Building and Environment最新文献_第6页

Variation in community heat vulnerability for Shenyang City under local climate zone perspective 地方气候区视角下沈阳市社区热脆弱性的变化

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112242

Qiyue Zou , Jun Yang , Yuqing Zhang , Yi Bai , Junjie Wang

Assessing heat vulnerability is essential for analyzing and improving the urban thermal environment. We developed a heat vulnerability model to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of thermal vulnerability and its relationship with local climate zones (LCZs) in Shenyang City at the community level. Additionally, we thoroughly explored the change patterns of heat vulnerability in communities with similar LCZ components. Our findings revealed that: (1) Building-type LCZs exhibited a non-uniform distribution, with LCZ8 representing the largest proportion, and LCZ1 and LCZ2 accounting for the smallest proportions. Nature-type LCZ communities were distributed along the Hun River and in some areas of the northwest and south, with LCZD having the largest proportion and LCZB the smallest. (2) Building height was positively correlated with the heat vulnerability index (HVI), while building density had minimal impact on HVI. LCZ8 had the highest HVI, and LCZG had the lowest. (3) Clustering the communities revealed that buildings had a greater impact on HVI than impervious surfaces. Creating strong ventilation and increasing the number of nature-type LCZs were identified as the most important factors for community development. These results highlight the differences in heat vulnerability among communities with various landscape configurations, providing a theoretical basis for targeted community structure adjustments and the reduction of urban thermal risks.

评估热脆弱性对于分析和改善城市热环境至关重要。我们建立了热脆弱性模型，从社区层面研究了沈阳市热脆弱性的空间分布特征及其与当地气候区（LCZ）的关系。此外，我们还深入探讨了具有相似 LCZ 组成成分的社区的热脆弱性变化规律。我们的研究结果表明(1) 建筑物类型的 LCZ 分布不均匀，LCZ8 所占比例最大，LCZ1 和 LCZ2 所占比例最小。自然型低纬度区群落分布在浑河沿岸、西北部和南部的部分地区，其中 LCZD 所占比例最大，LCZB 所占比例最小。(2）建筑高度与热脆弱指数（HVI）呈正相关，而建筑密度对热脆弱指数的影响很小。LCZ8 的热脆弱指数最高，LCZG 最低。(3) 对社区进行分组显示，建筑物比不透水表面对热脆弱指数的影响更大。创造良好的通风条件和增加自然类型低碳区的数量被认为是社区发展的最重要因素。这些结果凸显了不同景观配置的社区在热脆弱性方面的差异，为有针对性地调整社区结构和降低城市热风险提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Source apportionment and health-risk assessment of PM2.5-bound elements in indoor/outdoor residential buildings in Chinese megacities 中国特大城市室内/室外居住建筑中与 PM2.5 结合的元素的来源分配和健康风险评估

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112250

Wenjing Ji , Junjie Zeng , Kaijia Zhao , Jing Liu

Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM_2.5) in indoor environments originates from both indoor and outdoor sources, influencing associated human health risks through different compositions. This study simultaneously collected and analyzed indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 samples in three major Chinese megacities—Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen—to characterize PM_2.5 sources and assess their health impacts. A total of seven distinct sources, both indoor and outdoor, were identified for PM_2.5: indoor activities, metal smelting, industrial activities, soil dust, vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and fuel oil combustion. Indoor activities accounted for approximately 20 % of the residential indoor PM_2.5, with the remainder predominantly due to outdoor PM_2.5 infiltration. The contributions of indoor activities to noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks ranged from 3.6 % to 28.5 %, whereas outdoor PM_2.5 sources posing greater health risks. The cumulative noncarcinogenic risks for adults in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen were 0.99, 1.15, and 0.72, respectively, slightly higher than those for children. The cumulative carcinogenic risks for adults were approximately five times those for children, with values of 6.90 × 10⁻⁵, 6.34 × 10⁻⁵, and 6.83 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, all surpassing the acceptable limit. Noncarcinogenic risks were predominantly attributed to Ni, Co, and Mn, contributing over 85 % to the total risk, while Cr was the primary contributor (>89 %) to carcinogenic risks. Indoor environmental exposure accounting for over 80 % of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for adults, and exceeding 90 % for children. This study provides significant insights into the effective control of PM_2.5 pollution and the reduction of health risks from a source perspective.

室内环境中直径为 2.5 μm 或更小的颗粒物（PM2.5）来源于室内和室外，通过不同的成分影响相关的人类健康风险。本研究同时收集和分析了中国三个主要特大城市--北京、上海和深圳的室内和室外 PM2.5 样本，以确定 PM2.5 的来源特征并评估其对健康的影响。研究发现，PM2.5 共有七种不同的室内和室外来源：室内活动、金属冶炼、工业活动、土壤扬尘、汽车尾气排放、燃煤和燃油燃烧。室内活动约占住宅室内 PM2.5 的 20%，其余主要是室外 PM2.5 的渗入。室内活动对非致癌和致癌风险的贡献率从 3.6% 到 28.5% 不等，而室外 PM2.5 来源对健康的风险更大。北京、上海和深圳成人的累积非致癌风险分别为 0.99、1.15 和 0.72，略高于儿童。成人的累积致癌风险约为儿童的五倍，分别为 6.90 × 10-5、6.34 × 10-5 和 6.83 × 10-5，均超过了可接受限值。非致癌风险主要来自于镍、钴和锰，占总风险的 85%以上，而铬则是致癌风险的主要来源（89%）。室内环境暴露占成人非致癌和致癌风险的 80% 以上，占儿童非致癌和致癌风险的 90% 以上。这项研究从源头角度为有效控制 PM2.5 污染和降低健康风险提供了重要启示。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of ventilation and infiltration rates using physics-informed neural networks: Impact of space operation and meteorological factors 利用物理信息神经网络分析通风和渗透率：空间运行和气象因素的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112249

Jiin Son , Jihoon Kim , Junemo Koo

This study presents the development and application of a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) model to estimate ventilation and infiltration rates using long-term observation data, addressing the challenge of dynamically varying space operations and meteorological conditions. A central research equestion is: How can we accurately estimate ventilation rates while accounting for these time-varying factors? Traditional tracer gas methods require numerous measurements to accurately characterize air change rates (ACR) under dynamic space operations and varying meteorological conditions. Our PINN model integrates these fluctuating factors, providing a more precise analysis of their transient effects on ACR. We employed Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to interpret the sensitivity and contributions of each influencing factor. Our findings indicate that the state of windows and doors significantly affects spatial operations, while wind speed and direction are the most impactful meteorological factors. The interaction between open windows and doors results in higher ventilation rates compared to their individual effects. Wind-related factors cause ACR variations exceeding 200 %, with the wind direction relative to the office window playing a crucial role. Additionally, external temperature and indoor-outdoor temperature differences show a strong correlation with ACR. However, limitations include the lack of outdoor CO₂ measurements and the assumption of uniform indoor CO₂ levels, which may affect accuracy. Generalizability is also limited due to the specificity of the space studied. Future work should incorporate outdoor CO₂ data and multiple spaces to enhance model applicability. This study contributes to optimizing ventilation strategies for better indoor air quality and energy efficiency.

本研究介绍了物理信息神经网络（PINN）模型的开发和应用情况，该模型可利用长期观测数据估算通风率和渗透率，以应对动态变化的空间运行和气象条件带来的挑战。研究的核心问题是：如何在考虑这些时变因素的同时准确估算通风率？传统的示踪气体方法需要进行大量测量，才能准确描述动态空间运行和不同气象条件下的换气率（ACR）。我们的 PINN 模型整合了这些波动因素，可以更精确地分析它们对 ACR 的瞬时影响。我们采用夏普利相加解释（SHAP）来解释每个影响因素的敏感性和贡献。我们的研究结果表明，门窗状态对空间运行有显著影响，而风速和风向则是影响最大的气象因素。与单独影响相比，打开的门窗之间的相互作用会导致更高的通风率。与风有关的因素导致 ACR 变化超过 200%，其中相对于办公室窗户的风向起着至关重要的作用。此外，外部温度和室内外温差也与 ACR 密切相关。然而，其局限性包括缺乏室外二氧化碳测量数据，以及假设室内二氧化碳水平一致，这可能会影响准确性。由于所研究空间的特殊性，推广性也受到了限制。未来的工作应纳入室外二氧化碳数据和多个空间，以提高模型的适用性。这项研究有助于优化通风策略，从而提高室内空气质量和能源效率。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of momentum sources on pedestrian-level peak wind predictions of an urban-like array using large-eddy simulations and statistical models 利用大涡流模拟和统计模型预测动量源对城市类阵列行人层峰值风的影响

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112244

T. Sanemitsu , W. Wang , N. Ikegaya

The effect of urban geometries on the peak wind speed at the pedestrian level was investigated using simplified urban-like arrays in wind tunnel experiments. To scrutinize the turbulent flow's spatial and temporal characteristics, large-eddy simulations (LESs) were adopted to simulate suitable experimental conditions using an external force accelerating the flow with the periodic boundary condition. Although previous studies have revealed that conventional LESs use a constant pressure gradient as a momentum source, driving the flow differs from those in developing boundary layers in experiments, and the effect of the momentum source on peak wind speeds at the pedestrian level remains unknown. Therefore, this study used a series of LESs based on the three driving methods to investigate the impact of the momentum provision on the relevant statistics and peak values. The turbulent statistics showed good agreement among the cases driven by the momentum sources regardless of the shape of the profiles of the momentum source. Peak wind speeds, quantified by percentiles, were estimated using statistical models based on the Weibull distribution. Overall, the results showed a good agreement between the LESs and statistical model estimations when higher-order moments were adopted as the estimation parameters.

在风洞实验中，利用简化的类城市阵列研究了城市几何形状对行人层峰值风速的影响。为了仔细研究湍流的空间和时间特征，采用了大涡流模拟（LES）技术，利用外力加速流动，在周期性边界条件下模拟合适的实验条件。虽然以往的研究表明，传统的 LES 使用恒定的压力梯度作为动量源，但驱动流动的动量源与实验中发展边界层的动量源不同，而且动量源对行人层峰值风速的影响仍然未知。因此，本研究使用了一系列基于三种驱动方法的 LES，以研究动量提供对相关统计量和峰值的影响。在动量源驱动的情况下，无论动量源的剖面形状如何，湍流统计数据都显示出良好的一致性。使用基于威布尔分布的统计模型估算了以百分位数量化的峰值风速。总体而言，当采用高阶矩作为估算参数时，结果显示 LES 与统计模型估算结果之间具有良好的一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive estimation model for the health economic impact of the residential environment 居住环境对健康经济影响的综合估算模型

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112233

Tomomitsu Kamata , Junta Nakano , Ryota Fujii , Shuzo Murakami , Toshiharu Ikaga , Shun Kawakubo

The residential environment impacts the health and economic status of residents, for example, via medical costs and income loss from absenteeism. However, previous studies often do not consider assessments of the thermal, acoustic, light, hygiene, safety, and security environments in the residence simultaneously, and the age and sex of the residents. Therefore, this study proposed improvements to a previous method and validated the improved method for estimating health economic impact that considers the residential environment conditions and residents comprehensively. The individual scale validation demonstrated that the relationship between the comprehensive assessment of the residential environment and the risk of 10 types of diseases (diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular diseases, disorders of conjunctiva, hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, upper respiratory tract disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, dermatitis and eczema, and inflammatory arthropathies) differs by age and sex. When these disease-related economic losses were aggregated, older males were estimated to suffer the greatest losses from their residential environment in Japan. The economic impact of residential environment by resident attributes was aggregated according to the population distribution as an advanced application of the estimation model. The total economic loss from substandard residential environments across Japan was estimated to be about JPY 725 billion per year. These results should incentivize residents and policymakers to improve the residential environment. The estimation-model development process is universally applicable and may lead to the creation of optimized benchmarks in every region of the world, thereby contributing to improvements in the residential environment aimed at reducing health risks and economic losses.

居住环境会影响居民的健康和经济状况，例如，医疗费用和缺勤造成的收入损失。然而，以往的研究往往没有同时考虑对住宅的热环境、声环境、光环境、卫生环境、安全环境和安保环境的评估，也没有考虑居民的年龄和性别。因此，本研究对之前的方法提出了改进建议，并对改进后的健康经济影响估算方法进行了验证，该方法全面考虑了居住环境条件和居民。个体量表验证表明，居住环境综合评估与 10 种疾病（糖尿病、脑血管疾病、结膜病变、高血压疾病、心脏病、上呼吸道疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病、哮喘、皮炎和湿疹、炎症性关节病）风险之间的关系因年龄和性别而异。将这些与疾病相关的经济损失汇总后，估计日本老年男性因居住环境而遭受的损失最大。作为估算模型的高级应用，根据人口分布汇总了居民属性对居住环境造成的经济影响。据估计，日本全国每年因居住环境不达标而造成的经济损失总额约为 7250 亿日元。这些结果应能激励居民和政策制定者改善居住环境。估算模型的开发过程具有普遍适用性，可为世界各地区创建优化基准，从而促进改善居住环境，减少健康风险和经济损失。

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引用次数: 0

Energy retrofitting using advanced building envelope materials for sustainable housing: A review 使用先进的建筑围护材料对可持续住房进行节能改造：综述

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112243

Khalid Ghazwani , Thomas Beach , Yacine Rezgui

Global energy consumption by buildings represents 34% of final energy use and 37% of energy-related CO₂ emissions, emphasising the critical need for sustainable, energy-efficient housing solutions. Despite significant advancements, there is a substantial gap in effectively applying advanced materials within building envelopes to achieve optimal energy efficiency, particularly in hot climates. This study focuses on the residential sector's excessive energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, primarily caused by inadequate insulation and outdated construction practices. The objective is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness, performance, economic and environmental impacts, retrofitting techniques and challenges of using advanced building envelope materials, phase change materials, aerogels, vacuum insulation panels, and heat-reflective coatings for energy retrofitting in residential buildings. A comprehensive systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using the Scopus database. Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria produced 76 high-quality studies. The analysis synthesises findings on material performance under various climatic conditions and application strategies and their impacts on energy efficiency, thermal comfort, durability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. Results show that advanced materials have immense potential. They can significantly improve thermal regulation, reduce energy usage for heating and cooling, and lower CO₂ emissions with benefits varying across climates and application strategies. Challenges include high initial costs, long-term performance uncertainties, implementation issues, and broader applicability. This research uniquely contributes by comprehensively synthesising recent advancements, analysing economic feasibility and environmental impacts, offering valuable insights for stakeholders. It also emphasises the need for future research to address limitations and promote sustainable, energy-efficient building solutions.

全球建筑能耗占最终能源使用量的 34%，占与能源相关的二氧化碳排放量的 37%，这凸显了对可持续节能住房解决方案的迫切需求。尽管取得了重大进展，但在建筑围护结构中有效应用先进材料以实现最佳能效方面仍存在巨大差距，尤其是在炎热的气候条件下。本研究的重点是住宅领域的过度能源消耗和温室气体排放，这主要是由隔热材料不足和过时的施工方法造成的。目的是系统地评估在住宅建筑节能改造中使用先进建筑围护材料、相变材料、气凝胶、真空隔热板和热反射涂层的效果、性能、经济和环境影响、改造技术和挑战。根据 PRISMA 指南，利用 Scopus 数据库进行了全面的系统性综述。严格的纳入和排除标准产生了 76 项高质量的研究。分析综合了各种气候条件和应用策略下的材料性能及其对能效、热舒适度、耐久性、成本效益和可持续性的影响。结果表明，先进材料具有巨大的潜力。它们可以大大改善热调节，减少供暖和制冷的能源消耗，并降低二氧化碳排放量，其优势因气候和应用策略而异。所面临的挑战包括初始成本高、长期性能不确定、实施问题以及更广泛的适用性。这项研究全面综合了最新进展，分析了经济可行性和环境影响，为利益相关者提供了有价值的见解。它还强调了未来研究的必要性，以解决局限性并推广可持续的节能建筑解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Controlled airflow fluctuations for improved performance of mist cooling systems: Enhanced evaporation and thermal comfort 控制气流波动，提高喷雾冷却系统的性能：增强蒸发和热舒适性

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112234

Jaafar Younes , Arsen Krikor Melikov , Nesreen Ghaddar

Rising global temperatures and resulting heat stress on people necessitate sustainable outdoor cooling solutions. Mist cooling offers promise, and this work proposes a novel approach: incorporating fluctuating airflows into misting systems. We hypothesize that mist-cooled fluctuating airflows could provide more efficient outdoor cooling for people, for two reasons: 1) Increased turbulence and mixing promoting higher water evaporation rates; 2) dynamic airflow leveraging transient thermal perception for improved comfort.

Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations support this hypothesis, revealing that fluctuating flow, compared to constant flow with the same average velocity, enhances evaporation. Lower frequencies, higher amplitudes, and profiles with steeper gradients led to higher evaporation rates. These findings assume an idealized domain, excluding natural wind patterns. Furthermore, predictions confirmed that fluctuating flows consistently provide superior thermal comfort compared to constant flows. Fluctuating airflow with misting achieved equivalent comfort at 38% lower energy consumption compared to fluctuating flow without misting and 81% lower compared to constant flow with misting. The proposed technology has the potential to improve outdoor comfort and decrease resource consumption. It is scalable, not complex, and can be implemented into existing systems, though it may face challenges such as increased wear on fan components.

全球气温不断升高，给人们带来热压力，因此需要可持续的室外降温解决方案。喷雾降温大有可为，这项研究提出了一种新方法：将波动气流纳入喷雾系统。我们假设，雾冷波动气流可以为人们提供更高效的室外降温，原因有两个：风洞实验和数值模拟支持了这一假设，结果表明，与平均速度相同的恒定气流相比，波动气流可提高蒸发率。频率越低、振幅越大、梯度越陡的剖面，蒸发率越高。这些发现假设了一个理想化的领域，不包括自然风模式。此外，预测结果证实，与恒定气流相比，波动气流始终能提供更好的热舒适度。与不带喷雾的波动气流相比，带喷雾的波动气流在实现同等舒适度的同时，能耗降低了 38%，与带喷雾的恒定气流相比，能耗降低了 81%。拟议的技术具有改善室外舒适度和降低资源消耗的潜力。该技术具有可扩展性，并不复杂，可在现有系统中实施，但可能面临风扇部件磨损加剧等挑战。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of leak gap size and position on surgical mask performance of source control: A numerical study 泄漏间隙大小和位置对源头控制手术面罩性能的影响：数值研究

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112241

Feifan He , Jialin Wu , Yayun Li , Ming Fu , Sheng He , Wenguo Weng

Surgical masks are widely used for infectious source control by preventing infected individuals from transmitting pathogens. However, poor fit can create gaps between the mask and face, reducing their effectiveness. In this study, a numerical model was developed based on realistic surgical mask geometry with peripheral gaps of varying sizes and positions, fitted onto a breathing manikin. Exhalation leakage airflow dynamics and aerosol pathogen dispersion were investigated using a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with porous media. Results indicate that despite the presence of leaks, surgical masks are effective in controlling the spread of pathogens, with maximum airflow leakage at 9.11% and pathogen leakage at 16.83%. The average velocity of leaked airflow ranged from 0.12 m/s to 1.43 m/s, depending on the gap size and position. The position of the gap had little impact on the airflow and pathogen leakage fractions. Correlations between the average velocity of net leakage flow, leakage fractions of airflow and pathogens, and gap size were developed. Pathogens spread most widely from bottom leaks, followed by side and top leaks, with bottom leaks releasing up to 9.7 times more contaminated air than top leaks and 6.5 times more than side leaks. The findings also suggest that smaller gaps are associated with higher initial velocities of leakage, which in turn lead to wider dispersion of pathogens.

外科口罩可防止受感染者传播病原体，被广泛用于传染源控制。然而，不佳的贴合度会在口罩和面部之间产生缝隙，从而降低其效果。在这项研究中，根据外科口罩的实际几何形状开发了一个数值模型，其外围缝隙的大小和位置各不相同，并将其安装在呼吸人体模型上。使用经过验证的多孔介质计算流体动力学（CFD）模型对呼气泄漏气流动力学和气溶胶病原体扩散进行了研究。结果表明，尽管存在泄漏，外科口罩仍能有效控制病原体的传播，最大气流泄漏率为 9.11%，病原体泄漏率为 16.83%。泄漏气流的平均速度从 0.12 米/秒到 1.43 米/秒不等，取决于缝隙的大小和位置。缝隙位置对气流和病原体泄漏率的影响很小。净泄漏流的平均速度、气流和病原体的泄漏率与间隙大小之间建立了相关关系。病原体从底部泄漏扩散得最广，其次是侧面和顶部泄漏，底部泄漏释放的污染空气是顶部泄漏的 9.7 倍，是侧面泄漏的 6.5 倍。研究结果还表明，间隙越小，泄漏的初始速度越高，从而导致病原体的扩散范围越广。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Ten questions concerning First Nations on-reserve housing in Canada” 关于加拿大第一民族保留地住房的十个问题 "的更正

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112219

Joonsoo S. Lyeo , Michael D. Wong , Natalie Clyke , Becky Big Canoe , Penny Kinnear , Helen Stopps , Nicholas D. Spence , Sarah R. Haines

引用次数: 0

Assessing thermal comfort in hot and humid (tropical) climates: Urban outdoor and semi-outdoor conditions in waiting areas of railway stations 评估湿热（热带）气候下的热舒适度：火车站候车区的城市室外和半室外条件

IF 7.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112240

Wannapol Sadakorn , Suppapon Tetiranont , Lapyote Prasittisopin , Sakdirat Kaewunruen

The global phenomenon of global warming has intensified thermal discomfort in tropical metropolitan areas, where rising temperatures and the urban heat island significantly impact outdoor and semi-outdoor environments. These effects are particularly pronounced in tropical metropolitan areas, where the hot and humid climate exacerbates thermal stress. Despite the critical need to understand thermal comfort in such settings, existing research remains limited. This study addresses the research gap by examining how global warming affects thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor urban spaces, providing insights into the unique challenges these environments present. The study sought to assess both objective physical data and subjective Thermal Sensation Votes (TSV) and preferences. The results suggest that the temperature neutrality needed for thermal comfort is 29.02 °C (R² = 0.95), and a temperature comfortable range of 23.84–30.79 °C (R² = 0.84) is within the acceptable comfort level. This range surpasses the current averages, emphasizing the importance of environmental enhancements for better thermal comfort. The regression analysis indicates that operational temperature (T_o), mean radiant temperature (T_mrt), and body mass index (BMI) are significant variables that may accurately predict thermal sensation. Furthermore, results indicate that individuals with a higher BMI often have a reduced ability to withstand elevated temperatures. This study emphasizes the need of considering both environmental and human factors in order to improve the human comfort level and quality of life.

全球变暖现象加剧了热带都市地区的热不适感，气温上升和城市热岛对室外和半室外环境造成了严重影响。这些影响在热带都市地区尤为明显，湿热的气候加剧了热压力。尽管亟需了解这种环境下的热舒适性，但现有研究仍然有限。本研究通过考察全球变暖如何影响室外和半室外城市空间的热舒适度来填补这一研究空白，从而深入了解这些环境所带来的独特挑战。该研究试图评估客观物理数据和主观热感值（TSV）及偏好。结果表明，热舒适度所需的中性温度为 29.02 °C（R2 = 0.95），23.84-30.79 °C（R2 = 0.84）的舒适温度范围属于可接受的舒适度范围。这一范围超过了目前的平均水平，强调了改善环境以提高热舒适度的重要性。回归分析表明，工作温度（To）、平均辐射温度（Tmrt）和体重指数（BMI）是可以准确预测热感觉的重要变量。此外，研究结果表明，体重指数越高的人承受高温的能力往往越弱。这项研究强调，为了提高人类的舒适度和生活质量，需要同时考虑环境因素和人为因素。

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