During last decade, an extreme number of changes were introduced in the laws that define the Spatial Planning System for 85 municipalities and 8 regions, which is based on several key points: the social organization of the state, the planning regulations, the competences in spatial planning , Preparation and implementation of plans for urbanization of the area, types of planning documents, transparency and publicity in the procedures, competence and professionalism of the participants in the procedures, implementation of planning documents. General urban plans are strategic documents of public interest, and their adoption is mandatory and limits the construction only in urban areas with plans. This procedure means advancing with the way of managing, developing and building the space. However, in the absence of prepared plans, the same could be obstruction or an obstacle that proved later in practice because according to the law, the plans after the expiration of the 5-year deadline are considered undue and are the basis for illegal construction. Changes in legislation on spatial planning, elaborated in this research, are presented with a chronology of the emergence of laws, basic features, in terms of establishing a new structure, respecting the principles of subsidiarity and hierarchy, while limiting the influence of the public, their needs and transparency. Hence it can be said that this represents the beginning of investment-oriented laws that have evolved to "customerbased law" to this day. In the last part of the survey, tables are presented that clearly show in this period how in practice urbanism was implemented through the adoption of detailed plans or planning documents that further serve for issuing building permits, investment planning and, finally, realized investments that are expressed as a parameter as part of the total GDP over the years.
{"title":"SUSTAINABILITY OF RAPID CHANGING ON SPATIAL AND URBAN POLICY OVER TRANSITIONAL PERIOD IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND THEIR IMPACT ON INVESTMENTS","authors":"Zaklina Angelovska, Strahinja Trpevski","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.54","url":null,"abstract":"During last decade, an extreme number of changes were introduced in the laws that define the Spatial Planning System for 85 municipalities and 8 regions, which is based on several key points: the social organization of the state, the planning regulations, the competences in spatial planning , Preparation and implementation of plans for urbanization of the area, types of planning documents, transparency and publicity in the procedures, competence and professionalism of the participants in the procedures, implementation of planning documents. General urban plans are strategic documents of public interest, and their adoption is mandatory and limits the construction only in urban areas with plans. This procedure means advancing with the way of managing, developing and building the space. However, in the absence of prepared plans, the same could be obstruction or an obstacle that proved later in practice because according to the law, the plans after the expiration of the 5-year deadline are considered undue and are the basis for illegal construction. Changes in legislation on spatial planning, elaborated in this research, are presented with a chronology of the emergence of laws, basic features, in terms of establishing a new structure, respecting the principles of subsidiarity and hierarchy, while limiting the influence of the public, their needs and transparency. Hence it can be said that this represents the beginning of investment-oriented laws that have evolved to \"customerbased law\" to this day. In the last part of the survey, tables are presented that clearly show in this period how in practice urbanism was implemented through the adoption of detailed plans or planning documents that further serve for issuing building permits, investment planning and, finally, realized investments that are expressed as a parameter as part of the total GDP over the years.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75522861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Paveluc, Gianina Maria Cojoc, Grozavu Adrian, E. Huțanu, D. Ciurte
One of the climatic hazards experienced in recent times is the drought that affects the society and the ecosystems. This study is intended to identify the statistically significant trends in the minimum flow characteristics and hydrological drought episodes, during five years, of the Trebes-Negel representative river basin, located in the Moldavian Sub Carpathians, in Romania. It is an important hydrological objective used for research purposes, considered as a reference point for all small basins with an identical natural environment. Data analysis revealed that drought is recorded at two of the 6 hydrometric stations analyzed (Podis and Magura) in 2015, starting in August and ending with October.
{"title":"HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT EXPERIENCED IN THE TREBES - NEGEL REPRESENTATIVE RIVER BASIN DURING 2013-2017","authors":"L. Paveluc, Gianina Maria Cojoc, Grozavu Adrian, E. Huțanu, D. Ciurte","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.25","url":null,"abstract":"One of the climatic hazards experienced in recent times is the drought that affects the society and the ecosystems. This study is intended to identify the statistically significant trends in the minimum flow characteristics and hydrological drought episodes, during five years, of the Trebes-Negel representative river basin, located in the Moldavian Sub Carpathians, in Romania. It is an important hydrological objective used for research purposes, considered as a reference point for all small basins with an identical natural environment. Data analysis revealed that drought is recorded at two of the 6 hydrometric stations analyzed (Podis and Magura) in 2015, starting in August and ending with October.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74923548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grigorova, Bulgaria Geology “St. Ivan Rilskiâ€, Ivaylo Koprev
The scope of the research is to collect information about presence and locations of marbles in the area of “Starite kolibi” deposit. Around the area of the study, there is information from several boreholes, according to which the following rocks are observed: sandstones, clays, marble. Marbles in the area are transformed limestone and dolomite limestone under the conditions of regional metamorphism. In this research is used Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) as a technique that can detect and characterize layers by exploiting resistivity contrasts between different layers using electrical current. The specific electrical resistance of sandstones, conglomerates and clays is lower because they are strongly saturated with pore water. The marbles on the other hand are among the highest electrical resistance rocks. Thus, the specific electrical resistance of the marble is distinctly higher than that of the clays which allows for their differentiation. In the whole investigated area, the top layer is made of clay and sand mix with small marble pieces and soil. The top layer’s average thickness is about 0,4m. The electrical resistivity measurements are used to “separate” a hard rock (marble) from clay and sandstone into the horizons.
{"title":"GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN “STARITE KOLIBI†MARBLE DEPOSIT IN CENTRAL SOUTHERN BULGARIA","authors":"M. Grigorova, Bulgaria Geology “St. Ivan Rilskiâ€, Ivaylo Koprev","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.05","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of the research is to collect information about presence and locations of marbles in the area of “Starite kolibi” deposit. Around the area of the study, there is information from several boreholes, according to which the following rocks are observed: sandstones, clays, marble. Marbles in the area are transformed limestone and dolomite limestone under the conditions of regional metamorphism. In this research is used Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) as a technique that can detect and characterize layers by exploiting resistivity contrasts between different layers using electrical current. The specific electrical resistance of sandstones, conglomerates and clays is lower because they are strongly saturated with pore water. The marbles on the other hand are among the highest electrical resistance rocks. Thus, the specific electrical resistance of the marble is distinctly higher than that of the clays which allows for their differentiation. In the whole investigated area, the top layer is made of clay and sand mix with small marble pieces and soil. The top layer’s average thickness is about 0,4m. The electrical resistivity measurements are used to “separate” a hard rock (marble) from clay and sandstone into the horizons.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87759169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The town`s complexity as a geographical space is given by the basic characteristics of the components of the human habitat (natural, human and social-economical) which dictate the internal organization in different stages of its evolution. The purpose of the research is to reconstruct the stages of the territorial and functional evolution of Rădăuţi and to describe the contribution to the configuration of the actual internal structure of the settlement. In this paper, the process of internal structuring is analyzed as a continuous process, from the documentary attestation of the settlement (14th century) until today. The main results of the study will be: cartographic representation of territorial evolution and current functional zoning; explaining the specificity of the current urban morphostructure by correlating it with its generating factors; presenting the main functional changes that took place during the internal structuring process of the city. Highlighting the most significant quantitative and qualitative changes that contributed to the city's internal structuring process was based on analyzing, interpretation and processing bibliographic, cartographic and statistical data.
{"title":"THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL AND TERRITORIAL EVOLUTION IN THE GENESIS OF RÄ‚DÄ‚UÈšI’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE","authors":"LuminiÈ›a-Mirela Lăzărescu, V. Efros","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.58","url":null,"abstract":"The town`s complexity as a geographical space is given by the basic characteristics of the components of the human habitat (natural, human and social-economical) which dictate the internal organization in different stages of its evolution. The purpose of the research is to reconstruct the stages of the territorial and functional evolution of Rădăuţi and to describe the contribution to the configuration of the actual internal structure of the settlement. In this paper, the process of internal structuring is analyzed as a continuous process, from the documentary attestation of the settlement (14th century) until today. The main results of the study will be: cartographic representation of territorial evolution and current functional zoning; explaining the specificity of the current urban morphostructure by correlating it with its generating factors; presenting the main functional changes that took place during the internal structuring process of the city. Highlighting the most significant quantitative and qualitative changes that contributed to the city's internal structuring process was based on analyzing, interpretation and processing bibliographic, cartographic and statistical data.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85320550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More and more people are living in the European Union beyond its borders. Some of them are looking for a better future. Others are chased by military action, political persecution, or natural disaster. The increasing migratory pressure creates a need to redirect significant financial and organizational resources to address the situation. The lack of prospect of lasting stability in the source countries determines the continuation of this trend, with limited capacity of institutions to secure the processes. In this regard, the expected increase in migrants in our territory creates direct risks for a humanitarian crisis. Regarding legal immigration, at a political level, Europe can speak of a generally positive attitude, leading also to a number of concrete initiatives. There are laws that allow immigrants, after working for at least a year, to come together with their families. Persons who have been legally resident for five years in the EU may be granted a long-stay permit, which allows them to pass on a higher level of qualification or to work in another Member State of the Union. Due to the economic crisis, the situation of immigrants in Europe at this time is particularly difficult. One of the most frequent reasons for immigration is the demand for employment, but as employers usually dismiss first employees and workers, the most severe consequences of the economic downturn are felt by immigrants, especially in the countries hardest hit by the crisis.
{"title":"THREATS AND RISKS TO EUROPEAN UNION SECURITY RELATED TO MIGRATION","authors":"Nikolay Katsarski","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.43","url":null,"abstract":"More and more people are living in the European Union beyond its borders. Some of them are looking for a better future. Others are chased by military action, political persecution, or natural disaster. The increasing migratory pressure creates a need to redirect significant financial and organizational resources to address the situation. The lack of prospect of lasting stability in the source countries determines the continuation of this trend, with limited capacity of institutions to secure the processes. In this regard, the expected increase in migrants in our territory creates direct risks for a humanitarian crisis. Regarding legal immigration, at a political level, Europe can speak of a generally positive attitude, leading also to a number of concrete initiatives. There are laws that allow immigrants, after working for at least a year, to come together with their families. Persons who have been legally resident for five years in the EU may be granted a long-stay permit, which allows them to pass on a higher level of qualification or to work in another Member State of the Union. Due to the economic crisis, the situation of immigrants in Europe at this time is particularly difficult. One of the most frequent reasons for immigration is the demand for employment, but as employers usually dismiss first employees and workers, the most severe consequences of the economic downturn are felt by immigrants, especially in the countries hardest hit by the crisis.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"50 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90992885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The latest global developments have highlighted the importance of transport sector in the free trade economy and relation between states and people. After year 1990, Albania emerged from the long period of isolation with the collapse of communist regime which was replaced with democratic system and established the free trade economy. The importance of transport sector increased in the whole country and especially in Shkodra city. In this period most of the investments in the main cities of Albania and in Shkodra were to the construction sector, especially in the construction of road infrastructure. This paper aims to analyze the growth and development of transport sector in the last 28 years focusing on its evolution and the socio-economical and environmental impact in the city of Shkodra. Assesssing the importance and complexity of this topic, this paper first addresses the concepts of sustainable transport and then analyzes its indicators for Shkodra city as a case study, highlighting the dynamics of this sector in line with the main principles and objectives of sustainability. Through the analyze of the main indicators for sustainable transport in the case of Shkodra city we aim to determine whether its transport sector and service is moving toward sustainability or unsustainaibility. The planning and strategies for sustainable transport should aim to reduce the risks from air pollution, accidents, land use etc., and bring great benefits for every person. In this paper have been used different scientific methods: collecting and analyzing data on infrastructure from different institutions for many years; field interviews and surveys; comparison of the data from Shkodra city with other cities in Albania etc. The results from this study can serve as an input in the designation of local and national strategies for sustainable transport in the future.
{"title":"THE POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN ALBANIA (CASE STUDY: SHKODRA CITY)","authors":"Antonio Kiçi, Sonila Papathimiu","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.30","url":null,"abstract":"The latest global developments have highlighted the importance of transport sector in the free trade economy and relation between states and people. After year 1990, Albania emerged from the long period of isolation with the collapse of communist regime which was replaced with democratic system and established the free trade economy. The importance of transport sector increased in the whole country and especially in Shkodra city. In this period most of the investments in the main cities of Albania and in Shkodra were to the construction sector, especially in the construction of road infrastructure. This paper aims to analyze the growth and development of transport sector in the last 28 years focusing on its evolution and the socio-economical and environmental impact in the city of Shkodra. Assesssing the importance and complexity of this topic, this paper first addresses the concepts of sustainable transport and then analyzes its indicators for Shkodra city as a case study, highlighting the dynamics of this sector in line with the main principles and objectives of sustainability. Through the analyze of the main indicators for sustainable transport in the case of Shkodra city we aim to determine whether its transport sector and service is moving toward sustainability or unsustainaibility. The planning and strategies for sustainable transport should aim to reduce the risks from air pollution, accidents, land use etc., and bring great benefits for every person. In this paper have been used different scientific methods: collecting and analyzing data on infrastructure from different institutions for many years; field interviews and surveys; comparison of the data from Shkodra city with other cities in Albania etc. The results from this study can serve as an input in the designation of local and national strategies for sustainable transport in the future.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80025928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The wide range of demogeographic changes that the population in the Republic of Macedonia is facing today are mutually conditioned and followed up one with another. These changes can be recognized in the declining number of marriages and births, delayed marriage until the optimal reproductive age of the women, new forms of illegitimate unions, increased number of divorces, childbearing outside marriage and more. The changes are mainly caused because of the individualization, the emancipation of women, personal freedom, rejection of the traditional moral norms and gender roles. The appearance of childbearing outside marriage in the Republic of Macedonia is not a new phenomenon, but from a geographical point of view it has not been analyzed in details so far. The number of children born outside marriage in the last five decades does not record any significant changes, but when it comes to the percentage share, the values are slightly increasing, especially in the last two decades. Most of the children born outside marriage are born as a first child of the mother, but the share of births of higher order is constantly increasing which shows that childbearing outside marriage is becoming more a matter of choice. The main aim of this paper is to note the differences in the number of births outside marriage and to analyze the demogeographic and ethnic characteristics of women who have given birth in the period from 1970 to 2017 in order to predict the future trends.
{"title":"CHILDBEARING OUTSIDE MARRIAGE – A CASE STUDY OF MACEDONIA","authors":"Marija Ljakoska","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.27","url":null,"abstract":"The wide range of demogeographic changes that the population in the Republic of Macedonia is facing today are mutually conditioned and followed up one with another. These changes can be recognized in the declining number of marriages and births, delayed marriage until the optimal reproductive age of the women, new forms of illegitimate unions, increased number of divorces, childbearing outside marriage and more. The changes are mainly caused because of the individualization, the emancipation of women, personal freedom, rejection of the traditional moral norms and gender roles. The appearance of childbearing outside marriage in the Republic of Macedonia is not a new phenomenon, but from a geographical point of view it has not been analyzed in details so far. The number of children born outside marriage in the last five decades does not record any significant changes, but when it comes to the percentage share, the values are slightly increasing, especially in the last two decades. Most of the children born outside marriage are born as a first child of the mother, but the share of births of higher order is constantly increasing which shows that childbearing outside marriage is becoming more a matter of choice. The main aim of this paper is to note the differences in the number of births outside marriage and to analyze the demogeographic and ethnic characteristics of women who have given birth in the period from 1970 to 2017 in order to predict the future trends.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79449248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Creating opportunities for the development of cities and regions in the European Union goes through the structuring and building of a regional policy that combines intelligent urban and regional planning, leading to an increase in economic growth in the regions and the quality of life by planning strategic investments in underdeveloped regions to reach the levels of socio-economic development of the leading regions of the European Union. This study aims to investigate and analyze the specifics, practices, normative and methodological prerequisites and limitations in the formation of effective regional policy as a means of achieving balanced economic growth based on the policy of building smart cities of the future. This process requires a review of the development of regional planning and its impact on smart urban development. In addition, the key models for smart urban development should be identified by exploring good practices, and this requires research and critical analysis of regulatory and strategic documents relating to regional policy in the European Union. The development of regional policy in the European Union should focus not only on a limited number of key investment priorities, but also on the objectives, the resources available and the resources needed to measure the progress of individual regions and smart cities of the future.
{"title":"REGIONAL POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A MEANS OF THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE SMART CITIES AND REGIONAL PLANNING","authors":"M. Ivanov, Bulgaria Sofia","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.65","url":null,"abstract":"Creating opportunities for the development of cities and regions in the European Union goes through the structuring and building of a regional policy that combines intelligent urban and regional planning, leading to an increase in economic growth in the regions and the quality of life by planning strategic investments in underdeveloped regions to reach the levels of socio-economic development of the leading regions of the European Union. This study aims to investigate and analyze the specifics, practices, normative and methodological prerequisites and limitations in the formation of effective regional policy as a means of achieving balanced economic growth based on the policy of building smart cities of the future. This process requires a review of the development of regional planning and its impact on smart urban development. In addition, the key models for smart urban development should be identified by exploring good practices, and this requires research and critical analysis of regulatory and strategic documents relating to regional policy in the European Union. The development of regional policy in the European Union should focus not only on a limited number of key investment priorities, but also on the objectives, the resources available and the resources needed to measure the progress of individual regions and smart cities of the future.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83448507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper emphasizes the dissolution of the cultural value of some important landmarks, components of the sacral landscapes from the south-easten part of the historical province of Bukovina. The transformation of the sacral landscapes in the last 100 years has been was the consequence of historical and political pressure. One of the most disturbed components of the sacral landscapes was the degradation of the medieval monasteries frescoes. This dramatic threat was in this particular case, the result of several unfortunate restoration processes or the lack of interest for the cultural values.
{"title":"THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SACRAL LANDSCAPES IN BUKOVINA","authors":"A. Divisevici","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.53","url":null,"abstract":"The paper emphasizes the dissolution of the cultural value of some important landmarks, components of the sacral landscapes from the south-easten part of the historical province of Bukovina. The transformation of the sacral landscapes in the last 100 years has been was the consequence of historical and political pressure. One of the most disturbed components of the sacral landscapes was the degradation of the medieval monasteries frescoes. This dramatic threat was in this particular case, the result of several unfortunate restoration processes or the lack of interest for the cultural values.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75008227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines geographical and non-geographical problems and difficulties that landlocked developing countries coped in regional and global sphere to strength global market competition, with primarily focus on Republic of Macedonia. The landlocked countries are seen as "geographical handicap" or “victims of geography” are countries without sea access, insulated from beneficial flows of better transport, transit and trade accessibility to preferred location. Efficient transit transport is crucial for landlocked nations. Due to their lack of territorial access to seaports and the prohibitive cost of airfreight, landlocked countries have to rely on the transport of goods by land through one or more neighboring countries. Despite the unfavorable geographical location, landlocked developing countries have insufficiently developed transport infrastructure, but also face other non-geographical factors, such as unregulated foreign policy with neighboring countries, certain trade restrictions, unsatisfactory institutional infrastructure, absence from regional integration ties, political crisis etc. The additional costs incurred together with problems of distance, make imports more expensive and render exports less competitive, thus putting landlocked countries at a disadvantage in the global economy. Today, in this context, when access to global markets is a necessary than ever, the main question is how "landlocked countries" should optimize their transport policy up to date with all the global events and developments, to develop their market competitiveness and management chain procurement.
{"title":"TRANSPORT POLICY AND LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES: HOW TO MINIMIZE GEOGRAPHICAL HANDICAP AND KEEP ABREAST OF GLOBAL BUSINESS COMPETENCES","authors":"Riste Temjanovski","doi":"10.18509/gbp.2019.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18509/gbp.2019.41","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines geographical and non-geographical problems and difficulties that landlocked developing countries coped in regional and global sphere to strength global market competition, with primarily focus on Republic of Macedonia. The landlocked countries are seen as \"geographical handicap\" or “victims of geography” are countries without sea access, insulated from beneficial flows of better transport, transit and trade accessibility to preferred location. Efficient transit transport is crucial for landlocked nations. Due to their lack of territorial access to seaports and the prohibitive cost of airfreight, landlocked countries have to rely on the transport of goods by land through one or more neighboring countries. Despite the unfavorable geographical location, landlocked developing countries have insufficiently developed transport infrastructure, but also face other non-geographical factors, such as unregulated foreign policy with neighboring countries, certain trade restrictions, unsatisfactory institutional infrastructure, absence from regional integration ties, political crisis etc. The additional costs incurred together with problems of distance, make imports more expensive and render exports less competitive, thus putting landlocked countries at a disadvantage in the global economy. Today, in this context, when access to global markets is a necessary than ever, the main question is how \"landlocked countries\" should optimize their transport policy up to date with all the global events and developments, to develop their market competitiveness and management chain procurement.","PeriodicalId":9293,"journal":{"name":"BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90669310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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