Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112155
In this paper, we present a comprehensive optimization framework that identifies renovation plans to minimize half-life cycle carbon emissions, investment payback period, and indoor discomfort hours. The framework consists of four stages. First, relevant data were collected, building models were established, and the renovation scope and preliminary parameters were determined. Second, a sensitivity analysis of the initial parameter set was conducted, and important parameters were selected and input into a back-propagation neural network model for prediction. Finally, an optimal renovation plan was obtained through multi-objective optimization and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) decision-making. To illustrate the framework's feasibility, it was applied to a building as an example. Remarkably, carbon emissions were reduced by 82.2 %, and zero carbon was achieved during the half-life cycle. Moreover, this achievement resulted in a relatively swift payback period of 3.9 years, coupled with a commendable 30 % decrease in indoor discomfort hours. Hence, the framework is effective in optimizing building renovation objectives, yielding a more harmonious and ideal building renovation strategy, and can be widely utilized to enhance building performance.
{"title":"Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II: A multi-objective optimization method for building renovations with half-life cycle and economic costs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we present a comprehensive optimization framework that identifies renovation plans to minimize half-life cycle carbon emissions, investment payback period, and indoor discomfort hours. The framework consists of four stages. First, relevant data were collected, building models were established, and the renovation scope and preliminary parameters were determined. Second, a sensitivity analysis of the initial parameter set was conducted, and important parameters were selected and input into a back-propagation neural network model for prediction. Finally, an optimal renovation plan was obtained through multi-objective optimization and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) decision-making. To illustrate the framework's feasibility, it was applied to a building as an example. Remarkably, carbon emissions were reduced by 82.2 %, and zero carbon was achieved during the half-life cycle. Moreover, this achievement resulted in a relatively swift payback period of 3.9 years, coupled with a commendable 30 % decrease in indoor discomfort hours. Hence, the framework is effective in optimizing building renovation objectives, yielding a more harmonious and ideal building renovation strategy, and can be widely utilized to enhance building performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112158
Extensive research has emphasized indoor/outdoor thermal environments of building-scale vertical greenery systems (VGSs), yet comprehensive assessments of effects of street-scale VGSs on urban microclimates are scarce, with the relationship between greenery coverage ratios (GCRs) and cooling effects remaining unclear. This study determined the influence of VGSs on microclimate parameters in street canyons under different GCRs in a humid subtropical climate through scaled outdoor experiments. Key parameters included wind velocity (U0.25H), net radiation (Rn), urban canyon albedo (UCA), temperatures across various surfaces, namely west-facing walls (Tw-west), east-facing walls (Tw-east), and ground (Tg), as well as air temperatures (Ta). Compared with the reference street canyon without VGSs, those with GCRs of 25%, 50%, and 100% experienced reductions in U0.25H by 10%, 20%, and 22%, respectively. Increased GCR was associated with higher Rn trapping and decreased UCA. Additionally, the reductions of Tw-west, Tw-east, and Ta increased with decreasing street canyon height. Higher GCRs tended to provide greater temperature reductions, longer cooling durations, and lower daily temperature range in street canyons. The reductions of Tw-east, Ta, and the central Tg within street canyons exhibited higher values with increasing GCR, reaching maximum reduction values of 15.7, 2.5, and 5.1 °C for a 100% GCR, respectively. Notably, the reduction of Tw-west in the lower level and of Tg adjacent to the west-facing wall of street canyon with a 50% GCR reached maximum values of 15.1 and 10.2 °C, respectively, exceeding the data with 25% and 100% GCRs.
{"title":"Influence of vertical greenery systems with different greenery coverage ratios on microclimate improvement in street canyons by scaled outdoor experiments","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive research has emphasized indoor/outdoor thermal environments of building-scale vertical greenery systems (VGSs), yet comprehensive assessments of effects of street-scale VGSs on urban microclimates are scarce, with the relationship between greenery coverage ratios (GCRs) and cooling effects remaining unclear. This study determined the influence of VGSs on microclimate parameters in street canyons under different GCRs in a humid subtropical climate through scaled outdoor experiments. Key parameters included wind velocity (<em>U</em><sub><em>0.25H</em></sub>), net radiation (<em>Rn</em>), urban canyon albedo (<em>UCA</em>), temperatures across various surfaces, namely west-facing walls (<em>T</em><sub><em>w-west</em></sub>), east-facing walls (<em>T</em><sub><em>w-east</em></sub>), and ground (<em>T</em><sub><em>g</em></sub>), as well as air temperatures (<em>T</em><sub><em>a</em></sub>). Compared with the reference street canyon without VGSs, those with GCRs of 25%, 50%, and 100% experienced reductions in <em>U</em><sub><em>0.25H</em></sub> by 10%, 20%, and 22%, respectively. Increased GCR was associated with higher <em>Rn</em> trapping and decreased <em>UCA</em>. Additionally, the reductions of <em>T</em><sub><em>w-west</em></sub>, <em>T</em><sub><em>w-east</em></sub>, and <em>T</em><sub><em>a</em></sub> increased with decreasing street canyon height. Higher GCRs tended to provide greater temperature reductions, longer cooling durations, and lower daily temperature range in street canyons. The reductions of <em>T</em><sub><em>w-east</em></sub>, <em>T</em><sub><em>a</em></sub>, and the central <em>T</em><sub><em>g</em></sub> within street canyons exhibited higher values with increasing GCR, reaching maximum reduction values of 15.7, 2.5, and 5.1 °C for a 100% GCR, respectively. Notably, the reduction of <em>T</em><sub><em>w-west</em></sub> in the lower level and of <em>T</em><sub><em>g</em></sub> adjacent to the west-facing wall of street canyon with a 50% GCR reached maximum values of 15.1 and 10.2 °C, respectively, exceeding the data with 25% and 100% GCRs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112157
Clothing plays a significant role in facilitating inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM). Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies investigating PM resuspension from clothing. This study aims to quantify size-resolved PM resuspension rate (RR) from clothing while exploring the effects of factors influencing this process. In a controlled chamber, we deposited Arizona Test Dust on a seated and clothed thermal manikin. The seated manikin was then placed in a resuspension chamber to perform arm movements using a consistent test mechanism. We evaluated the size-resolved resuspension rates in the diameter range 0.3–10 μm as a function of long-sleeve clothing type (cotton shirts vs. polyacrylic sweaters), relative humidity (RH) (35 vs. 70 %), dust loading (204 vs. 321 mg/m2), and movement intensity (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 Hz). The short-term PM10 concentration in the breathing zone was 1.25 times higher than in the bulk air during resuspension. The size-dependent RR varied between 0.01 h−1 and 0.06 h−1. Higher RR was associated with higher movement intensity and dust loading on clothing, while a small dependence was found on clothing type and RH. The results offer a valuable dataset for enhancing current inhalation exposure models related to indoor aerosols and for developing targeted interventions to reduce exposure to particles associated with clothing.
{"title":"Resuspension of inhalable particles from clothing: A manikin-based chamber study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clothing plays a significant role in facilitating inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM). Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies investigating PM resuspension from clothing. This study aims to quantify size-resolved PM resuspension rate (RR) from clothing while exploring the effects of factors influencing this process. In a controlled chamber, we deposited Arizona Test Dust on a seated and clothed thermal manikin. The seated manikin was then placed in a resuspension chamber to perform arm movements using a consistent test mechanism. We evaluated the size-resolved resuspension rates in the diameter range 0.3–10 μm as a function of long-sleeve clothing type (cotton shirts vs. polyacrylic sweaters), relative humidity (RH) (35 vs. 70 %), dust loading (204 vs. 321 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), and movement intensity (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 Hz). The short-term PM<sub>10</sub> concentration in the breathing zone was 1.25 times higher than in the bulk air during resuspension. The size-dependent RR varied between 0.01 h<sup>−1</sup> and 0.06 h<sup>−1</sup>. Higher RR was associated with higher movement intensity and dust loading on clothing, while a small dependence was found on clothing type and RH. The results offer a valuable dataset for enhancing current inhalation exposure models related to indoor aerosols and for developing targeted interventions to reduce exposure to particles associated with clothing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112132
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Ten questions concerning First Nations on-reserve housing in Canada” [Building and Environment 257 (2024) 111544]","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112163
Accurate prediction of workplane daylight illuminance and eye-height glare is crucial for lighting control. Existing studies used machine learning to predict illuminance at predetermined locations based on indoor sensors, but they may encounter challenges in scenarios 1) with flexible seating arrangements, 2) with dynamic shading devices, and 3) requiring the prediction of glare. To address these challenges, we proposed a novel method fusing Transformer and Diffusion models, with the input being data collected from sparse ceiling-mounted illuminance sensors, and the outputs being high-resolution workplane illuminance and glare. The model works well for rooms without and with dynamic roller shades. For the former, the mean absolute errors for illuminance below 3000 lx and Daylight Glare Index (DGI) are only 20.77 lx and 0.20, and the error rates in detecting illuminance <500 lx and DGI>22 are only 0.85 % and 5.55 %. For the more complicated latter case, the aforementioned four numbers are 34.78 lx, 0.59, 2.47 % and 23.13 %. The model significantly outperforms the linear and the ANN models, particularly in glare prediction. The influence of sensor number and placement strategy on model performance was also revealed. The model can potentially enhance lighting control, especially in cases with dynamic shading, with flexible seating arrangements, and where glare is of interest.
{"title":"Fusing Transformer and diffusion for high-resolution prediction of daylight illuminance and glare based on sparse ceiling-mounted input","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of workplane daylight illuminance and eye-height glare is crucial for lighting control. Existing studies used machine learning to predict illuminance at predetermined locations based on indoor sensors, but they may encounter challenges in scenarios 1) with flexible seating arrangements, 2) with dynamic shading devices, and 3) requiring the prediction of glare. To address these challenges, we proposed a novel method fusing Transformer and Diffusion models, with the input being data collected from sparse ceiling-mounted illuminance sensors, and the outputs being high-resolution workplane illuminance and glare. The model works well for rooms without and with dynamic roller shades. For the former, the mean absolute errors for illuminance below 3000 lx and Daylight Glare Index (DGI) are only 20.77 lx and 0.20, and the error rates in detecting illuminance <500 lx and DGI>22 are only 0.85 % and 5.55 %. For the more complicated latter case, the aforementioned four numbers are 34.78 lx, 0.59, 2.47 % and 23.13 %. The model significantly outperforms the linear and the ANN models, particularly in glare prediction. The influence of sensor number and placement strategy on model performance was also revealed. The model can potentially enhance lighting control, especially in cases with dynamic shading, with flexible seating arrangements, and where glare is of interest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112156
Healthy indoor environments have been acknowledged as one of main determinants affecting brain health given much time spent indoors throughout the lifecycle. However, most studies were often restricted to categorical studies regarding specific indoor factors including indoor air pollutants, noise, lighting, temperature and dampness, and brain health outcomes. There were few studies that systematically indicated the connection between indoor environment and brain heath across the life course. We searched eight databases for studies on the association between indoor environmental exposure and brain health from inception to March 13, 2024. Of 18,735 retrieved records, 91 articles were included in our study. Exposure to indoor air pollutants in early life or childhood can lead to cognitive decline and behavioral issues, increasing the risk of ADHD. Continuous exposure to PM10 above 50 μg/m³ increased ADHD and behavioral issues in children. Especially an increase of 5 μg/m³ in PM2.5 concentration was associated with a 50 % rise in the risk of developing ADHD. Adolescents exposed to poor environment quality may experience diminished cognitive functions, behavioral problems, and mental health disorders. Long-term exposure to nighttime noise levels above 55 dB can increase the incidence of depression or anxiety symptoms in adolescents by 4 %–26 %. Similarly, prolonged exposure to NO2 over 26.5 μg/m³ can increase a 1.62 times greater risk of schizophrenia. For the middle-aged and elderly, cognitive impairments, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases were closely linked to indoor environmental quality. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of unpurified fuel smoke can impair cognitive function, whereas the use of clean fuels can reduce the risk of depression. Cognitive function in adults declined by an average of 5 % with each 6 °C drop or 9 °C rise in indoor temperature. In environments where PM2.5 levels exceed 25 μg/m³, each additional 1 μg/m³ of PM2.5can increase the risk of dementia in middle-aged adults by 55 %. The elderly were particularly vulnerable to prolonged exposure to PM2.5 levels above 10 μg/m³, significantly diminishing their cognitive abilities. Poor indoor environment can have a direct or indirect impact on brain health by affecting the formation and release of neurotransmitters, neural plasticity and causing inflammation. This study will provide a basis to develop strategies for optimizing brain health at different stage of life.
{"title":"Indoor environment and brain health across the life course: A systematic review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Healthy indoor environments have been acknowledged as one of main determinants affecting brain health given much time spent indoors throughout the lifecycle. However, most studies were often restricted to categorical studies regarding specific indoor factors including indoor air pollutants, noise, lighting, temperature and dampness, and brain health outcomes. There were few studies that systematically indicated the connection between indoor environment and brain heath across the life course. We searched eight databases for studies on the association between indoor environmental exposure and brain health from inception to March 13, 2024. Of 18,735 retrieved records, 91 articles were included in our study. Exposure to indoor air pollutants in early life or childhood can lead to cognitive decline and behavioral issues, increasing the risk of ADHD. Continuous exposure to PM<sub>10</sub> above 50 μg/m³ increased ADHD and behavioral issues in children. Especially an increase of 5 μg/m³ in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration was associated with a 50 % rise in the risk of developing ADHD. Adolescents exposed to poor environment quality may experience diminished cognitive functions, behavioral problems, and mental health disorders. Long-term exposure to nighttime noise levels above 55 dB can increase the incidence of depression or anxiety symptoms in adolescents by 4 %–26 %. Similarly, prolonged exposure to NO<sub>2</sub> over 26.5 μg/m³ can increase a 1.62 times greater risk of schizophrenia. For the middle-aged and elderly, cognitive impairments, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases were closely linked to indoor environmental quality. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of unpurified fuel smoke can impair cognitive function, whereas the use of clean fuels can reduce the risk of depression. Cognitive function in adults declined by an average of 5 % with each 6 °C drop or 9 °C rise in indoor temperature. In environments where PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels exceed 25 μg/m³, each additional 1 μg/m³ of PM<sub>2.5</sub>can increase the risk of dementia in middle-aged adults by 55 %. The elderly were particularly vulnerable to prolonged exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels above 10 μg/m³, significantly diminishing their cognitive abilities. Poor indoor environment can have a direct or indirect impact on brain health by affecting the formation and release of neurotransmitters, neural plasticity and causing inflammation. This study will provide a basis to develop strategies for optimizing brain health at different stage of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112160
The layout factors of traditional village squares play a significant role in determining the comfortable outdoor wind environment, making them the primary venue for outdoor communication activities among residents. This study focuses on the traditional village square spaces within the jurisdiction of Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China. Through onsite measurements and CFD simulations, the effects of various layout factors on the wind environment are compared and analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The plane permeability index of the enclosed square space layout impacts wind speed, comfort, and ventilation performance. Lowering the index will decrease wind speed, but it will improve comfort. (2) Increasing the height-to-cross-section ratio index of the enclosed layout of the square space will reduce wind speed, thereby improving wind comfort. (3) Increasing the enclosure rate index of the square space enclosure layout will decrease wind speed, resulting in better wind comfort. Overall, the research findings indicate that careful consideration should be given to the enclosed layout of traditional village square spaces to ensure optimal wind conditions.
{"title":"Evaluation of the influence of traditional village square layout factors on wind comfort","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The layout factors of traditional village squares play a significant role in determining the comfortable outdoor wind environment, making them the primary venue for outdoor communication activities among residents. This study focuses on the traditional village square spaces within the jurisdiction of Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China. Through onsite measurements and CFD simulations, the effects of various layout factors on the wind environment are compared and analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The plane permeability index of the enclosed square space layout impacts wind speed, comfort, and ventilation performance. Lowering the index will decrease wind speed, but it will improve comfort. (2) Increasing the height-to-cross-section ratio index of the enclosed layout of the square space will reduce wind speed, thereby improving wind comfort. (3) Increasing the enclosure rate index of the square space enclosure layout will decrease wind speed, resulting in better wind comfort. Overall, the research findings indicate that careful consideration should be given to the enclosed layout of traditional village square spaces to ensure optimal wind conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112159
Urban parks play an important role in alleviating the negative impacts of global climate change and benefit urban thermal resilience. A well-designed thermal environment in urban parks contributes to people's health and attracts more individuals to engage in outdoor activities. However, the application of thermal comfort evaluation methods to urban parks and the effect of influencing factors on thermal comfort have not been deeply explored. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the evaluation and influencing factors of thermal comfort in urban parks. A total of 72 relevant articles were selected through screening. The results indicate that PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) are commonly used for evaluating thermal comfort in urban parks. However, the reference ranges used by PET and UTCI do not quite match the actual neutral temperature ranges well. The combination of different landscape factors such as trees, water bodies, and grass can provide varying impacts on thermal comfort. Compared to winter, most people are more sensitive to temperature changes, and the neutral ranges of PET and UTCI are relatively narrow in summer. Moreover, people often adopt related adaptive behaviors (such as increasing activity intensity, moving away from sunny or warm areas, and drinking water) to alleviate thermal discomfort. This literature review emphasizes the calibrations of PET and UTCI reference ranges considering the landscapes, climate, and personal characteristics of urban parks. It provides insights for the evaluation, design, and service, aiming to develop the full potential of thermal comfort in urban parks.
城市公园在减轻全球气候变化的负面影响方面发挥着重要作用，并有利于提高城市热复原力。设计良好的城市公园热环境有助于人们的健康，并吸引更多的人参与户外活动。然而，热舒适度评价方法在城市公园中的应用以及影响因素对热舒适度的影响尚未得到深入探讨。本研究旨在对城市公园热舒适度评价及影响因素进行全面综述。通过筛选，共选取了 72 篇相关文章。结果表明，PET（生理等效温度）和 UTCI（通用热气候指数）是评估城市公园热舒适度的常用方法。然而，PET 和 UTCI 所使用的参考范围与实际中性温度范围不太相符。树木、水体和草地等不同景观因素的组合会对热舒适度产生不同的影响。与冬季相比，大多数人对温度变化更为敏感，因此夏季的 PET 和 UTCI 中性范围相对较窄。此外，人们通常会采取相关的适应行为（如增加活动强度、远离阳光充足或温暖的区域以及饮水）来缓解热不适。本文献综述强调了考虑到城市公园的景观、气候和个人特征的 PET 和 UTCI 参考范围的校准。它为评估、设计和服务提供了见解，旨在充分开发城市公园热舒适的潜力。
{"title":"A comprehensive review of thermal comfort evaluation methods and influencing factors for urban parks","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban parks play an important role in alleviating the negative impacts of global climate change and benefit urban thermal resilience. A well-designed thermal environment in urban parks contributes to people's health and attracts more individuals to engage in outdoor activities. However, the application of thermal comfort evaluation methods to urban parks and the effect of influencing factors on thermal comfort have not been deeply explored. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the evaluation and influencing factors of thermal comfort in urban parks. A total of 72 relevant articles were selected through screening. The results indicate that PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) are commonly used for evaluating thermal comfort in urban parks. However, the reference ranges used by PET and UTCI do not quite match the actual neutral temperature ranges well. The combination of different landscape factors such as trees, water bodies, and grass can provide varying impacts on thermal comfort. Compared to winter, most people are more sensitive to temperature changes, and the neutral ranges of PET and UTCI are relatively narrow in summer. Moreover, people often adopt related adaptive behaviors (such as increasing activity intensity, moving away from sunny or warm areas, and drinking water) to alleviate thermal discomfort. This literature review emphasizes the calibrations of PET and UTCI reference ranges considering the landscapes, climate, and personal characteristics of urban parks. It provides insights for the evaluation, design, and service, aiming to develop the full potential of thermal comfort in urban parks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112151
This research investigates the potential of vertical greenery systems (VGS) to modulate the outdoor microclimate in a real-scale Mediterranean climate street canyon with respect to a non-vegetated control during four heat waves and summer conditions. The cooling effect of VGS on air temperature was assessed using an identical set of sensors in both canyons. The effect on thermal comfort was evaluated using radiation fluxes, Mr.T tool, and the ENVI-met model that was validated against measured data.
The VGS cooling effect during the heat waves was up to 0.36–2.04°C, and its duration was significantly extended. The correlation (R2 = 0.75) between the cooling effect, relative humidity, and wind direction, highlights that warmer and drier conditions increase the VGS cooling effect during heat waves.
VGS improved the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) above the canyon (3.9–4.1°C) and at the pedestrian level (2.21–2.8°C), while the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI) decreased by an average of 0.67–1.07 °C and 0.63–0.8 °C, respectively. Shaded walls improved the average Tmrt (11.7°C), PET (3.2°C), and UTCI (2.7°C), reflecting the importance of casting shadow in the urban environment.
{"title":"Quantifying the impact of vertical greenery systems (VGS) on Mediterranean urban microclimate during heat wave events","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the potential of vertical greenery systems (VGS) to modulate the outdoor microclimate in a real-scale Mediterranean climate street canyon with respect to a non-vegetated control during four heat waves and summer conditions. The cooling effect of VGS on air temperature was assessed using an identical set of sensors in both canyons. The effect on thermal comfort was evaluated using radiation fluxes, Mr.T tool, and the ENVI-met model that was validated against measured data.</div><div>The VGS cooling effect during the heat waves was up to 0.36–2.04°C, and its duration was significantly extended. The correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.75) between the cooling effect, relative humidity, and wind direction, highlights that warmer and drier conditions increase the VGS cooling effect during heat waves.</div><div>VGS improved the mean radiant temperature (<em>T</em><sub><em>mrt</em></sub>) above the canyon (3.9–4.1°C) and at the pedestrian level (2.21–2.8°C), while the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI) decreased by an average of 0.67–1.07 °C and 0.63–0.8 °C, respectively. Shaded walls improved the average <em>T</em><sub><em>mrt</em></sub> (11.7°C), PET (3.2°C), and UTCI (2.7°C), reflecting the importance of casting shadow in the urban environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112144
Most traditional morphometric methods to calculate urban ground roughness only considered uniform height arrays. However, given the complex arrangement of buildings in real urban districts, traditional methods are no longer sufficient to meet current demands. In this paper, wind tunnel experiments were conducted on roughness elements with diverse arrays to determine the mean wind speed profiles in the investigating position under distinct upwind sectors. The experiment results indicate that as the upwind sector expands, its influence on the mean wind speeds profile diminish as the length r of the upwind sector extends to 750 m and the angle θ of upwind sector reaches 70°. This upwind sector, 750 m in length and 70° in angle, is defined as the minimum upwind sector. Beyond this threshold, additional variations in r and θ do not significantly affect the mean wind speed profile. An improved method for calculating urban ground roughness, considering both uniform height arrays and real urban districts, is proposed based on the wind tunnel experiment results and existing morphometric methods. The efficacy of this improved method has been demonstrated in calculating ground roughness in uniform height arrays. When applied to real urban districts, the method yields optimal results when the calculation area is defined as the minimum upwind sector. Compared to traditional morphometric methods, the improved method offers significant advantages and a new approach to determining ground roughness in urban districts.
{"title":"An improved method for calculating urban ground roughness considering the length and angle of upwind sector","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most traditional morphometric methods to calculate urban ground roughness only considered uniform height arrays. However, given the complex arrangement of buildings in real urban districts, traditional methods are no longer sufficient to meet current demands. In this paper, wind tunnel experiments were conducted on roughness elements with diverse arrays to determine the mean wind speed profiles in the investigating position under distinct upwind sectors. The experiment results indicate that as the upwind sector expands, its influence on the mean wind speeds profile diminish as the length <em>r</em> of the upwind sector extends to 750 m and the angle <em>θ</em> of upwind sector reaches 70°. This upwind sector, 750 m in length and 70° in angle, is defined as the minimum upwind sector. Beyond this threshold, additional variations in <em>r</em> and <em>θ</em> do not significantly affect the mean wind speed profile. An improved method for calculating urban ground roughness, considering both uniform height arrays and real urban districts, is proposed based on the wind tunnel experiment results and existing morphometric methods. The efficacy of this improved method has been demonstrated in calculating ground roughness in uniform height arrays. When applied to real urban districts, the method yields optimal results when the calculation area is defined as the minimum upwind sector. Compared to traditional morphometric methods, the improved method offers significant advantages and a new approach to determining ground roughness in urban districts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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