Micro-sized silicon (μSi) is a promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high capacity and excellent tap density. However, its severe volume fluctuations induce mechanical degradation and rapid capacity fading. Here, we develop a strain-adaptive design to construct hierarchical Si/graphene composite microspheres (DSMG@C) via scalable spray-drying and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The architecture integrates an internal graphene scaffold, dual-scale (micro/nano) silicon, and a conformal ∼10 nm graphitic carbon shell, enabling an internal compliant framework with distributed microvoids coupled with an external conformal carbon confinement layer. The graphene-based framework and distributed microvoids accommodate local deformation, while nano-Si serves as an adaptive interstitial filler to densify contacts and disperse stress. The nano-Si disperses stress and fills voids to enhance densification, while the carbon shell reinforces mechanical stability and interfacial robustness. As a result, the DSMG@C anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 1062.8 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g-1, an initial coulombic efficiency of 90.8%, and a superior volumetric capacity owing to its 1.22 g cm-3 compacted density. Kinetic and mechanical analyses confirm its fast ion/electron transport and durable structural integrity. Full cells paired with LiFePO4 exhibit a discharge capacity of 123.4 mAh g-1 at 1 C after 200 cycles with an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 92.7%, demonstrating strong practical potential. This work offers an effective strategy for designing high-performance Si-based anodes through multiscale structural engineering.
微硅（μSi）因其高容量和优良的分接密度，成为下一代高能量密度锂离子电池（LIBs）极有前途的阳极材料。然而，其剧烈的体积波动会导致机械退化和快速的容量衰退。在这里，我们开发了一种应变自适应设计，通过可扩展的喷雾干燥和化学气相沉积（CVD）来构建分层的Si/石墨烯复合微球（DSMG@C）。该架构集成了一个内部石墨烯支架、双尺度（微/纳米）硅和一个共形~ 10纳米的石墨碳壳，使内部兼容框架具有分布式微孔和外部共形碳约束层。基于石墨烯的框架和分布的微孔可以容纳局部变形，而纳米硅则作为自适应的间隙填充物来加强接触和分散应力。纳米硅分散应力并填充空隙以增强致密性，而碳壳增强了机械稳定性和界面坚固性。结果，DSMG@C阳极在1 a g-1下循环500次后提供了1062.8 mAh g-1的高可逆容量，初始库仑效率为90.8%，并且由于其1.22 g cm-3的压致密密度而具有优越的体积容量。动力学和力学分析证实了其快速离子/电子传输和耐用的结构完整性。与LiFePO4配对的电池在1℃下循环200次，放电容量为123.4 mAh g-1，初始库仑效率（ICE）为92.7%，具有很强的应用潜力。这项工作为通过多尺度结构工程设计高性能硅基阳极提供了一种有效的策略。
{"title":"Hierarchical strain-adaptive silicon-carbon microspheres for durable high-density lithium-ion anodes.","authors":"Ao Yu, Yaduo Jia, Chaoxian Wu, Chengwei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Gongkai Wang, Huiyang Gou","doi":"10.1039/d5nr05310b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr05310b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micro-sized silicon (μSi) is a promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high capacity and excellent tap density. However, its severe volume fluctuations induce mechanical degradation and rapid capacity fading. Here, we develop a strain-adaptive design to construct hierarchical Si/graphene composite microspheres (DSMG@C) <i>via</i> scalable spray-drying and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The architecture integrates an internal graphene scaffold, dual-scale (micro/nano) silicon, and a conformal ∼10 nm graphitic carbon shell, enabling an internal compliant framework with distributed microvoids coupled with an external conformal carbon confinement layer. The graphene-based framework and distributed microvoids accommodate local deformation, while nano-Si serves as an adaptive interstitial filler to densify contacts and disperse stress. The nano-Si disperses stress and fills voids to enhance densification, while the carbon shell reinforces mechanical stability and interfacial robustness. As a result, the DSMG@C anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 1062.8 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> after 500 cycles at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup>, an initial coulombic efficiency of 90.8%, and a superior volumetric capacity owing to its 1.22 g cm<sup>-3</sup> compacted density. Kinetic and mechanical analyses confirm its fast ion/electron transport and durable structural integrity. Full cells paired with LiFePO<sub>4</sub> exhibit a discharge capacity of 123.4 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 1 C after 200 cycles with an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 92.7%, demonstrating strong practical potential. This work offers an effective strategy for designing high-performance Si-based anodes through multiscale structural engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shanmukha Rao Mutcha, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran, Benadict Rakesh, Paulius Pobedinskas, Ken Haenen
Achieving efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants requires precise control over semiconductor-substrate interfaces. In this work, we report a hierarchical TiO2 nanohorn (TNH) architecture grown hydrothermally over nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. The NCD films induce the growth of ultra-nano TNH over primary nanohorns, facilitated by sp3-sp2 hybridized carbon framework and high-density grain boundaries. These grain boundaries provide high-energy nucleation sites that facilitate localized charge accumulation and promote strain-relief-driven secondary nanohorn growth during hydrothermal processing. This distinct TNH/NCD heterostructure exhibits enhanced interfacial charge transfer and efficient photocarrier separation, as evidenced by advanced spectroscopic and microscopic characterization. Under low-power UV irradiation, the TNH/NCD heterostructure exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity toward methylene blue (MB 5 ppm), achieving 89.7% degradation within 210 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (k = 0.0108 min-1), along with excellent structural stability and recyclability over five successive cycles. The TNH/NCD heterostructure attained enhanced photocatalytic activity in MB degradation, which is attributed to the synergistic effects of interfacial chemistry, high surface area, enhanced light-matter interaction, reduced recombination rates, and improved charge carrier dynamics facilitated by the sp3-sp2 hybridized NCD framework. Our findings highlight the crucial influence of substrate selection on photocatalyst performance and establish NCD as a highly effective platform for constructing advanced TiO2-based photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation.
{"title":"Hierarchical TiO2 Nanohorns/Nanocrystalline Diamond Heterostructures for Efficient Methylene Blue Photodegradation","authors":"Shanmukha Rao Mutcha, Kamatchi Jothiramalingam Sankaran, Benadict Rakesh, Paulius Pobedinskas, Ken Haenen","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04963f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04963f","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants requires precise control over semiconductor-substrate interfaces. In this work, we report a hierarchical TiO2 nanohorn (TNH) architecture grown hydrothermally over nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. The NCD films induce the growth of ultra-nano TNH over primary nanohorns, facilitated by sp3-sp2 hybridized carbon framework and high-density grain boundaries. These grain boundaries provide high-energy nucleation sites that facilitate localized charge accumulation and promote strain-relief-driven secondary nanohorn growth during hydrothermal processing. This distinct TNH/NCD heterostructure exhibits enhanced interfacial charge transfer and efficient photocarrier separation, as evidenced by advanced spectroscopic and microscopic characterization. Under low-power UV irradiation, the TNH/NCD heterostructure exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity toward methylene blue (MB 5 ppm), achieving 89.7% degradation within 210 min with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (k = 0.0108 min-1), along with excellent structural stability and recyclability over five successive cycles. The TNH/NCD heterostructure attained enhanced photocatalytic activity in MB degradation, which is attributed to the synergistic effects of interfacial chemistry, high surface area, enhanced light-matter interaction, reduced recombination rates, and improved charge carrier dynamics facilitated by the sp3-sp2 hybridized NCD framework. Our findings highlight the crucial influence of substrate selection on photocatalyst performance and establish NCD as a highly effective platform for constructing advanced TiO2-based photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tandem catalysts that integrate a CO-selective metal such as Ag with C-C couplingactive Cu represent a promising strategy to tailor product selectivity for electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R). Here, we fabricated Cu-Ag tandem electrodes (Cu-Ag TEs) with an Ag overlayer with thicknesses precisely controlled from 0.9 to 150 nm via physical vapor deposition on a porous PTFE membrane. We systematically investigated how nanometer-scale thickness modulation affects product selectivity under flow-cell conditions. Electrocatalytic tests revealed a non-monotonic dependence of product selectivity on the Ag thickness. Methane (CH4) formation, scarcely observed on monometallic Cu or Ag, was substantially enhanced and peaked at an Ag overlayer thickness of approximately 10 nm. In contrast, C2+ selectivity decreased with increasing Ag thickness up to 10 nm and then increased again at larger thicknesses. In situ Raman spectroscopy detected a Raman peak assignable to *CHx-*CO intermediates, suggesting a thickness-dependent competition between the *CHx-*CO and *CHx-*H pathways. These findings demonstrate that Ag overlayer thickness and the resulting interfacial structure serve as tunable parameters for controlling eCO2R selectivity in Cu-Ag TEs.
{"title":"Cu-Ag Tandem Electrodes with Controlled Ag Overlayer Thickness for Tunable CO₂ Reduction","authors":"Yojiro Kimura, Miho Yamauchi","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04783h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04783h","url":null,"abstract":"Tandem catalysts that integrate a CO-selective metal such as Ag with C-C couplingactive Cu represent a promising strategy to tailor product selectivity for electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO<small><sub>2</sub></small>R). Here, we fabricated Cu-Ag tandem electrodes (Cu-Ag TEs) with an Ag overlayer with thicknesses precisely controlled from 0.9 to 150 nm via physical vapor deposition on a porous PTFE membrane. We systematically investigated how nanometer-scale thickness modulation affects product selectivity under flow-cell conditions. Electrocatalytic tests revealed a non-monotonic dependence of product selectivity on the Ag thickness. Methane (CH<small><sub>4</sub></small>) formation, scarcely observed on monometallic Cu or Ag, was substantially enhanced and peaked at an Ag overlayer thickness of approximately 10 nm. In contrast, C<small><sub>2+</sub></small> selectivity decreased with increasing Ag thickness up to 10 nm and then increased again at larger thicknesses. In situ Raman spectroscopy detected a Raman peak assignable to *CH<small><sub>x</sub></small>-*CO intermediates, suggesting a thickness-dependent competition between the *CH<small><sub>x</sub></small>-*CO and *CH<small><sub>x</sub></small>-*H pathways. These findings demonstrate that Ag overlayer thickness and the resulting interfacial structure serve as tunable parameters for controlling eCO<small><sub>2</sub></small>R selectivity in Cu-Ag TEs.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shaoxiong Feng, Xu Peng, Xi Gao, lianjun tang, Xixun Yu
Inflammatory bone defects pose a serious threat to human health, while traditional stem cell therapies exhibit limited efficacy in addressing the high oxidative stress environment associated with such defects. Inspired by the response mechanism of the intracellular antioxidant defense system (IADS), we propose a metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozyme that mimics the structure of deep-sea lobster hemocyanin and found that its simulated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) can be regulated through a chiral engineering strategy. By utilizing different chiral phenylalanine ligands, we rationally prepared Cu-Phe (D/L) (where D represents right-handed and L represents left-handed) nanozymes. Taking the optimal nanozyme as an example, studies shown that Cu-Phe (L) can effectively clear ROS, protect and maintain broad cellular functionality in an oxidative stress microenvironment, and regulate macrophage phenotype. We believe that the development of Cu-Phe (L) nanozymes based on a chiral molecule-dependent strategy can effectively reshape the oxidative stress microenvironment, enhance osteoimmune modulation, and promote stem cell osteogenic differentiation. The meticulously designed chiral Cu-Phe (D/L) provide instructive insights for the rational construction of MOF nanozymes and the treatment of inflammatory defects.
{"title":"Reshaping the oxidative stress microenvironment by Bionic chiral Cu-Phe (D/L) nanozymes for promoting osteoimmunomodulation and osteogenic differentiation","authors":"Shaoxiong Feng, Xu Peng, Xi Gao, lianjun tang, Xixun Yu","doi":"10.1039/d5nr03793j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr03793j","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammatory bone defects pose a serious threat to human health, while traditional stem cell therapies exhibit limited efficacy in addressing the high oxidative stress environment associated with such defects. Inspired by the response mechanism of the intracellular antioxidant defense system (IADS), we propose a metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozyme that mimics the structure of deep-sea lobster hemocyanin and found that its simulated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) can be regulated through a chiral engineering strategy. By utilizing different chiral phenylalanine ligands, we rationally prepared Cu-Phe (D/L) (where D represents right-handed and L represents left-handed) nanozymes. Taking the optimal nanozyme as an example, studies shown that Cu-Phe (L) can effectively clear ROS, protect and maintain broad cellular functionality in an oxidative stress microenvironment, and regulate macrophage phenotype. We believe that the development of Cu-Phe (L) nanozymes based on a chiral molecule-dependent strategy can effectively reshape the oxidative stress microenvironment, enhance osteoimmune modulation, and promote stem cell osteogenic differentiation. The meticulously designed chiral Cu-Phe (D/L) provide instructive insights for the rational construction of MOF nanozymes and the treatment of inflammatory defects.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shihui Fu, Yuhan Zhou, Kang Xu, Gang Huang, Zhikang Wang, Yuxiang Ni, Xin Huang, Chaoyang Zhang, Yanqing Wang
This review systematically explores the key factors affecting the thermal conductivity of graphene-reinforced polymer-based energetic materials, integrating phonon transport mechanisms with practical optimization strategies. It clarifies that heat transfer in graphene-polymer systems is dominated by lattice vibrations and phonon scattering processes (phonon–phonon, phonon–defect, phonon–boundary). Critical parameters—including filler loading, graphene’s lateral size, layer number, defect density, dispersion quality, and 3D network structures—are rigorously assessed. Results show that large-area, low-defect graphene with interconnected 3D networks minimizes interfacial thermal resistance, enabling efficient heat conduction at low filler loadings. Surface functionalization (covalent/non-covalent) and hybrid fillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, MXene) enhance dispersion uniformity and interfacial adhesion, while computational modeling offers theoretical guidance for material design. Despite promising lab-scale outcomes, scalability remains a major challenge. Future research should prioritize eco-friendly synthesis, interdisciplinary approaches, and advanced interfacial engineering to promote applications in electronic devices and energetic materials. Keywords: Graphene; Thermal Conduction; Polymer matrix composite
{"title":"Thermal Conductivity of Graphene-Reinforced Energetic Materials: Mechanisms and Optimization Strategies","authors":"Shihui Fu, Yuhan Zhou, Kang Xu, Gang Huang, Zhikang Wang, Yuxiang Ni, Xin Huang, Chaoyang Zhang, Yanqing Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5nr05318h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr05318h","url":null,"abstract":"This review systematically explores the key factors affecting the thermal conductivity of graphene-reinforced polymer-based energetic materials, integrating phonon transport mechanisms with practical optimization strategies. It clarifies that heat transfer in graphene-polymer systems is dominated by lattice vibrations and phonon scattering processes (phonon–phonon, phonon–defect, phonon–boundary). Critical parameters—including filler loading, graphene’s lateral size, layer number, defect density, dispersion quality, and 3D network structures—are rigorously assessed. Results show that large-area, low-defect graphene with interconnected 3D networks minimizes interfacial thermal resistance, enabling efficient heat conduction at low filler loadings. Surface functionalization (covalent/non-covalent) and hybrid fillers (e.g., carbon nanotubes, MXene) enhance dispersion uniformity and interfacial adhesion, while computational modeling offers theoretical guidance for material design. Despite promising lab-scale outcomes, scalability remains a major challenge. Future research should prioritize eco-friendly synthesis, interdisciplinary approaches, and advanced interfacial engineering to promote applications in electronic devices and energetic materials. Keywords: Graphene; Thermal Conduction; Polymer matrix composite","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"240 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration efficiency of nanocarriers is restricted by limited exocytosis to the brain parenchyma. This study demonstrates that exocytosis efficiency initially increases and subsequently decreases with increasing ligand content. Therefore, optimizing ligand content in brain-targeted nanocarriers is crucial to enhance exocytosis and transcytosis across the BBB.
{"title":"Ligand content-dependent exocytosis governs the blood–brain barrier transcytosis of nanocarriers","authors":"Xinyue Zhang, Yanan Xu, Caixia Wang, Zhihong Liu","doi":"10.1039/d5nr05008a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr05008a","url":null,"abstract":"The blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration efficiency of nanocarriers is restricted by limited exocytosis to the brain parenchyma. This study demonstrates that exocytosis efficiency initially increases and subsequently decreases with increasing ligand content. Therefore, optimizing ligand content in brain-targeted nanocarriers is crucial to enhance exocytosis and transcytosis across the BBB.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akshay Kulkarni, Kornelia Schlenstedt, Regine Boldt, Christine Steinbach, Hadi Taghavian, Martin Kormunda, André Lerch, Jochen Meier-Haack
The persistent presence of endocrine-disruptive chemicals (EDCs) in surface waters has raised serious environmental and health concerns, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable water treatment strategies. Advanced oxidation using visible light-driven photoactive bismuth oxyiodide nanoparticles is an emerging technique for efficient water treatment. The effects of reaction parameters such as pH and temperature on the formation of semiconductor BixOyIz nanoparticles remain underemphasized despite their critical role in tailoring size, morphology, elemental composition, specific surface area, and photocatalytic activity. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a modified solvo-hydrothermal method to optimize the synthesis of BixOyIz nanoparticles under varying pH and temperature conditions, and to establish correlations between their physicochemical properties - characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, UV-vis DRS, XPS, PL, Raman, and BET - and their photocatalytic performance. The results revealed that the sensitivity of iodine to pH and temperature significantly influenced particle growth and specific surface area, while the overall photocatalytic activity was also determined by the various phases of bismuth oxides and hydroxides formed during synthesis. It was demonstrated that the particles synthesized at pH values between 1.5 and 5.5 showed the highest photocatalytic activity due to the combined effect of larger surface area and interstitial surface defects formed due to hydroxylation. Finally, the possible configuration mechanism of the synthesized nanoparticles and the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation were discussed.
{"title":"Tunable synthesis of OH<sup>-</sup>-doped Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>I<sub><i>z</i></sub> nanoparticles for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants.","authors":"Akshay Kulkarni, Kornelia Schlenstedt, Regine Boldt, Christine Steinbach, Hadi Taghavian, Martin Kormunda, André Lerch, Jochen Meier-Haack","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04061b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04061b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The persistent presence of endocrine-disruptive chemicals (EDCs) in surface waters has raised serious environmental and health concerns, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable water treatment strategies. Advanced oxidation using visible light-driven photoactive bismuth oxyiodide nanoparticles is an emerging technique for efficient water treatment. The effects of reaction parameters such as pH and temperature on the formation of semiconductor Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>I<sub><i>z</i></sub> nanoparticles remain underemphasized despite their critical role in tailoring size, morphology, elemental composition, specific surface area, and photocatalytic activity. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a modified solvo-hydrothermal method to optimize the synthesis of Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub><i>y</i></sub>I<sub><i>z</i></sub> nanoparticles under varying pH and temperature conditions, and to establish correlations between their physicochemical properties - characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, UV-vis DRS, XPS, PL, Raman, and BET - and their photocatalytic performance. The results revealed that the sensitivity of iodine to pH and temperature significantly influenced particle growth and specific surface area, while the overall photocatalytic activity was also determined by the various phases of bismuth oxides and hydroxides formed during synthesis. It was demonstrated that the particles synthesized at pH values between 1.5 and 5.5 showed the highest photocatalytic activity due to the combined effect of larger surface area and interstitial surface defects formed due to hydroxylation. Finally, the possible configuration mechanism of the synthesized nanoparticles and the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) photoactive materials have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, as well as their high specific surface area and tunable electronic structure. While photocatalysis remains a promising approach for the degradation of persistent contaminants (PCs), recent advances in materials science have shifted the focus toward 2D material-based heterojunction systems. These systems exhibit abundant reactive sites, enhanced charge transport and separation efficiencies, and robust redox capabilities. This review comprehensively highlights major breakthroughs in 2D metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal-free photocatalysts, and MXene-derived heterojunction architectures that demonstrate strong potential for PC detoxification. Furthermore, herein emerging green synthesis strategies that introduce a new dimension to 2D material production, emphasizing the growing use of waste-derived precursors to achieve environmentally benign fabrication, are outlined. Notably, these routes offer dual advantages by lowering production costs and reducing reliance on hazardous chemicals. The article concludes with an integrated perspective on present challenges and future opportunities for 2D heterojunction systems within a circular engineering framework. Finally, the recent progress and commercialization pathways for deploying circularity engineered 2D material-based photocatalytic technologies as sustainable advanced oxidation systems for the effective remediation of PCs are elaborated in detail.
{"title":"Circularity-engineered functional 2D materials: advances and commercialization insights for photocatalytic degradation of persistent contaminants","authors":"Sahil Chauhan, Prakash Ajay Taksal, Jayanta Bhattacharya, Brajesh Kumar Dubey","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04074d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04074d","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, two-dimensional (2D) photoactive materials have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, as well as their high specific surface area and tunable electronic structure. While photocatalysis remains a promising approach for the degradation of persistent contaminants (PCs), recent advances in materials science have shifted the focus toward 2D material-based heterojunction systems. These systems exhibit abundant reactive sites, enhanced charge transport and separation efficiencies, and robust redox capabilities. This review comprehensively highlights major breakthroughs in 2D metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, metal-free photocatalysts, and MXene-derived heterojunction architectures that demonstrate strong potential for PC detoxification. Furthermore, herein emerging green synthesis strategies that introduce a new dimension to 2D material production, emphasizing the growing use of waste-derived precursors to achieve environmentally benign fabrication, are outlined. Notably, these routes offer dual advantages by lowering production costs and reducing reliance on hazardous chemicals. The article concludes with an integrated perspective on present challenges and future opportunities for 2D heterojunction systems within a circular engineering framework. Finally, the recent progress and commercialization pathways for deploying circularity engineered 2D material-based photocatalytic technologies as sustainable advanced oxidation systems for the effective remediation of PCs are elaborated in detail.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gongshu Wang, Aiye Shi, Nannan Wang, Feng Xue, Jianshe Hu
Abstract The transition metal (Pd) mediated C-C coupling reactions are key synthetic approaches among organic reactions and have become an integral part of synthetic endeavors. This study employs high-temperature pyrolysis to embed AgPd dual active sites within graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), enabling highly efficient carbon-carbon coupling reactions and reduction of nitroaromatics. The prepared AgPd-C3N4 showed excellent catalytic performance in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and transfer hydrogenation reactions of nitroaromatics. The reaction rate and selectivity of AgPd-C3N4 were superior to those of Pd-C3N4 and Pd-C3N4 under mild conditions. Both the characterization results and density-functional theory calculations indicate that the abundant Ag inside AgPd-C3N4 can provide electrons to the Pd in the adjacent sites, which significantly increases the reaction rate of the oxidative addition step during the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The π-π conjugation effect between aryl halides and g-C3N4 also helps to accelerate the reaction. Under the same conditions, the yield of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction catalyzed by AgPd-C3N4 (98%) exceeded that of Pd-C3N4 (79%). Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between the bimetallic centers improved the catalytic activity of AgPd-C3N4 in nitroaromatic transfer hydrogenation reactions. The formation of Ag-Nx and Pd-Nx coordination bonds improved the dispersion and stability of Ag and Pd nanoparticles. This study provides a new strategy for the rational design of high-performance bimetallic catalysts based on carbon nitride.
{"title":"Ag/Pd bimetallic sites embedded in g-C3N4 nanosheets synergistically catalyze Suzuki coupling and nitroaromatic reduction reactions","authors":"Gongshu Wang, Aiye Shi, Nannan Wang, Feng Xue, Jianshe Hu","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04119h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04119h","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The transition metal (Pd) mediated C-C coupling reactions are key synthetic approaches among organic reactions and have become an integral part of synthetic endeavors. This study employs high-temperature pyrolysis to embed AgPd dual active sites within graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), enabling highly efficient carbon-carbon coupling reactions and reduction of nitroaromatics. The prepared AgPd-C3N4 showed excellent catalytic performance in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and transfer hydrogenation reactions of nitroaromatics. The reaction rate and selectivity of AgPd-C3N4 were superior to those of Pd-C3N4 and Pd-C3N4 under mild conditions. Both the characterization results and density-functional theory calculations indicate that the abundant Ag inside AgPd-C3N4 can provide electrons to the Pd in the adjacent sites, which significantly increases the reaction rate of the oxidative addition step during the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The π-π conjugation effect between aryl halides and g-C3N4 also helps to accelerate the reaction. Under the same conditions, the yield of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction catalyzed by AgPd-C3N4 (98%) exceeded that of Pd-C3N4 (79%). Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between the bimetallic centers improved the catalytic activity of AgPd-C3N4 in nitroaromatic transfer hydrogenation reactions. The formation of Ag-Nx and Pd-Nx coordination bonds improved the dispersion and stability of Ag and Pd nanoparticles. This study provides a new strategy for the rational design of high-performance bimetallic catalysts based on carbon nitride.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sensitive and selective detection of hydrazine (HAZ) is crucial due to its high toxicity and widespread environmental impact. This work reports a green synthesis of spindle-shaped Fe2O3@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles using walnut shells as a sustainable biomass precursor via a combined wet impregnation-calcination approach. The core-shell architecture was fabricated through wet impregnation of pre-formed Fe2O3 cores followed by calcination and thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mapping, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical studies revealed that Fe2O3@ZnO exhibits superior activity for hydrazine oxidation, attributed to synergistic core-shell interactions that enhance electron transfer and increase the active site density. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent performance, featuring a wide linear range (0.02-68 µM), a low detection limit (14 nM), high sensitivity (3.54 µA µM-1), and notable selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. These findings underscore the potential of biomass-derived core-shell nanomaterials for advanced electrochemical sensing.
{"title":"Preparation of a novel hydrazine electrochemical sensor using Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles.","authors":"R Shariati, F Ahour, A Zamani","doi":"10.1039/d5nr02927a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr02927a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sensitive and selective detection of hydrazine (HAZ) is crucial due to its high toxicity and widespread environmental impact. This work reports a green synthesis of spindle-shaped Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles using walnut shells as a sustainable biomass precursor <i>via</i> a combined wet impregnation-calcination approach. The core-shell architecture was fabricated through wet impregnation of pre-formed Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> cores followed by calcination and thoroughly characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) mapping, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical studies revealed that Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@ZnO exhibits superior activity for hydrazine oxidation, attributed to synergistic core-shell interactions that enhance electron transfer and increase the active site density. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent performance, featuring a wide linear range (0.02-68 µM), a low detection limit (14 nM), high sensitivity (3.54 µA µM<sup>-1</sup>), and notable selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. These findings underscore the potential of biomass-derived core-shell nanomaterials for advanced electrochemical sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146111562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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