and thermal emissivity 具有温度自适应孔隙率和热发射率的智能服装热湿耦合传递模型

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114181

Yedan Zhao , Yinghong Xu , Jintu Fan

With the increasing energy consumption and environmental concerns, personal thermal management via smart thermoregulatory clothing has emerged as a crucial strategy for significant energy savings, which is essential for reducing the reliance on air conditioning. However, most existing research on intelligent textiles remains at the experimental stage, lacking well-established quantitative thermoregulatory models. In this study, we innovatively developed coupled heat and mass transfer partial differential equations that incorporate temperature-adaptable porosity and surface emissivity. In order to validate the model, we conducted experiments using a multimodal temperature-regulating garment equipped with temperature-responsive actuators. The simulation results of the developed model highly agree with measured data. The maximum relative errors in thermal and moisture resistance are

0.0673

and

0.0167

, respectively, which confirms the model’s reliability and accuracy in evaluating the thermal and moisture comfort of smart clothing. Moreover, compared with existing models, our model considers temperature-dependent structural variations in smart textiles and their impact on human thermal comfort. Our findings present an innovative solution for personal thermal management. The framework guides advanced fabric design, and also offers insights into practical challenges and solutions, promoting the smart textile industry.

随着能源消耗和环境问题的日益增加，通过智能体温调节服装进行个人热管理已经成为一种重要的节能策略，这对于减少对空调的依赖至关重要。然而，大多数现有的智能纺织品研究仍停留在实验阶段，缺乏完善的定量热调节模型。在这项研究中，我们创新地开发了包含温度适应性孔隙率和表面发射率的耦合传热和传质偏微分方程。为了验证该模型，我们使用配备温度响应执行器的多模态温度调节服装进行了实验。该模型的仿真结果与实测数据吻合较好。热阻和湿阻的最大相对误差分别为0.0673和0.0167，验证了该模型在评价智能服装热湿舒适性方面的可靠性和准确性。此外，与现有模型相比，我们的模型考虑了智能纺织品中温度依赖的结构变化及其对人体热舒适的影响。我们的研究结果为个人热管理提供了一种创新的解决方案。该框架为先进的面料设计提供指导，并为实际挑战和解决方案提供见解，促进智能纺织行业的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal evolution of 222Rn concentration in enclosed spaces: diffusion-decay model and experimental validation 封闭空间中222Rn浓度的时空演化：扩散衰减模型与实验验证

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114186

Yujie Wu , Zhanjie Wang , Zhan Li , Angui Li

Accurate prediction of indoor ²²²Rn concentration in enclosed spaces is essential for environmental safety and public health. This study develops a one-dimensional analytical diffusion-decay model with a closed-form solution that describes the full spatiotemporal evolution of radon in confined air. The model explicitly includes a uniform areal source, molecular diffusion and radioactive decay, while neglecting advection. The latter simplification is justified by first-principles quantum-chemistry calculations of gravitational energy differences, scaling analysis of sedimentation versus diffusion, and source-position comparison experiments. Using separation of variables, the one-dimensional diffusion-decay equation is solved in terms of the characteristic diffusion length

L = \sqrt{D / λ}

and the dimensionless height

ξ = H / L

. Parameter analysis shows a linear amplification effect of source strength

S

, a nonlinear attenuation of top-layer concentration with increasing height

H

, and the central role of

L

in controlling vertical uniformity. Controlled sealed-chamber experiments under diffusion-dominated conditions demonstrate high predictive accuracy: steady-state vertical profiles are reproduced with a root-mean-square error of 45 Bq·m⁻³ (1.4 - 2.7% of measurements), an overall mean relative bias of -1.0%, and R² ≈ 0.97; transient build-up is captured within about 5% deviation. A decision chart based on

ξ

is proposed to classify near-uniform, moderately stratified and strongly stratified regimes and to recommend monitoring heights, providing a lightweight tool for radon risk assessment and ventilation design in diffusion-dominated enclosed spaces.

准确预测封闭空间室内222Rn浓度对环境安全和公众健康至关重要。本研究开发了一个一维解析扩散衰减模型，该模型具有封闭形式的解，描述了氡在密闭空气中的完整时空演化。该模型明确地包括了均匀面源、分子扩散和放射性衰变，而忽略了平流。后一种简化是由第一原理量子化学的引力能差计算、沉降与扩散的尺度分析和源位置比较实验证明的。采用分离变量法，求解一维扩散衰减方程，得到特征扩散长度L=D/λ，无量纲高度ξ=H/L。参数分析表明，源强度存在线性放大效应，顶层浓度随高度th的增加呈非线性衰减，而l在控制垂直均匀性方面起核心作用。在扩散主导条件下的受控密封室实验显示出较高的预测精度：稳态垂直剖面的再现均方根误差为45 Bq·m−3（测量值的1.4 - 2.7%），总体平均相对偏差为-1.0%,R2≈0.97；在大约5%的偏差范围内捕获瞬态累积。提出了一种基于onξ的决策图，对接近均匀、中等分层和强烈分层的区域进行分类，并建议监测高度，为扩散为主的封闭空间的氡风险评估和通风设计提供了一种轻量级工具。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic interpretable prediction and Spatio-temporal reduction pathways analyses of embodied carbon emission in China's building sector 中国建筑隐含碳排放动态可解释预测及时空减排路径分析

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114191

Zhike Zheng, Qing Shuang

With rapid urbanization and construction, China is facing severe environmental challenges from excessive carbon emissions of the building sector, where the embodied carbon emission (ECE) occupies a significant proportion. Under the national decarbonization strategies and sustainable urgencies, this study focuses on the prediction and reduction pathways of ECE in China’s building sector. Through an interpretable hybrid machine learning model, this study proposes an accurate national ECE prediction and extends the spatial heterogeneity analysis to 31 provinces. Besides, with the combination of carbon intensity prediction and Tapio decoupling analysis, this study provides explicit temporal carbon reduction pathways. These findings offer unique insights: First, China’s building sector is predicted to peak at 2030 with 1.6 billion tons of ECE, with production and demolition stages accounting for the majority. Second, the spatial heterogeneity analysis reveals the major contributions from the southeast coasts and central plains, which are mainly influenced by economic development and sectoral transformation. Third, the temporal carbon reduction pathways reveal the crucial period from 2031 to 2041, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of decarbonization during these times. These results offer essential directions for carbon regulation and sustainable transition, providing targeted recommendations for global carbon mitigation and sustainable development.

随着城市化和建设的快速发展，中国面临着建筑行业碳排放过高的严峻环境挑战，其中隐含碳排放（ECE）占很大比例。在国家脱碳战略和可持续紧迫性的背景下，本研究重点研究了中国建筑行业ECE的预测和减少途径。通过可解释的混合机器学习模型，本研究提出了准确的全国ECE预测，并将空间异质性分析扩展到31个省份。此外，结合碳强度预测和Tapio解耦分析，本研究提供了明确的时间碳减排路径。这些发现提供了独特的见解：首先，中国建筑行业预计将在2030年达到16亿吨ECE的峰值，其中生产和拆除阶段占大部分。②东南沿海和中原地区对气候变化贡献最大，主要受经济发展和产业转型的影响；第三，时间碳减排路径揭示了2031 - 2041年这一关键时期，证明了这一时期脱碳的有效性和效率。这些结果为碳调控和可持续转型提供了重要方向，为全球碳减排和可持续发展提供了有针对性的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Psychophysiological responses to indoor wood use: A systematic literature review of indicators, methods, and research trends 室内木材使用的心理生理反应：指标、方法和研究趋势的系统文献综述

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114188

Greta Cavaliere , Silvana Calvano , Paola Molina , Francesco Negro

Wood can significantly improve human well-being in indoor environments and enhance biophilic design. This systematic review examines studies on psychophysiological responses to wood exposure, focusing on experimental designs and measurement methods (Q1), involved participants (Q2), and types and features of wood products (Q3). A systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science databases following the PRISMA protocol. The search strategy combined keywords related to indoor wood-based products, well-being and interactions. Only primary research articles published in English over the last 20 years were considered. Fifty studies assessing psychophysiological responses to wood through physiological (e.g., cardiovascular, cerebral, hormonal, ocular, thermal, electrodermal, muscular, respiratory) and/or psychological (e.g., cognitive tests, questionnaires) indicators, were included. Results revealed diverse exposure modalities (visual, tactile, olfactory, multisensory) and measurement approaches. Studies predominantly involved university students (20–50 participants) and short exposure durations (1–15 mins). Both solid and engineered wood products were investigated, with attention to their colour, finishing, and thermal properties. Three main research needs emerged: extending exposure time to study long-term effects, diversifying participant demographics, especially in terms of age range, and combining questionnaires with physiological measures, to foster a broader approach. Research on psychophysiological responses to wood is a complex field that combines human and applied sciences. Through a structured overview of current methodological approaches, this review guides future interdisciplinary research across environmental psychology, design and material science. It also provides practical insights for architects and interior designers seeking to incorporate biophilic principles to improve occupant well-being.

木材可以显著改善室内环境中人的幸福感，增强亲生物设计。本系统综述考察了对木材暴露的心理生理反应的研究，重点关注实验设计和测量方法（Q1），参与者（Q2）以及木制品的类型和特征（Q3）。按照PRISMA协议在Scopus和Web of Science数据库中进行了系统的文献检索。搜索策略结合了与室内木制品、健康和互动相关的关键词。仅考虑了过去20年用英语发表的初级研究文章。通过生理指标（如心血管、大脑、荷尔蒙、眼、热、皮肤电、肌肉、呼吸）和/或心理指标（如认知测试、问卷调查）评估对木材的心理生理反应的研究有50项。结果显示不同的暴露方式（视觉，触觉，嗅觉，多感官）和测量方法。研究主要涉及大学生（20-50名参与者），暴露时间较短（1-15分钟）。对实木和工程木制品进行了研究，重点关注它们的颜色、整理和热性能。三个主要的研究需求出现了：延长暴露时间以研究长期影响，使参与者的人口统计多样化，特别是在年龄范围方面，以及将问卷调查与生理测量相结合，以促进更广泛的方法。对木材的心理生理反应的研究是一个人文科学与应用科学相结合的复杂领域。通过对当前方法的结构化概述，本综述指导了未来跨环境心理学、设计和材料科学的跨学科研究。它还为建筑师和室内设计师提供了实用的见解，以寻求结合亲生物原则来改善居住者的福祉。

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引用次数: 0

AI-based personal conditioning with physiological awareness: Fine-tuned small and large language models vs. neural networks 基于人工智能的个人调节与生理意识：微调的小型和大型语言模型与神经网络

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114189

Lingzhe Wang, Gautam Vanama, Jelena Srebric

Current personal conditionings mostly rely on manual adjustments, limiting their adaptabilities to dynamic environment. This study employs fine-tuned small/large language models (SLMs/LLMs) and neural networks (NN) to enable AI-based personal conditioning with physiological awareness, allowing them to accurately predict users’ thermal comfort from real-time physiological measurements. We used a multimodal dataset with 100 K data collected at different thermal comfort levels created by personal conditioning in human subject experiments. This dataset provided a basis for SLMs/LLMs fine-tuning and further allowed their performance comparison with NN. Pre-trained SLMs/LLMs exhibited poor performance (F1 near 0), while fine-tuned SLMs/LLMs showed significantly improved performances (F1 up to 0.99). Fine-tuning included feature groups of varying dimensionalities: temperature-based low-dimensional (FG1), HRV-based medium-dimensional (FG2), and multimodal high-dimensional (FG3). Incorporating HRV features markedly enhanced accuracy (FG2, NN: 0.73, SLM: 0.93, LLM: 0.96) comparing to temperature-based features (FG1, NN: 0.45, SLM: 0.42, LLM: 0.43), while multimodal features achieved near-perfect performance (FG3, NN: 0.91, SLM/LLM: 0.99). Overall, our findings offer clear guidance for model selection. With low-dimensional features, NN delivers the best performance. However, overall accuracies remain low across all three models. For medium to high dimensional data, the simple NN architecture provides satisfactory performance with minimal costs, enabling efficient deployment on IoT devices. Fine-tuned SLMs further improve performance, achieving near-perfect results comparable to fine-tuned LLMs but at substantially lower cost. Accordingly, for future human-centric personal conditioning, we recommend using medium to high dimensional data with NN as a cost-effective, moderate-performance solution, or with fine-tuned SLMs as a high-performance, moderate-cost solution.

目前的个人调节大多依靠人工调节，限制了其对动态环境的适应性。本研究采用微调的小/大语言模型（SLMs/LLMs）和神经网络（NN），使基于人工智能的个人调节具有生理意识，使其能够从实时生理测量中准确预测用户的热舒适。我们使用了一个多模态数据集，收集了100 K的数据，这些数据是在人体受试者实验中由个人调节产生的不同热舒适水平下收集的。该数据集为slm / llm的微调提供了基础，并进一步允许其与神经网络的性能比较。预训练的slm / llm表现出较差的性能（F1接近0），而微调后的slm / llm表现出显著提高的性能（F1高达0.99）。微调包括不同维度的特征组：基于温度的低维（FG1）、基于hrv的中维（FG2）和多模态高维（FG3）。与基于温度的特征（FG1, NN: 0.45, SLM: 0.42, LLM: 0.43）相比，结合HRV特征显著提高了精度（FG2, NN: 0.73, SLM: 0.93, LLM: 0.96），而多模态特征取得了近乎完美的性能（FG3, NN: 0.91, SLM/LLM: 0.99）。总的来说，我们的发现为模型选择提供了明确的指导。由于具有低维特征，神经网络提供了最佳性能。然而，这三种模型的总体准确性仍然很低。对于中高维数据，简单的神经网络架构以最小的成本提供了令人满意的性能，实现了在物联网设备上的高效部署。微调后的slm进一步提高了性能，获得了与微调后的llm相当的近乎完美的结果，但成本却低得多。因此，对于未来以人为中心的个人调节，我们建议使用中到高维数据与神经网络一起作为成本效益高、性能中等的解决方案，或者使用微调的slm作为高性能、成本中等的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Risk of cross-infection in a four-bed hospital ward with synthetic fountain jet ventilation in winter 冬季合成喷射器通风四床病房交叉感染风险分析

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114176

Teng Li , Jiangang Lei , Jianjian Wei , Yong Cheng

An innovative air distribution, synthetic fountain jet ventilation (SFV), was proposed in this study to reduce cross-infection risk in hospital wards in winter. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method validated by experimental data was employed to investigate airflow pattern and exhaled particle dispersion in a four-bed ward under SFV and two configurations of mixing ventilation (MV). Zoning effect on particles under SFV was quantified using the concentration gradient between sub-zones (η). The significance and correlation of supply air velocity (V_s), supply air temperature (T_s), and supply inlet height (H_s) with the zoning effect were statistically evaluated. An improved Wells-Riley model was employed to quantify the potential of SFV in reducing the cross-infection risk. Results showed that upward fountain jet under SFV followed the direction of positive buoyancy, thereby restricting lateral and longitudinal dispersion of exhaled particles in winter. The zoning effect was significantly affected by V_s and the average air velocity in the central zone (V_ave). A highly significant positive correlation was found between η and V_ave (p < 0.01), as V_ave significantly affected particle removal and suspension. A “vertical air channel” formed between the ceiling-level outlet and the floor under a high V_ave, enhancing particle removal whilst reducing particle suspension. Calculations of infection probability demonstrated that SFV effectively reduced the risk of cross-infection among patients in winter. Compared with the two configurations of MV, the average infection probability in Sub-zones 2, 3, and 4 located outside the source zone under SFV was reduced by 55.04% and 76.52%, respectively.

本研究提出了一种创新的气流组织——合成喷泉喷射通风（SFV），以降低冬季医院病房的交叉感染风险。采用经实验验证的计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究了四床病房在SFV和两种混合通风（MV）配置下的气流模式和呼出颗粒的分散。利用分区间浓度梯度（η）量化了SFV作用下颗粒的分区效应。统计评价送风速度（Vs）、送风温度（Ts）和送风入口高度（Hs）与分区效果的显著性和相关性。采用改进的Wells-Riley模型来量化SFV在降低交叉感染风险方面的潜力。结果表明：冬季气流下喷流沿正浮力方向向上，限制了呼出颗粒的横向和纵向扩散；分带效应受v和中心区平均风速（Vave）的影响显著。η与Vave之间存在极显著的正相关关系（p < 0.01），因为Vave对颗粒去除和悬浮有显著影响。在高气阀下，在天花板出口和地板之间形成“垂直风道”，增强颗粒去除同时减少颗粒悬浮。感染概率计算表明，SFV有效降低了冬季患者间交叉感染的风险。与两种MV配置相比，SFV源区外2、3、4分区的平均感染概率分别降低了55.04%和76.52%。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of tunnel-shaped noise barriers on pollutant dispersion induced by continuous traffic flow by moving overset grid simulations 隧道型隔声屏障对连续交通流污染扩散的影响

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114185

Yi-Kang Liu, Bin Lu, Qiu-Sheng Li, Zi-Yu Zhang, Jun-Yi He

Modern urban roads are characterized by continuous high traffic flow rates and significant exhaust pollutants. Compared to traditional upright or cantilever noise barriers, tunnel-shaped noise barriers may pose stronger accumulating or shielding effects on vehicle induced pollutants, posing a more serious health threat to drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Selecting fully-enclosed and semi-enclosed noise barriers as representative cases, this study employed large eddy simulation (LES) and the dynamic overset grid method to investigate the effect of tunnel-shaped noise barriers on pollutant dispersion characteristics under continuous traffic flow conditions. The research investigated the evolution and time-averaged characteristics of vehicle pollutants, and explored the characteristics of personal intake fraction, and the influence of traffic flow rate and vehicle speed. The underlying flow field mechanisms were revealed through instantaneous wind speed and vorticity field analysis. It was found that the pollutant concentration exhibits an accumulation stage and a stable stage inside a tunnel-shaped noise barrier. The accumulation time, time-averaged pollutant concentration, and mean personal intake fraction inside the fully-enclosed noise barrier are 2.52, 6.25, and 4.68 times those of the semi-enclosed noise barrier. The distribution characteristics of vehicle pollutants of the two types of tunnel-shaped noise barriers are also different. Compared to the semi-enclosed barrier, higher wind speeds and stronger air convection are present inside and outside the fully-enclosed noise barrier, leading to a longer duration of the accumulation stage. The open side of the semi-enclosed barrier results in higher downstream wind speeds and vorticity, promoting pollutant dispersion by convection and diffusion effects and decreasing pollutant concentrations inside the semi-enclosed barrier. The research results provide useful information for the noise barrier design and transportation planning in urban areas.

现代城市道路的特点是持续的高交通流量和大量的尾气污染物。与传统的直立或悬臂式隔音屏障相比，隧道型隔音屏障对车辆产生的污染物具有更强的积聚或屏蔽作用，对驾驶员、乘客和行人的健康构成更严重的威胁。以全封闭和半封闭隔声屏障为例，采用大涡模拟（LES）和动态超调网格法，研究连续交通流条件下隧道型隔声屏障对污染物扩散特性的影响。研究了机动车污染物的演变和时间平均特征，探讨了个人进气分数的特征，以及交通流速率和车速的影响。通过瞬时风速和涡度场分析揭示了底层流场机制。结果表明，隧道型隔声屏障内污染物浓度分别表现为累积阶段和稳定阶段。全封闭噪声屏障内污染物累积时间、时间平均浓度和人均进气分数分别是半封闭噪声屏障的2.52倍、6.25倍和4.68倍。两种隧道型隔音屏障的车辆污染物分布特征也不同。与半封闭屏障相比，全封闭屏障内外风速更高，空气对流更强，累积阶段持续时间更长。半封闭屏障的开口处产生较高的下游风速和涡度，通过对流扩散作用促进污染物扩散，降低半封闭屏障内污染物浓度。研究结果可为城市隔声屏障设计和交通规划提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Real-world implementation of personal thermal comfort models in building thermal systems control: A systematic review 个人热舒适模型在建筑热系统控制中的实际应用：系统综述

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114187

Xinbo Xu, Ali Ghahramani

Buildings have long relied on manual adjustments to meet occupants’ thermal needs, yet recent advances highlight the potential of personal thermal comfort models (PCMs) to predict individual requirements and enable autonomous control. To guide practical implementation, this review synthesizes 35 real-world applications of PCM-driven control for building thermal systems, comparing PCM operational indicators and model performance, analyzing control logic and methods, and quantifying effectiveness in comfort and energy outcomes. Results indicate that indoor air temperature was the most common input feature, appearing in 74.3% of the studies. Predicted thermal preference provides better guidance for control than thermal sensation or comfort. In multi-occupant spaces, 37.5% of studies optimized for the majority, whereas 62.5% considered all occupants’ preferences. Most control strategies were rule-based, with complementary control being the predominant control type. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems typically operate with longer control intervals than personal comfort systems (PCS) (median 12.5 vs. 0.83 minutes), and a maximum setpoint adjustment of 1°C was most frequently reported. Compared with baselines, PCM-based control improved thermal comfort and reduced energy use (HVAC-only savings 1.1-39%; combined HVAC and PCS ∼15%). Autonomously achieving efficiency and comfort requires novel frameworks that orchestrate HVAC and PCS, whereby aggregated PCM outputs with energy considerations define the zone-level HVAC setpoint at longer intervals, while each occupant’s PCS is regulated at shorter intervals to further ensure thermal comfort.

长期以来，建筑一直依靠人工调节来满足居住者的热需求，但最近的进展突出了个人热舒适模型（pcm）在预测个人需求和实现自主控制方面的潜力。为了指导实际实施，本文综合了35个PCM驱动的建筑热系统控制的实际应用，比较了PCM运行指标和模型性能，分析了控制逻辑和方法，并量化了舒适度和能源结果的有效性。结果表明，室内空气温度是最常见的输入特征，出现在74.3%的研究中。预测热偏好比热感觉或热舒适提供更好的控制指导。在多人居住空间中，37.5%的研究针对大多数人进行了优化，而62.5%的研究考虑了所有居住者的偏好。大多数控制策略是基于规则的，互补控制是主要的控制类型。供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统通常比个人舒适系统（PCS）运行的控制间隔更长（中位数12.5分钟vs. 0.83分钟），并且最常报道的最大设定值调整为1°C。与基线相比，基于pcm的控制改善了热舒适并减少了能源使用（仅暖通空调节省1.1-39%；暖通空调和PCS联合节省15%）。自主实现效率和舒适度需要协调暖通空调和PCS的新框架，因此综合PCM输出与能源考虑以较长的间隔定义区域级暖通空调设定值，而每个居住者的PCS以较短的间隔进行调节，以进一步确保热舒适性。

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引用次数: 0

Study on co-impacts of thermal and non-thermal factors on the thermal sensation and utilization in public outdoor space 公共室外空间热与非热因素对热感觉及热利用的共同影响研究

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114180

Jiawei Wang , Jianong Li , Jianlei Niu

Given the limited and high value of public outdoor spaces (POS), understanding the co-impacts of thermal and non-thermal factors on POS utilization and POS users’ thermal comfort is crucial. It helps to guide the urban POS update and design to encourage public engagement. This study conducted field measurements at two sites, a city park named Jordan Valley Park (JV_P) and a public housing estate named Lok Wah Estate (LH_E) in Hong Kong, during the transitional seasons, to explore such co-impacts. The results revealed that the comfortable modified Physiological Equivalent Temperature (mPET) range in which users felt comfortable in observed POS in the LH_E is approximately 5 °C wider than that in the JV_P, primarily due to the different demographic features of the two study sites. Activity type and effective usage rate (eff_UR) of POS varied between JV_P and LH_E, which is attributed to different POS levels and POS level-based functions. A Non-Thermal Factor Coefficient (NTFC) is defined to quantify how and to what extent potential non-thermal factors influence POS users’ subjective thermal sensation vote (TSV) and eff_UR of POS. NTFC_TSV indicates that non-thermal factors contribute to cool-biased thermal sensations, especially under high-level activity. NTFC_eff_UR reveals that non-thermal factors substantially influence the utilization of POS, often sustaining outdoor engagement even under thermally uncomfortable conditions and suggesting a mismatch between thermal sensation and behavioral patterns.

考虑到公共室外空间（POS）的有限性和高价值，了解热因素和非热因素对POS利用率和POS用户热舒适的共同影响至关重要。它有助于指导城市POS系统的更新和设计，以鼓励公众参与。本研究在两个地点进行实地测量，即香港的佐敦谷公园（JVP）和乐华村（LHE），在过渡季节，以探讨这些共同影响。结果显示，在LHE中，用户在观察到的POS中感到舒适的修正生理等效温度（mPET）范围比在JVP中宽约5°C，主要是由于两个研究地点的人口统计学特征不同。在JVP和LHE之间，POS的活动类型和有效利用率（effUR）存在差异，这主要归因于不同的POS级别和基于POS级别的功能。非热因素系数（Non-Thermal Factor Coefficient， NTFC）用于量化潜在的非热因素如何以及在多大程度上影响POS用户的主观热感觉投票（TSV）和POS的effUR。NTFC_TSV表明，非热因素有助于冷偏热感觉，特别是在高水平活动下。NTFC_effUR表明，非热因素对POS的利用有很大影响，即使在热不舒服的条件下，也经常保持户外参与，这表明热感觉和行为模式之间存在不匹配。

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引用次数: 0