Building and Environment最新文献_第4页

Towards a harmonized database of indoor air contaminant concentrations: Methods and application to CO2 室内空气污染物浓度的统一数据库：二氧化碳的方法和应用

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114297

Gabriel Rojas , Reto Stauffer , Núria Casquero-Modrego , Marcel Loomans , Marc Abadie , Ibrahim Alhindawi , Francesco Babich , Gabriel Bekö , Marie Coggins , Bart Cremers , Bernhard Damberger , Timm Freundorfer , Sonia Garcia-Ortega , Hala Hassan , Benjamin Jones , Maria Justo Alonso , Irene Lara-Ibeas , Grainne McGill , James McGrath , Aurora Monge-Barrio , Linda Toledo

Reliable data on indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential for design and operation of energy-efficient and healthy residential buildings. This work introduces a standardized methodology to systematically compile, process, and analyze IAQ measurement data, enabling the creation of a harmonized IAQ database. Developed within the IEA EBC Annex 86 project, the open-source algorithm ensures compatibility, data protection, and scalability by aggregating time series measurements into monthly summaries while preserving distributional information and linking them to relevant meta-information. This methodology was applied to create a comprehensive, open-access dataset integrating indoor air contaminant measurements from numerous IAQ studies covering residential homes with varied building types, ventilation strategies, climates and occupancy patterns. The dataset enables consistent statistical analysis and interpretation of IAQ data collected through heterogeneous methods, supporting robust cross-study comparison and benchmarking. As the dataset grows, it will enable harm-based analyses, an emerging paradigm in indoor air quality regulation.

The paper exemplifies the utility of the harmonized database by analyzing CO₂ concentration data from 18 studies encompassing over 1000 homes, with a focus on bedrooms. The results quantify the concentration distribution encountered in bedrooms across diverse regulatory and building contexts. Results highlight significant variations in CO₂ levels influenced by ventilation type, building characteristics, and ambient temperature, emphasizing the importance of standardized data for advancing IAQ research, policy development, and occupant health assessments. Ultimately, the harmonized dataset and methodology can serve as a critical resource for researchers, practitioners, and regulators aiming to optimize indoor environmental quality while advancing energy-efficient residential building design globally.

可靠的室内空气质量数据对于节能和健康住宅建筑的设计和运行至关重要。这项工作引入了一种标准化的方法来系统地编译、处理和分析室内空气质量测量数据，从而能够创建一个协调的室内空气质量数据库。在IEA EBC Annex 86项目中开发的开源算法，通过将时间序列测量汇总到每月摘要中，同时保留分布信息并将其与相关元信息联系起来，确保了兼容性、数据保护和可扩展性。该方法被用于创建一个全面的、开放访问的数据集，该数据集整合了来自众多室内空气质量研究的室内空气污染物测量数据，这些研究涵盖了不同建筑类型、通风策略、气候和占用模式的住宅。该数据集能够对通过不同方法收集的室内空气质量数据进行一致的统计分析和解释，支持强大的交叉研究比较和基准测试。随着数据集的增长，它将实现基于危害的分析，这是室内空气质量监管的一种新兴范例。这篇论文通过分析18项研究的二氧化碳浓度数据来说明统一数据库的实用性，这些研究涵盖了1000多个家庭，重点是卧室。结果量化了卧室在不同监管和建筑环境中遇到的浓度分布。研究结果强调了受通风类型、建筑特征和环境温度影响的CO2水平的显著变化，强调了标准化数据对推进室内空气质量研究、政策制定和居住者健康评估的重要性。最终，统一的数据集和方法可以作为研究人员、从业者和监管机构的关键资源，旨在优化室内环境质量，同时推进全球节能住宅建筑设计。

{"title":"Towards a harmonized database of indoor air contaminant concentrations: Methods and application to CO2","authors":"Gabriel Rojas , Reto Stauffer , Núria Casquero-Modrego , Marcel Loomans , Marc Abadie , Ibrahim Alhindawi , Francesco Babich , Gabriel Bekö , Marie Coggins , Bart Cremers , Bernhard Damberger , Timm Freundorfer , Sonia Garcia-Ortega , Hala Hassan , Benjamin Jones , Maria Justo Alonso , Irene Lara-Ibeas , Grainne McGill , James McGrath , Aurora Monge-Barrio , Linda Toledo","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable data on indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential for design and operation of energy-efficient and healthy residential buildings. This work introduces a standardized methodology to systematically compile, process, and analyze IAQ measurement data, enabling the creation of a harmonized IAQ database. Developed within the IEA EBC Annex 86 project, the open-source algorithm ensures compatibility, data protection, and scalability by aggregating time series measurements into monthly summaries while preserving distributional information and linking them to relevant meta-information. This methodology was applied to create a comprehensive, open-access dataset integrating indoor air contaminant measurements from numerous IAQ studies covering residential homes with varied building types, ventilation strategies, climates and occupancy patterns. The dataset enables consistent statistical analysis and interpretation of IAQ data collected through heterogeneous methods, supporting robust cross-study comparison and benchmarking. As the dataset grows, it will enable harm-based analyses, an emerging paradigm in indoor air quality regulation.</div><div>The paper exemplifies the utility of the harmonized database by analyzing CO<sub>2</sub> concentration data from 18 studies encompassing over 1000 homes, with a focus on bedrooms. The results quantify the concentration distribution encountered in bedrooms across diverse regulatory and building contexts. Results highlight significant variations in CO<sub>2</sub> levels influenced by ventilation type, building characteristics, and ambient temperature, emphasizing the importance of standardized data for advancing IAQ research, policy development, and occupant health assessments. Ultimately, the harmonized dataset and methodology can serve as a critical resource for researchers, practitioners, and regulators aiming to optimize indoor environmental quality while advancing energy-efficient residential building design globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114297"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

POD-Kriging surrogate modeling for rapid prediction of the impact of façade protruding rib geometries on urban canyon wind flow 采用POD-Kriging代理模型快速预测前缘凸肋几何形状对城市峡谷风流的影响

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114198

Yue Zhang, Xing Zheng

Understanding the impact of building geometries, e.g., façade protrusions such as ribs, is crucial for accurate urban wind flow predictions. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with large-eddy simulations (LES) provides reliable wind-field predictions in urban canyons with façade-protruding elements, they are too time-consuming and resource-intensive for rapid assessments. To address this challenge, this study develops a reduced-order surrogate model using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Kriging surrogate model to predict wind fields in typical urban canyons with various rib-like horizontal protrusions under perpendicular approaching wind. Based on CFD data from LES simulations, the model is trained to predict the flow fields inside the canyon using two geometric parameters, depth d and separation s of protrusion ribs. First, the POD method is employed to decompose the flow fields from LES simulations into a POD mode basis. Then, the Kriging surrogate model is trained to learn the relation between the POD mode coefficients and the rib’s geometric parameters. A series of evaluations of the POD-Kriging surrogate model’s performance is conducted, and the results show good agreement with LES results, achieving a mean absolute error of 0.012 m/s, which is superior to Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations. Discrepancies are confined to high-gradient regions, while bulk flow predictions are highly reliable. This approach is 7 × 10³ times faster than LES and 6 × 10² times faster than RANS, significantly enhancing the efficiency of predicting wind fields.

了解建筑几何形状的影响，例如，立面突出物，如肋，对于准确预测城市风向至关重要。虽然计算流体动力学（CFD）与大涡模拟（LES）提供了可靠的风场预测，但对于具有faradea突出元素的城市峡谷，它们过于耗时和资源密集，无法进行快速评估。为了解决这一挑战，本研究利用适当正交分解（POD）和Kriging代理模型开发了一个降阶代理模型，以预测垂直接近风下具有各种肋状水平突起的典型城市峡谷的风场。基于LES模拟的CFD数据，利用突出肋的深度d和间距s两个几何参数对模型进行训练，预测峡谷内的流场。首先，采用POD方法将LES模拟流场分解为POD模态。然后，训练Kriging代理模型，学习POD模态系数与肋的几何参数之间的关系。对POD-Kriging代理模型的性能进行了一系列评估，结果与LES结果吻合良好，平均绝对误差为0.012 m/s，优于reynolds -平均Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD模拟。差异仅限于高梯度区域，而总体流量预测是高度可靠的。该方法比LES快7 × 103倍，比RANS快6 × 102倍，显著提高了风场预测效率。

{"title":"POD-Kriging surrogate modeling for rapid prediction of the impact of façade protruding rib geometries on urban canyon wind flow","authors":"Yue Zhang, Xing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the impact of building geometries, e.g., façade protrusions such as ribs, is crucial for accurate urban wind flow predictions. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with large-eddy simulations (LES) provides reliable wind-field predictions in urban canyons with façade-protruding elements, they are too time-consuming and resource-intensive for rapid assessments. To address this challenge, this study develops a reduced-order surrogate model using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Kriging surrogate model to predict wind fields in typical urban canyons with various rib-like horizontal protrusions under perpendicular approaching wind. Based on CFD data from LES simulations, the model is trained to predict the flow fields inside the canyon using two geometric parameters, depth <em>d</em> and separation <em>s</em> of protrusion ribs. First, the POD method is employed to decompose the flow fields from LES simulations into a POD mode basis. Then, the Kriging surrogate model is trained to learn the relation between the POD mode coefficients and the rib’s geometric parameters. A series of evaluations of the POD-Kriging surrogate model’s performance is conducted, and the results show good agreement with LES results, achieving a mean absolute error of 0.012 m/s, which is superior to Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations. Discrepancies are confined to high-gradient regions, while bulk flow predictions are highly reliable. This approach is 7 × 10<sup>3</sup> times faster than LES and 6 × 10<sup>2</sup> times faster than RANS, significantly enhancing the efficiency of predicting wind fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 114198"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ten questions concerning Large Language Models (LLMs) for building applications 关于构建应用程序的大型语言模型（llm）的十个问题

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114260

Nan Ma , Rania Labib , Robert Amor , Adrian Chong , Cheng Fan , Kasimir Forth , Xiaoqin Fu , Stefan Fuchs , Tianzhen Hong , Nina Klimenkova , Jabeom Koo , Shundong Li , Steven Tanner McCullough , June Young Park , Roee Shraga , Sungmin Yoon , Liang Zhang , Yiting Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful AI tools capable of transforming how building information is collected, processed, analyzed, and applied across diverse research areas. Their capabilities can help building operators, facility managers and other stakeholders such as designers, architects and engineers by providing actionable insights for decision-making across planning, construction, operations, and maintenance of buildings and facilities. This paper explores ten key questions concerning the role of LLMs in shaping sustainable, intelligent, and human-centric buildings. From fundamental definitions to advanced applications, we examine how LLMs facilitate decision-making across the life cycle of buildings and energy systems. LLMs can enhance life cycle assessments (LCA), building energy simulations, and real-time data integration, empowering more efficient and adaptive human-AI environments. They can also contribute to streamlining regulatory compliance, improving post-occupancy evaluations, and fostering more inclusive and participatory design processes. Additionally, this paper addresses the ethical challenges posed by LLMs, such as bias, data privacy, and environmental impacts, and explores their potentials in advancing intelligent digital twins (DT) for ongoing building operations and maintenance. Built upon our applied research using LLMs and the review of tools, datasets, and research gaps, we provide a forward-looking perspective on how LLMs can drive innovation, collaboration, and productivity in the built environment while supporting ethical and effective implementation.

大型语言模型（llm）正在成为强大的人工智能工具，能够改变建筑信息在不同研究领域的收集、处理、分析和应用方式。他们的能力可以帮助建筑运营商、设施管理者和其他利益相关者，如设计师、建筑师和工程师，为建筑和设施的规划、建设、运营和维护决策提供可操作的见解。本文探讨了法学硕士在塑造可持续、智能和以人为中心的建筑中的作用的十个关键问题。从基本定义到高级应用，我们研究法学硕士如何促进整个建筑和能源系统生命周期的决策。法学硕士可以增强生命周期评估（LCA）、建筑能源模拟和实时数据集成，从而实现更高效和自适应的人类-人工智能环境。它们还有助于简化法规遵从，改善入住后评估，促进更具包容性和参与性的设计过程。此外，本文还探讨了法学硕士带来的伦理挑战，如偏见、数据隐私和环境影响，并探讨了法学硕士在推进智能数字孪生（DT）进行建筑运营和维护方面的潜力。基于我们使用法学硕士的应用研究以及对工具，数据集和研究差距的审查，我们提供了一个前瞻性的视角，说明法学硕士如何在建筑环境中推动创新，协作和生产力，同时支持道德和有效的实施。

{"title":"Ten questions concerning Large Language Models (LLMs) for building applications","authors":"Nan Ma , Rania Labib , Robert Amor , Adrian Chong , Cheng Fan , Kasimir Forth , Xiaoqin Fu , Stefan Fuchs , Tianzhen Hong , Nina Klimenkova , Jabeom Koo , Shundong Li , Steven Tanner McCullough , June Young Park , Roee Shraga , Sungmin Yoon , Liang Zhang , Yiting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful AI tools capable of transforming how building information is collected, processed, analyzed, and applied across diverse research areas. Their capabilities can help building operators, facility managers and other stakeholders such as designers, architects and engineers by providing actionable insights for decision-making across planning, construction, operations, and maintenance of buildings and facilities. This paper explores ten key questions concerning the role of LLMs in shaping sustainable, intelligent, and human-centric buildings. From fundamental definitions to advanced applications, we examine how LLMs facilitate decision-making across the life cycle of buildings and energy systems. LLMs can enhance life cycle assessments (LCA), building energy simulations, and real-time data integration, empowering more efficient and adaptive human-AI environments. They can also contribute to streamlining regulatory compliance, improving post-occupancy evaluations, and fostering more inclusive and participatory design processes. Additionally, this paper addresses the ethical challenges posed by LLMs, such as bias, data privacy, and environmental impacts, and explores their potentials in advancing intelligent digital twins (DT) for ongoing building operations and maintenance. Built upon our applied research using LLMs and the review of tools, datasets, and research gaps, we provide a forward-looking perspective on how LLMs can drive innovation, collaboration, and productivity in the built environment while supporting ethical and effective implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114260"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing urban wind environment in high-density built-up areas through targeted redevelopment of inefficient land 通过对低效用地的定向再开发，优化高密度建成区的城市风环境

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114265

Xiwen Zhang , Chenxi Xu , Shifa Ma , Peng Yang , Shijie Luo , Lan Ma , Yunnan Cai , Bikai Chen , Wanzhu Zhao

The development of urban ventilation corridors is a viable strategy to alleviate thermal environmental stress. Accurately identifying critical zones for urban ventilation and formulating spatial planning strategies to improve ventilation performance are essential for sustainable urban development. In this study, Guangzhou, as a city with high-density construction and a typical area for urban renewal, is taken as a case study. Based on the "wind direction-resistance surface-corridor" framework, urban ventilation corridors are proposed, and key zones are identified by incorporating urban inefficient land. Furthermore, optimal pathways for urban ventilation corridors are explored in the context of urban renewal by floor area ratio (FAR)-based scenario modeling. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of ventilation corridors in Guangzhou is uneven, mainly concentrated in low to medium-density building areas and along rivers, green spaces, and the like. (2) Approximately 10.43% of Guangzhou’s inefficient land intersects with urban ventilation corridors, with Yuexiu and Liwan districts having the highest proportion (over 40%). Redeveloping these inefficient areas could significantly enhance ventilation. (3) FAR is not a critical factor affecting the wind environment, and the impact of different ranges of FAR on ventilation effects varies. Even with an increased FAR, a favorable wind environment can be maintained through adjustments in building height and orientation. The urban planning policies proposed in this study can provide references for the redevelopment of inefficient land to maximize ventilation effects.

城市通风走廊的发展是缓解热环境压力的可行策略。准确识别城市通风关键区域，制定改善通风性能的空间规划策略，对城市可持续发展至关重要。本文以广州作为高密度建设城市和城市更新的典型区域为研究对象。基于“风向-阻力地面-廊道”框架，提出了城市通风廊道，并结合城市低效用地，确定了重点区域。此外，通过基于容积率（FAR）的场景建模，探讨了城市更新背景下城市通风走廊的最佳路径。结果表明：(1)广州市通风廊道空间分布不均匀，主要集中在中低密度建筑区域及沿河、绿地等地。(2)广州市约10.43%的低效用地与城市通风廊道相交，其中越秀区和荔湾区所占比例最高（超过40%）。重新开发这些效率低下的区域可以显著改善通风。(3)远比不是影响风环境的关键因素，不同远比范围对通风效果的影响是不同的。即使增加了FAR，也可以通过调整建筑高度和朝向来保持良好的风环境。本研究提出的城市规划政策可以为低效用地的再开发提供参考，以最大限度地提高通风效果。

{"title":"Optimizing urban wind environment in high-density built-up areas through targeted redevelopment of inefficient land","authors":"Xiwen Zhang , Chenxi Xu , Shifa Ma , Peng Yang , Shijie Luo , Lan Ma , Yunnan Cai , Bikai Chen , Wanzhu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of urban ventilation corridors is a viable strategy to alleviate thermal environmental stress. Accurately identifying critical zones for urban ventilation and formulating spatial planning strategies to improve ventilation performance are essential for sustainable urban development. In this study, Guangzhou, as a city with high-density construction and a typical area for urban renewal, is taken as a case study. Based on the \"wind direction-resistance surface-corridor\" framework, urban ventilation corridors are proposed, and key zones are identified by incorporating urban inefficient land. Furthermore, optimal pathways for urban ventilation corridors are explored in the context of urban renewal by floor area ratio (FAR)-based scenario modeling. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of ventilation corridors in Guangzhou is uneven, mainly concentrated in low to medium-density building areas and along rivers, green spaces, and the like. (2) Approximately 10.43% of Guangzhou’s inefficient land intersects with urban ventilation corridors, with Yuexiu and Liwan districts having the highest proportion (over 40%). Redeveloping these inefficient areas could significantly enhance ventilation. (3) FAR is not a critical factor affecting the wind environment, and the impact of different ranges of FAR on ventilation effects varies. Even with an increased FAR, a favorable wind environment can be maintained through adjustments in building height and orientation. The urban planning policies proposed in this study can provide references for the redevelopment of inefficient land to maximize ventilation effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114265"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying the consistency and informativity of thermal sensation votes for comfort-driven building control 量化热感觉的一致性和信息性有利于舒适性驱动的建筑控制

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114170

Zhihao Ma , Athanasios Tzempelikos

Although thermal preference questions are more suitable for thermal control applications, several studies still rely on thermal sensation votes as indicators. Quantifying inconsistencies between different questions and scales and characterizing their effectiveness for efficient building control is still challenging. This work investigates whether thermal sensation questions and scales (e.g., 3-point and 7-point) provide reliable and informative content for preference-driven control, expressed with thermal preference responses from two public databases (i.e., ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II and the Scales Database). First, a mapping policy from 7-point to 3-point thermal sensation votes is determined between thermal sensation and preference responses. Then, the reliability of sensation votes with different scales is examined by computing the divergence in temperature distributions associated with their verbal anchors using the Jensen-Shannon Distance (JSD). Using a 3-point scale resulted in 30–50% improvement in discriminatory power. Subsequently, a logic-aware mutual information gain metric is proposed to evaluate the informativity of 3-point and 7-point thermal sensation scales using thermal preference as baseline. The results showed that the information gain with the two scales is similar (< 5% difference). These findings suggest that the thermal sensation scale should be interpreted carefully for building control applications. Although the 7-point thermal sensation scale offers advantages related to database development and thermal comfort investigation, the 3-point thermal sensation scale is more suitable for occupant-centric control in the absence of preference feedback. This is due to its significantly higher consistency with preference for change without sacrificing informativity, making it a cognitively efficient choice.

虽然热偏好问题更适合热控制应用，但一些研究仍然依赖热感觉投票作为指标。量化不同问题和尺度之间的不一致性并描述其有效性以实现高效的建筑控制仍然具有挑战性。本研究调查了热感觉问题和量表（例如，3分和7分）是否为偏好驱动控制提供了可靠和信息丰富的内容，并使用来自两个公共数据库（即ASHRAE全球热舒适数据库II和量表数据库）的热偏好反应来表达。首先，在热感觉和偏好反应之间确定从7点到3点热感觉投票的映射策略。然后，通过使用Jensen-Shannon距离（JSD）计算与语言锚点相关的温度分布的差异来检验不同尺度感觉投票的可靠性。使用3分制的结果是歧视权力提高了30-50%。随后，提出了一个逻辑感知的互信息增益度量，以热偏好为基准评估3点和7点热感觉量表的信息性。结果表明，两种尺度的信息增益相似（相差5%）。这些发现表明，在建筑控制应用中，应仔细解释热感觉量表。虽然7分制热感觉量表在数据库开发和热舒适调查方面具有优势，但3分制热感觉量表在没有偏好反馈的情况下更适合以乘员为中心的控制。这是由于在不牺牲信息性的情况下，它与改变偏好的一致性显著提高，使其成为认知上有效的选择。

{"title":"Quantifying the consistency and informativity of thermal sensation votes for comfort-driven building control","authors":"Zhihao Ma , Athanasios Tzempelikos","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.114170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although thermal preference questions are more suitable for thermal control applications, several studies still rely on thermal sensation votes as indicators. Quantifying inconsistencies between different questions and scales and characterizing their effectiveness for efficient building control is still challenging. This work investigates whether thermal sensation questions and scales (e.g., 3-point and 7-point) provide reliable and informative content for preference-driven control, expressed with thermal preference responses from two public databases (i.e., ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II and the Scales Database). First, a mapping policy from 7-point to 3-point thermal sensation votes is determined between thermal sensation and preference responses. Then, the reliability of sensation votes with different scales is examined by computing the divergence in temperature distributions associated with their verbal anchors using the Jensen-Shannon Distance (JSD). Using a 3-point scale resulted in 30–50% improvement in discriminatory power. Subsequently, a logic-aware mutual information gain metric is proposed to evaluate the informativity of 3-point and 7-point thermal sensation scales using thermal preference as baseline. The results showed that the information gain with the two scales is similar (< 5% difference). These findings suggest that the thermal sensation scale should be interpreted carefully for building control applications. Although the 7-point thermal sensation scale offers advantages related to database development and thermal comfort investigation, the 3-point thermal sensation scale is more suitable for occupant-centric control in the absence of preference feedback. This is due to its significantly higher consistency with preference for change without sacrificing informativity, making it a cognitively efficient choice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114170"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Airborne dominance in COVID-19 transmission on long-haul flights COVID-19在长途飞行中传播的空中优势

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114223

Jialuo Tang , Han Yu , Yadi Wu , Qing Zhang , Yike Wang , Shenglan Xiao

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the heightened risk of respiratory virus transmission in enclosed, densely populated environments. Aircraft cabins represent a unique setting, combining high ventilation and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration with persistent uncertainty regarding dominant transmission routes. Using data from a documented long-haul in-flight outbreak, we developed a multi-route mechanistic model with Bayesian inference to quantify contributions of airborne, direct deposition, and contact transmission. Airborne transmission dominated, accounting for a median of 92.2% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 83.6–96.5%), whereas contact (7.8%, 95% CrI: 3.5–16.4%) and direct deposition (0.0%, 95% CrI: 0.0–0.1%) played minimal roles. Passengers seated within two rows of the index case had a 4.41-fold higher attack rate compared with those farther away (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98–9.81, P < 0.001), which our model reproduced through a simulated 5.00-fold (95% CrI: 2.10–12.86) higher risk in the same zone. Notably, 45% of observed infections occurred beyond this proximity, with our model predicting a comparable proportion (40%), indicating that long-range airborne transmission can persist even in highly ventilated cabins and underscoring limitations of contact tracing protocols. These findings provide quantitative evidence for SARS-CoV-2 transmission mechanisms in aircraft cabins and yield insights to guide risk assessment and infection control strategies in enclosed environments.

2019冠状病毒病大流行凸显了在封闭、人口密集的环境中呼吸道病毒传播的风险增加。飞机客舱是一个独特的环境，结合了高通风和高效微粒空气（HEPA）过滤，以及主要传播途径的持续不确定性。利用记录在案的长途飞行中爆发的数据，我们开发了一个多航线机制模型，并使用贝叶斯推理来量化空气传播、直接沉积和接触传播的贡献。空气传播占主导地位，中位数为92.2%(95%可信区间[CrI]: 83.6 ~ 96.5%)，接触（7.8%,95% CrI: 3.5 ~ 16.4%）和直接沉积（0.0%,95% CrI: 0.0 ~ 0.1%）的影响最小。与距离较远的乘客相比，坐在指数箱两排以内的乘客的攻击率高出4.41倍（95%置信区间[CI]: 1.98-9.81, P < 0.001），我们的模型通过模拟同一区域的5.00倍（95% CrI: 2.10-12.86）的风险来再现。值得注意的是，观察到的感染中有45%发生在这一距离之外，我们的模型预测了类似的比例（40%），这表明即使在高度通风的客舱中，远程空气传播也可能持续存在，并强调了接触者追踪协议的局限性。这些发现为SARS-CoV-2在机舱内的传播机制提供了定量证据，并为指导封闭环境中的风险评估和感染控制策略提供了见解。

{"title":"Airborne dominance in COVID-19 transmission on long-haul flights","authors":"Jialuo Tang , Han Yu , Yadi Wu , Qing Zhang , Yike Wang , Shenglan Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the heightened risk of respiratory virus transmission in enclosed, densely populated environments. Aircraft cabins represent a unique setting, combining high ventilation and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration with persistent uncertainty regarding dominant transmission routes. Using data from a documented long-haul in-flight outbreak, we developed a multi-route mechanistic model with Bayesian inference to quantify contributions of airborne, direct deposition, and contact transmission. Airborne transmission dominated, accounting for a median of 92.2% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 83.6–96.5%), whereas contact (7.8%, 95% CrI: 3.5–16.4%) and direct deposition (0.0%, 95% CrI: 0.0–0.1%) played minimal roles. Passengers seated within two rows of the index case had a 4.41-fold higher attack rate compared with those farther away (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.98–9.81, <em>P</em> < 0.001), which our model reproduced through a simulated 5.00-fold (95% CrI: 2.10–12.86) higher risk in the same zone. Notably, 45% of observed infections occurred beyond this proximity, with our model predicting a comparable proportion (40%), indicating that long-range airborne transmission can persist even in highly ventilated cabins and underscoring limitations of contact tracing protocols. These findings provide quantitative evidence for SARS-CoV-2 transmission mechanisms in aircraft cabins and yield insights to guide risk assessment and infection control strategies in enclosed environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114223"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Addressing overventilation through fan speed reduction in multi-unit residential buildings with pressurized corridor and in-unit ventilation systems 采用加压走廊和单元内通风系统的多单元住宅通过降低风扇转速来解决过度通风问题

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114238

Natalie Fylak , Marianne F. Touchie

In-unit ventilation systems (e.g. ERV/HRVs) are becoming increasingly popular in new multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Canada, however centralized ventilation systems are still needed to supply air to the corridors. Corridor ventilation is typically delivered with a pressurized corridor (PC) system, often designed using industry rules of thumb (e.g. 30 cfm /door), resulting in excessively high supply flow rates that could meet the combined corridor and unit ventilation demand. This is an industry holdover from when PC systems were responsible for the whole building ventilation load, and these higher-than-necessary flow rates result in energy waste. A field study was conducted in a MURB located in Toronto, Canada, to determine if PC supply flow rates could be reduced to save energy, while still maintaining corridor pressurization and occupant satisfaction. The study also analysed the impact of occupant behaviors and weatherstripping additions on corridor air pressure changes. During the winter, when stack effect was most severe, the PC system could not maintain positive pressurization on the lowest floors, even at the highest fan speeds. Despite pressurization issues, minimum corridor flow rates required by ASHRAE 62.1 were consistently met and surveys show residents did not perceive changes in air quality as supply flow rates were decreased. Meanwhile, lowering the fan speed to 50% capacity could save 5.5 kWh/m²/year, demonstrating that reducing corridor air supply can be a practical energy saving strategy despite some loss of pressurization on the lowest floors.

单元内通风系统（如ERV/ hrv）在加拿大的新多单元住宅建筑（murb）中越来越受欢迎，但是仍然需要集中通风系统向走廊供气。走廊通风通常采用加压走廊（PC）系统，通常采用行业经验规则（例如30 cfm /门）设计，导致过高的供应流量，可以满足走廊和单元通风的组合需求。这是从PC系统负责整个建筑通风负荷的行业遗留下来的，这些高于必要的流量导致能源浪费。在加拿大多伦多的一个城市城市规划中心进行了一项实地研究，以确定在保持走廊压力和居住者满意度的同时，是否可以降低PC供应流量以节省能源。研究还分析了乘员行为和增加挡风雨条对走廊气压变化的影响。在冬季，当堆栈效应最严重时，PC系统无法在最低楼层保持正压，即使在最高风扇转速下。尽管存在加压问题，但ASHRAE 62.1要求的最低走廊流量始终得到满足，调查显示，随着供应流量的降低，居民并没有感觉到空气质量的变化。同时，将风机转速降低到50%，可以节省5.5 kWh/m²/年，这表明减少走廊送风是一种实用的节能策略，尽管最低楼层的压力会有所损失。

{"title":"Addressing overventilation through fan speed reduction in multi-unit residential buildings with pressurized corridor and in-unit ventilation systems","authors":"Natalie Fylak , Marianne F. Touchie","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-unit ventilation systems (e.g. ERV/HRVs) are becoming increasingly popular in new multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Canada, however centralized ventilation systems are still needed to supply air to the corridors. Corridor ventilation is typically delivered with a pressurized corridor (PC) system, often designed using industry rules of thumb (e.g. 30 cfm /door), resulting in excessively high supply flow rates that could meet the combined corridor and unit ventilation demand. This is an industry holdover from when PC systems were responsible for the whole building ventilation load, and these higher-than-necessary flow rates result in energy waste. A field study was conducted in a MURB located in Toronto, Canada, to determine if PC supply flow rates could be reduced to save energy, while still maintaining corridor pressurization and occupant satisfaction. The study also analysed the impact of occupant behaviors and weatherstripping additions on corridor air pressure changes. During the winter, when stack effect was most severe, the PC system could not maintain positive pressurization on the lowest floors, even at the highest fan speeds. Despite pressurization issues, minimum corridor flow rates required by ASHRAE 62.1 were consistently met and surveys show residents did not perceive changes in air quality as supply flow rates were decreased. Meanwhile, lowering the fan speed to 50% capacity could save 5.5 kWh/m²/year, demonstrating that reducing corridor air supply can be a practical energy saving strategy despite some loss of pressurization on the lowest floors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114238"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study of single-sided ventilation through a roof opening using isolated generic models 采用隔离通用模型的屋顶开口单侧通风试验研究

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114206

Yuanyuan Lin, Mats Sandberg, Mathias Cehlin, Leif Claesson, Hans Wigö

Previous studies have rarely addressed single-sided ventilation driven by the external flow over the roof, which exhibits considerable potential owing to its highly turbulent nature and strong suction associated with leading-edge flow separation. In this study, wind tunnel experiments on single-sided ventilation through a roof opening were conducted using two isolated generic models: a cylinder and a rectangular prism, each with a set of replaceable openings. Both models were tested either flush- or floor-mounted. Two inflow conditions, each with three free-stream velocities, were considered. For both models mounted beneath the floor, the nondimensional ventilation rates (Q*) are comparable to values reported in the literature; for the prism, a slight increase in Q* with orientation suggests the development of a mixing layer along the streamwise extent of the floor-level opening. In the floor-mounted configuration, body-induced flow disturbances tend to enhance ventilation. Three primary governing rooftop flow regimes are identified—recirculation zone, flow reattachment, and conical vortex—whose relative dominance over the opening depends on inflow turbulence, wind incidence angle, and model configuration. When the opening lies entirely within the recirculation zone, Q* is proportional to the normalized local fluctuation intensity, with a coefficient of about 0.16. For certain yaw angles, the marked increase in Q* strongly correlates with the presence of a conical vortex over the prism model roof, which features strong suction and intense fluctuations. Direct advection through the opening could occur with a favorable opening size and location, allowing deep penetration of the reattaching shear layer.

以往的研究很少涉及由顶部外部气流驱动的单面通风，由于其高湍流性质和与前缘气流分离相关的强吸力，该通风具有相当大的潜力。在这项研究中，通过屋顶开口进行单面通风的风洞实验使用两个孤立的通用模型：圆柱体和矩形棱镜，每个模型都有一组可更换的开口。两种型号都进行了平装或落地式测试。考虑了两种入流条件，每种入流条件具有三种自由流速度。对于安装在地板下的两种模型，无因次通风量（Q*）与文献中报道的值相当；对于棱镜，Q*随方向的轻微增加表明沿底板开口的流向范围形成了混合层。在地板安装的配置中，身体引起的气流干扰倾向于增强通风。确定了三种主要的屋顶流动模式——再循环区、流动再附着和锥形涡——它们对开口的相对优势取决于流入湍流、风入射角和模型配置。当开口完全位于回流区内时，Q*与归一化的局部波动强度成正比，系数约为0.16。对于某些偏航角，Q*的显著增加与棱柱模型顶部锥形涡的存在密切相关，该涡具有强吸力和强烈波动。通过开口的直接平流可以在有利的开口尺寸和位置发生，允许重新附着的剪切层深入穿透。

{"title":"Experimental study of single-sided ventilation through a roof opening using isolated generic models","authors":"Yuanyuan Lin, Mats Sandberg, Mathias Cehlin, Leif Claesson, Hans Wigö","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have rarely addressed single-sided ventilation driven by the external flow over the roof, which exhibits considerable potential owing to its highly turbulent nature and strong suction associated with leading-edge flow separation. In this study, wind tunnel experiments on single-sided ventilation through a roof opening were conducted using two isolated generic models: a cylinder and a rectangular prism, each with a set of replaceable openings. Both models were tested either flush- or floor-mounted. Two inflow conditions, each with three free-stream velocities, were considered. For both models mounted beneath the floor, the nondimensional ventilation rates (<em>Q*</em>) are comparable to values reported in the literature; for the prism, a slight increase in <em>Q*</em> with orientation suggests the development of a mixing layer along the streamwise extent of the floor-level opening. In the floor-mounted configuration, body-induced flow disturbances tend to enhance ventilation. Three primary governing rooftop flow regimes are identified—recirculation zone, flow reattachment, and conical vortex—whose relative dominance over the opening depends on inflow turbulence, wind incidence angle, and model configuration. When the opening lies entirely within the recirculation zone, <em>Q*</em> is proportional to the normalized local fluctuation intensity, with a coefficient of about 0.16. For certain yaw angles, the marked increase in <em>Q*</em> strongly correlates with the presence of a conical vortex over the prism model roof, which features strong suction and intense fluctuations. Direct advection through the opening could occur with a favorable opening size and location, allowing deep penetration of the reattaching shear layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114206"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Climate-resilient passive cooling optimization framework: Multi-dimensional trade-offs in hot semi-arid residential buildings 气候适应性被动式制冷优化框架：炎热半干旱居住建筑的多维权衡

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114230

Hisham Sharif Bala , Baizhan Li , Chenqiu Du , Danjuma Abdu Yusuf , Shafi’u Adamu

Global cooling demand is anticipated to increase thrice by 2050, particularly in hot semi-arid regions facing significant thermal stress, where mechanical cooling utilizes 125-180 kWh/m²/year, accounting for 60-75% of building energy use. This research establishes a climate-resilient optimization framework that combines multi-objective optimization with climate projections to assess passive cooling efficacy under current and projected scenarios in Northwestern Nigeria. A NSGA-II-TOPSIS framework, featuring a comprehensive Climate Resilience Index (CRI), was validated via field monitoring of six residential buildings during the hot dry season (February-May 2023). The methodology integrates multi-objective optimization with downscaled CMIP6 estimates for Representative Concentration Pathway RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Energy Plus modelling attained calibration in accordance with ASHRAE requirements (NMBE ±5%, R² > 0.92). Optimized passive cooling solutions resulted in a 47-63% reduction in energy consumption and a 68.2% decrease in thermal discomfort hours. Peak temperature decreases of 3.8-4.5°C were observed, with comfort hours increasing from 15-20% to 78-82%. The CRI (0.65-0.89) signifies a 15-30% decline in performance by 2040, with passive systems sustaining adequate performance until 2040 under RCP4.5, but necessitating hybrid solutions by 2035 under RCP8.5. Grid-scale analysis indicates peak demand savings of 2.0-2.5 kW per building, resulting in 380-750 MW of avoided capacity. The framework demonstrates that climate-responsive passive cooling can function as the principal thermal management strategy in hot semi-arid environments until 2040, enhancing building science methodologies and facilitating climate-adaptive solutions.

预计到2050年，全球制冷需求将增加三倍，特别是在面临显著热应力的炎热半干旱地区，机械制冷每年使用125-180千瓦时/平方米，占建筑能耗的60-75%。本研究建立了一个气候适应性优化框架，将多目标优化与气候预测相结合，以评估尼日利亚西北部当前和预测情景下的被动制冷效果。通过在干热季节（2023年2月至5月）对六栋住宅建筑的现场监测，验证了具有综合气候恢复指数（CRI）的NSGA-II-TOPSIS框架。该方法将多目标优化与代表性浓度路径RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景的缩小CMIP6估计相结合。Energy Plus模型达到了ASHRAE要求的校准（NMBE±5%,R²> 0.92）。优化的被动冷却解决方案使能耗降低了47-63%，热不适时间减少了68.2%。峰值温度下降3.8-4.5°C，舒适时间从15-20%增加到78-82%。CRI（0.65-0.89）表明，到2040年，被动系统的性能将下降15-30%，在RCP4.5下，被动系统将保持足够的性能，但到2035年，在RCP8.5下，混合动力解决方案将成为必要。电网规模分析表明，每栋建筑的峰值需求节省2.0-2.5千瓦，从而避免380-750兆瓦的容量。该框架表明，到2040年，气候响应型被动冷却可以作为炎热半干旱环境的主要热管理策略，增强建筑科学方法并促进气候适应性解决方案。

{"title":"Climate-resilient passive cooling optimization framework: Multi-dimensional trade-offs in hot semi-arid residential buildings","authors":"Hisham Sharif Bala , Baizhan Li , Chenqiu Du , Danjuma Abdu Yusuf , Shafi’u Adamu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global cooling demand is anticipated to increase thrice by 2050, particularly in hot semi-arid regions facing significant thermal stress, where mechanical cooling utilizes 125-180 kWh/m²/year, accounting for 60-75% of building energy use. This research establishes a climate-resilient optimization framework that combines multi-objective optimization with climate projections to assess passive cooling efficacy under current and projected scenarios in Northwestern Nigeria. A NSGA-II-TOPSIS framework, featuring a comprehensive Climate Resilience Index (CRI), was validated via field monitoring of six residential buildings during the hot dry season (February-May 2023). The methodology integrates multi-objective optimization with downscaled CMIP6 estimates for Representative Concentration Pathway RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Energy Plus modelling attained calibration in accordance with ASHRAE requirements (NMBE ±5%, R² > 0.92). Optimized passive cooling solutions resulted in a 47-63% reduction in energy consumption and a 68.2% decrease in thermal discomfort hours. Peak temperature decreases of 3.8-4.5°C were observed, with comfort hours increasing from 15-20% to 78-82%. The CRI (0.65-0.89) signifies a 15-30% decline in performance by 2040, with passive systems sustaining adequate performance until 2040 under RCP4.5, but necessitating hybrid solutions by 2035 under RCP8.5. Grid-scale analysis indicates peak demand savings of 2.0-2.5 kW per building, resulting in 380-750 MW of avoided capacity. The framework demonstrates that climate-responsive passive cooling can function as the principal thermal management strategy in hot semi-arid environments until 2040, enhancing building science methodologies and facilitating climate-adaptive solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114230"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting pedestrian-level melanopic illuminance from multi-source urban data with explainable machine learning 利用可解释的机器学习从多源城市数据中预测行人水平的暗视照度

IF 7.6 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Building and Environment

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114276

Wenjin Hong, Zhe Kong, Peng Tang, Ziqi Fan, Rui Duan, Zixuan He, Xintong Li, Xinyi Wu

Urban nighttime illumination has been associated with circadian disruption in prior research, potentially reducing sleep quality and thereby affecting residents’ physical and mental health under certain conditions. Most studies on outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) focus on photometric indicators, neglecting city-scale circadian-effective measures. This study maps pedestrian-scale nocturnal light environment using melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (m-EDI). Field measurements were conducted at 652 sampling points across 14 representative sites, including commercial districts, green spaces, and roads. The predictors comprise SDGSAT-1 nighttime imagery, Sentinel-2 vegetation indices, 10 m-resolution building-height data (CNBH-10 m), and point-of-interest (POI) density. Multiple-scale regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were constructed for buffer radii ranging from 5 to 80 m, and a mixed-scale XGBoost model was further introduced to capture cross-scale interactions. Model evaluation using out-of-fold and nested cross-validation indicates that the 20 m neighborhood scale yields the most stable and generalizable performance (R² = 0.73). SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretation reveals that blue-band radiance and POI density are dominant positive contributors to m-EDI, whereas vegetation consistently lowers the predicted m-EDI levels, and building height shows context-dependent negative effects. The best-performing model produced a 10 m-resolution map of nighttime m-EDI across Nanjing, highlighting areas with elevated m-EDI along commercial corridors and transport hubs and lower levels in greener or residential areas. By investigating a circadian-effective indicator and explainable machine learning, this study provides an explainable and scalable approach for characterizing nocturnal light environment relevant to circadian-effective illumination, with potential implications for sustainable urban lighting management.

在之前的研究中，城市夜间照明与昼夜节律紊乱有关，可能会降低睡眠质量，从而在某些条件下影响居民的身心健康。大多数关于夜间室外人造光（ALAN）的研究都集中在光度指标上，而忽视了城市尺度的昼夜节律有效措施。本研究使用黑视等效日光照度（m-EDI）绘制行人夜间光环境图。现场测量在14个代表性地点的652个采样点进行，包括商业区、绿地和道路。预测指标包括SDGSAT-1夜间图像、Sentinel-2植被指数、10米分辨率建筑高度数据（CNBH-10米）和兴趣点（POI）密度。在5 ~ 80 m的缓冲半径范围内，构建了多尺度回归和极端梯度boost （XGBoost）模型，并进一步引入混合尺度XGBoost模型来捕捉跨尺度相互作用。使用折叠外交叉验证和嵌套交叉验证的模型评估表明，20 m邻域尺度产生最稳定和可推广的性能（R²= 0.73）。SHapley加性解释（SHAP）解释表明，蓝带辐射和POI密度是m-EDI的主要正向贡献者，而植被持续降低m-EDI的预测水平，建筑高度表现出与环境相关的负向影响。表现最好的模型生成了南京夜间m-EDI的10米分辨率地图，突出显示了沿商业走廊和交通枢纽的m-EDI较高的区域，以及绿色或住宅区的较低水平。通过研究昼夜节律有效指标和可解释的机器学习，本研究提供了一种可解释和可扩展的方法来表征与昼夜节律有效照明相关的夜间光环境，对可持续城市照明管理具有潜在影响。

{"title":"Predicting pedestrian-level melanopic illuminance from multi-source urban data with explainable machine learning","authors":"Wenjin Hong, Zhe Kong, Peng Tang, Ziqi Fan, Rui Duan, Zixuan He, Xintong Li, Xinyi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban nighttime illumination has been associated with circadian disruption in prior research, potentially reducing sleep quality and thereby affecting residents’ physical and mental health under certain conditions. Most studies on outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) focus on photometric indicators, neglecting city-scale circadian-effective measures. This study maps pedestrian-scale nocturnal light environment using melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (m-EDI). Field measurements were conducted at 652 sampling points across 14 representative sites, including commercial districts, green spaces, and roads. The predictors comprise SDGSAT-1 nighttime imagery, Sentinel-2 vegetation indices, 10 m-resolution building-height data (CNBH-10 m), and point-of-interest (POI) density. Multiple-scale regression and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were constructed for buffer radii ranging from 5 to 80 m, and a mixed-scale XGBoost model was further introduced to capture cross-scale interactions. Model evaluation using out-of-fold and nested cross-validation indicates that the 20 m neighborhood scale yields the most stable and generalizable performance (R² = 0.73). SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretation reveals that blue-band radiance and POI density are dominant positive contributors to m-EDI, whereas vegetation consistently lowers the predicted m-EDI levels, and building height shows context-dependent negative effects. The best-performing model produced a 10 m-resolution map of nighttime m-EDI across Nanjing, highlighting areas with elevated m-EDI along commercial corridors and transport hubs and lower levels in greener or residential areas. By investigating a circadian-effective indicator and explainable machine learning, this study provides an explainable and scalable approach for characterizing nocturnal light environment relevant to circadian-effective illumination, with potential implications for sustainable urban lighting management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 114276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0