Juan Luo, Jiaxin Tong, Haili Zhao, Xiaonian Zeng, Feng Liu, Haiyan Wu, Hao Cui, Pengfei Tan, Jun Pan
Lattice strain engineering has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy for modulating the electronic and geometric structures of electrocatalysts at the atomic scale. By finely tuning interatomic distances and orbital interactions, lattice strain directly influences adsorption energetics and reaction kinetics, offering an effective pathway to overcome intrinsic activity and stability limitations in key electrochemical processes. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental principles of lattice strain effects, including electronic and geometric modulation mechanisms and their correlation with the d-band center theory. We highlight the main approaches for strain induction, such as orbital symmetry matching, antibonding state occupancy, charge redistribution, and adsorbate-induced surface relaxation. We further summarize quantitative relationships between strain and catalytic activity, including volcano plots, strain-ΔG* correlations, and strain-TOF dependencies, distinguishing between compressive and tensile strain effects across various reactions such as HER, OER, ORR, CO2RR, and NRR. Special attention is given to how controlled strain optimizes intermediate adsorption energies in accordance with the Sabatier principle, thereby enhancing catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in controlling strain magnitude, stability, and scalability, and outline perspectives for integrating strain engineering with other design principles. This review establishes lattice strain as a unifying and predictive framework for rational catalyst design, paving the way for high-performance electrocatalysts in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies.
{"title":"The role of lattice strain in advancing electrocatalytic performance: from mechanisms to practical applications.","authors":"Juan Luo, Jiaxin Tong, Haili Zhao, Xiaonian Zeng, Feng Liu, Haiyan Wu, Hao Cui, Pengfei Tan, Jun Pan","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04443j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04443j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lattice strain engineering has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy for modulating the electronic and geometric structures of electrocatalysts at the atomic scale. By finely tuning interatomic distances and orbital interactions, lattice strain directly influences adsorption energetics and reaction kinetics, offering an effective pathway to overcome intrinsic activity and stability limitations in key electrochemical processes. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental principles of lattice strain effects, including electronic and geometric modulation mechanisms and their correlation with the d-band center theory. We highlight the main approaches for strain induction, such as orbital symmetry matching, antibonding state occupancy, charge redistribution, and adsorbate-induced surface relaxation. We further summarize quantitative relationships between strain and catalytic activity, including volcano plots, strain-Δ<i>G</i>* correlations, and strain-TOF dependencies, distinguishing between compressive and tensile strain effects across various reactions such as HER, OER, ORR, CO<sub>2</sub>RR, and NRR. Special attention is given to how controlled strain optimizes intermediate adsorption energies in accordance with the Sabatier principle, thereby enhancing catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges in controlling strain magnitude, stability, and scalability, and outline perspectives for integrating strain engineering with other design principles. This review establishes lattice strain as a unifying and predictive framework for rational catalyst design, paving the way for high-performance electrocatalysts in sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146083572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The controlled formation of high-pressure silicon polymorphs beneath an oxide layer offers a new paradigm for subsurface phase engineering. We systematically compared sharp Berkovich and spherical nanoindentation on 285 nm SiO2-capped Si(100) using Raman spectroscopy and cross-sectional electron microscopy to reveal how contact geometry and oxide constraint govern phase transformation. Sharp indentation initiates R8 (rhombohedral)/BC8 (body-centered-cubic) phase formation at low loads (42 mN), but the high stress concentration promotes early oxide fracture and radial cracking, limiting the continuous crystalline volume. In contrast, spherical indentation delays observable transformation until ∼92 mN, distributing stress more uniformly. Crucially, we identify a "critical loading window" for optimization. While moderate spherical loads (∼200 mN) facilitate highly ordered crystalline recovery with intact interfaces, excessive loads (∼500 mN) exceed the oxide's confinement capacity, favoring collapse into a disordered amorphous state and localized fracture due to the significant volumetric expansion of the intermediate β-Sn phase. Our results confirm that the oxide modulates stress-relaxation kinetics without altering the fundamental 11-12 GPa transformation threshold. These findings explicitly define the operational limits for dielectric confinement, providing a versatile pathway for engineering subsurface crystalline phases with enhanced carrier mobility and sub-bandgap optical absorption for next-generation silicon photonic and sensing platforms.
{"title":"Nanoindentation-induced subsurface phase engineering in oxide-capped silicon.","authors":"Megha Sasidharan Nisha,Kiran Mangalampalli","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04069h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04069h","url":null,"abstract":"The controlled formation of high-pressure silicon polymorphs beneath an oxide layer offers a new paradigm for subsurface phase engineering. We systematically compared sharp Berkovich and spherical nanoindentation on 285 nm SiO2-capped Si(100) using Raman spectroscopy and cross-sectional electron microscopy to reveal how contact geometry and oxide constraint govern phase transformation. Sharp indentation initiates R8 (rhombohedral)/BC8 (body-centered-cubic) phase formation at low loads (42 mN), but the high stress concentration promotes early oxide fracture and radial cracking, limiting the continuous crystalline volume. In contrast, spherical indentation delays observable transformation until ∼92 mN, distributing stress more uniformly. Crucially, we identify a \"critical loading window\" for optimization. While moderate spherical loads (∼200 mN) facilitate highly ordered crystalline recovery with intact interfaces, excessive loads (∼500 mN) exceed the oxide's confinement capacity, favoring collapse into a disordered amorphous state and localized fracture due to the significant volumetric expansion of the intermediate β-Sn phase. Our results confirm that the oxide modulates stress-relaxation kinetics without altering the fundamental 11-12 GPa transformation threshold. These findings explicitly define the operational limits for dielectric confinement, providing a versatile pathway for engineering subsurface crystalline phases with enhanced carrier mobility and sub-bandgap optical absorption for next-generation silicon photonic and sensing platforms.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Song, Kai Yin, Jianqiang Xiao, Jiaqing Pei, Fan Zhang, Yu Chen
In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and optoelectronic technologies, perovskite materials have become a research hotspot of common interest in both academic and industrial communities due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low-cost fabrication processes, and diverse application scenarios. However, achieving efficient and high-precision processing of perovskite materials remains a key challenge hindering their broader application. In this context, femtosecond laser processing technology, leveraging its ultra-short pulse duration and high-precision machining capabilities, has opened up new possibilities for the research and application of perovskite materials. This review summarizes the mechanisms and recent advances in femtosecond laser micro/nano-processing of perovskite single crystals, glasses, and polymer thin films, systematically outlines relevant methods and their unique advantages, provides an in-depth discussion on the application potential of femtosecond laser direct writing in the field of perovskite luminescence, and offers prospects for future optimization and improvement of femtosecond laser-based preparation and processing techniques. The findings presented are expected to provide important theoretical support and technical reference for further research and practical applications of perovskite materials.
{"title":"Recent advances in femtosecond laser micro/nano processing of perovskite for optical applications","authors":"Hao Song, Kai Yin, Jianqiang Xiao, Jiaqing Pei, Fan Zhang, Yu Chen","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04944j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04944j","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, with the rapid development of new energy and optoelectronic technologies, perovskite materials have become a research hotspot of common interest in both academic and industrial communities due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low-cost fabrication processes, and diverse application scenarios. However, achieving efficient and high-precision processing of perovskite materials remains a key challenge hindering their broader application. In this context, femtosecond laser processing technology, leveraging its ultra-short pulse duration and high-precision machining capabilities, has opened up new possibilities for the research and application of perovskite materials. This review summarizes the mechanisms and recent advances in femtosecond laser micro/nano-processing of perovskite single crystals, glasses, and polymer thin films, systematically outlines relevant methods and their unique advantages, provides an in-depth discussion on the application potential of femtosecond laser direct writing in the field of perovskite luminescence, and offers prospects for future optimization and improvement of femtosecond laser-based preparation and processing techniques. The findings presented are expected to provide important theoretical support and technical reference for further research and practical applications of perovskite materials.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), recognized for their safe aqueous electrolyte and low-cost, abundant zinc resources, offer significant promise for applications in energy storage. MnO2 is a promising cathode material due to its environmental friendliness and low cost, but it faces challenges related to low conductivity and structural instability. Herein, a single-element (Ce) heterovalent doping strategy was proposed to boost the capacity and structural stability of δ-MnO2 (Ce-MnO2). Ce4+ can preferentially occupy the Mn sites with the same and stable valence state to Mn4+, effectively suppress structural collapse during charge and discharge processes. Ce3+ could contribute to improved electronic conductivity through aliovalent substitution leading to charge compensation and altered the local chemical environment by creating oxygen vacancies and optimizing Mn-O interactions. Moreover, it can improve the specific surface area and provide active sites, thereby promoting electrochemical activity and facilitating superior ion transport. Consequently, The Ce-MnO2 cathode achieved a high specific capacity of 374.5 mAh g−1, with 90% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. When further applied in powering a PNIPAM hydrogel actuator, Zn//MnO2 ion batteries exhibited potential for actuator-driven technologies.
锌离子电池（zib）以其安全的水电解质和低成本、丰富的锌资源而闻名，在储能领域的应用前景广阔。二氧化锰具有环境友好、成本低等优点，是一种极具发展前景的正极材料，但其电导率低、结构不稳定等问题仍面临挑战。本文提出了单元素（Ce）杂价掺杂策略来提高δ-MnO2 （Ce- mno2）的容量和结构稳定性。Ce4+能优先占据与Mn4+价态相同且稳定的Mn位，有效抑制充放电过程中的结构坍塌。Ce3+可以通过价取代导致电荷补偿来改善电子导电性，并通过创造氧空位和优化Mn-O相互作用来改变局部化学环境。此外，它可以提高比表面积，提供活性位点，从而提高电化学活性，促进优越的离子运输。因此，Ce-MnO2阴极获得了374.5 mAh g−1的高比容量，在1000次循环后保持了90%的容量。当进一步应用于PNIPAM水凝胶致动器时，Zn//MnO2离子电池显示出致动器驱动技术的潜力。
{"title":"Single-Element Heterovalent Doping Strategy Stabilizing the Cathode Structure for Reversible Zinc-Ion Storage to Power Soft Robotics","authors":"Yameng Zhu, Xiaona Wang, Jiajia Xia, Xuechun Wang, Ying Kong, Yurong Zhou, Shuxuan Qu, Wei Feng, Jiangtao Di","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04570c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04570c","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), recognized for their safe aqueous electrolyte and low-cost, abundant zinc resources, offer significant promise for applications in energy storage. MnO2 is a promising cathode material due to its environmental friendliness and low cost, but it faces challenges related to low conductivity and structural instability. Herein, a single-element (Ce) heterovalent doping strategy was proposed to boost the capacity and structural stability of δ-MnO2 (Ce-MnO2). Ce4+ can preferentially occupy the Mn sites with the same and stable valence state to Mn4+, effectively suppress structural collapse during charge and discharge processes. Ce3+ could contribute to improved electronic conductivity through aliovalent substitution leading to charge compensation and altered the local chemical environment by creating oxygen vacancies and optimizing Mn-O interactions. Moreover, it can improve the specific surface area and provide active sites, thereby promoting electrochemical activity and facilitating superior ion transport. Consequently, The Ce-MnO2 cathode achieved a high specific capacity of 374.5 mAh g−1, with 90% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. When further applied in powering a PNIPAM hydrogel actuator, Zn//MnO2 ion batteries exhibited potential for actuator-driven technologies.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organic nanoparticles can play an integral role in the biomedical field by optimizing the medication process in cancer treatment. They can ensure the non-toxic and target-specific delivery of a cancer-based antigen. Compared to conventional strategies, the microfluidic approach can ensure reproducible organic nanoparticles. The microfluidic approach can ensure the utmost controllability over reaction parameters and mixing performance. In this way, scientists can secure organic nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and mono-dispersion. The microfluidic approach offers the chance for health scientists to secure industrial-scale productivity of organic nanoparticles. This review summarizes recent advancements in microfluidics for the synthesis of organic nanoparticles with relevant specifications. We emphasize the key fundamentals and the advantages of next-generation microfluidics over conventional strategies for the preparation of organic nanoparticles. Some positive and negative prospects that can affect the structural morphology and delivery of organic nanoparticles are highlighted. The developments in cancer-based therapies and administration routes via organic nanoparticles are also discussed briefly.
{"title":"Recent advances in the microfluidic preparation of organic nanoparticles for cancer therapy: a review.","authors":"Muqarrab Ahmed, Nadia Anwar, Tingting Yu","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04077a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04077a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organic nanoparticles can play an integral role in the biomedical field by optimizing the medication process in cancer treatment. They can ensure the non-toxic and target-specific delivery of a cancer-based antigen. Compared to conventional strategies, the microfluidic approach can ensure reproducible organic nanoparticles. The microfluidic approach can ensure the utmost controllability over reaction parameters and mixing performance. In this way, scientists can secure organic nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and mono-dispersion. The microfluidic approach offers the chance for health scientists to secure industrial-scale productivity of organic nanoparticles. This review summarizes recent advancements in microfluidics for the synthesis of organic nanoparticles with relevant specifications. We emphasize the key fundamentals and the advantages of next-generation microfluidics over conventional strategies for the preparation of organic nanoparticles. Some positive and negative prospects that can affect the structural morphology and delivery of organic nanoparticles are highlighted. The developments in cancer-based therapies and administration routes <i>via</i> organic nanoparticles are also discussed briefly.</p>","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146083568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stable, red-emissive formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) nanorods have been synthesized by modification of conditions for the synthesis of FAPbI 3 nanocubes. The bimodal PL decays with components of 9 ns and 30 ns are ascribed to trap-assisted radiative recombination. Transient absorption spectroscopy at different pump wavelengths and fluences indicates the involvement of phonon bottleneck effect in hot carrier relaxation. Global analysis of transient absorption data yields four components. The two fastest ones (0.5-3.7 ps) are ascribed to two different hot carrier cooling pathways. The tens of picosecond component is attributed to ground state bleach associated with band-edge transition. The longest component (>1 ns, negative signal corresponding to stimulated emission, Stokes shifted with respect to the band gap) is attributed to radiative recombination involving mid-gap trap states. Hence, a detailed understanding of the interplay of hot carrier cooling and trapping in the exciton dynamics, leading to the population of radiative trap states, is obtained.
{"title":"Interplay of Hot Carrier Relaxation and Trapping in Red Emissive Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanorods","authors":"Ankit Kumar, P. Kumar Singha, Aakash Gupta, Tapas Pal, Sounak Bhattacharya, Anindya Datta","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04239a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04239a","url":null,"abstract":"Stable, red-emissive formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) nanorods have been synthesized by modification of conditions for the synthesis of FAPbI 3 nanocubes. The bimodal PL decays with components of 9 ns and 30 ns are ascribed to trap-assisted radiative recombination. Transient absorption spectroscopy at different pump wavelengths and fluences indicates the involvement of phonon bottleneck effect in hot carrier relaxation. Global analysis of transient absorption data yields four components. The two fastest ones (0.5-3.7 ps) are ascribed to two different hot carrier cooling pathways. The tens of picosecond component is attributed to ground state bleach associated with band-edge transition. The longest component (>1 ns, negative signal corresponding to stimulated emission, Stokes shifted with respect to the band gap) is attributed to radiative recombination involving mid-gap trap states. Hence, a detailed understanding of the interplay of hot carrier cooling and trapping in the exciton dynamics, leading to the population of radiative trap states, is obtained.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing concern over electromagnetic pollution necessitates the developing of high-performance microwave absorption materials. Perovskites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique crystal structure and tunable electromagnetic properties. This comprehensive review systematically elucidates the crystallographic characteristics, functional properties, and structural classifications of perovskite materials, and summarizes recent advances in perovskite-based microwave absorbers over the past decade. Critical analysis are including synthesis methodologies, performance optimization strategies with a focus on defect engineering, hetero-structure design, and multi-component hybridization, and microwave absorption enhancement. Current challenges are critically assessed, including limited high-frequency absorption (8-18 GHz) and scalability issues associated with complex perovskite structures. Finally, perspectives are discussed for the design of next-generation perovskite-derived microwave absorption materials.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Perovskite-Derived Microwave Absorption Materials","authors":"Yu-Kai Luo, Ming Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04884b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04884b","url":null,"abstract":"The growing concern over electromagnetic pollution necessitates the developing of high-performance microwave absorption materials. Perovskites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique crystal structure and tunable electromagnetic properties. This comprehensive review systematically elucidates the crystallographic characteristics, functional properties, and structural classifications of perovskite materials, and summarizes recent advances in perovskite-based microwave absorbers over the past decade. Critical analysis are including synthesis methodologies, performance optimization strategies with a focus on defect engineering, hetero-structure design, and multi-component hybridization, and microwave absorption enhancement. Current challenges are critically assessed, including limited high-frequency absorption (8-18 GHz) and scalability issues associated with complex perovskite structures. Finally, perspectives are discussed for the design of next-generation perovskite-derived microwave absorption materials.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pingping Wu, Lin Li, Qilin Guo, Sijing Zhang, Yuanzhen Zhou
Flexible nanostructured sensors that combine electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and multimodal recognition capability are crucial for next-generation wearable electronics and intelligent human-machine interfaces. This study reports a dual-mode flexible sensor based on a bilayer PEDOT(MXene)-PVDF(HFP) composite membrane (denoted as PMPH), rationally designed via electrochemical polymerization and solvent-driven interface regulation. Through dual-dopant optimization and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced structural rearrangement, the PEDOT chains exhibit a transition from benzenoid to quinoid configurations, while MXene nanosheets provide a highly conductive and mechanically resilient framework. The resulting PMPH membrane displays superior conductivity, large stretchability (up to 1200%), and stable pressure and strain responses. The dual-mode flexible sensor not only distinguishes stretching and pressing behaviors but also achieves an intelligent classification accuracy of 92.13% through a machine-learning-assisted data recognition model.This study demonstrates a simple yet efficient strategy to couple conductive polymer-MXene hybrids with flexible fluoropolymers, bridging materials design and intelligent sensing toward advanced wearable devices.
{"title":"Nano-engineered PEDOT(MXene)/PVDF(HFP) bilayer membranes for dual-mode flexible sensing and machine learning-guided signal recognition","authors":"Pingping Wu, Lin Li, Qilin Guo, Sijing Zhang, Yuanzhen Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d5nr04473a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr04473a","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible nanostructured sensors that combine electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and multimodal recognition capability are crucial for next-generation wearable electronics and intelligent human-machine interfaces. This study reports a dual-mode flexible sensor based on a bilayer PEDOT(MXene)-PVDF(HFP) composite membrane (denoted as PMPH), rationally designed via electrochemical polymerization and solvent-driven interface regulation. Through dual-dopant optimization and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced structural rearrangement, the PEDOT chains exhibit a transition from benzenoid to quinoid configurations, while MXene nanosheets provide a highly conductive and mechanically resilient framework. The resulting PMPH membrane displays superior conductivity, large stretchability (up to 1200%), and stable pressure and strain responses. The dual-mode flexible sensor not only distinguishes stretching and pressing behaviors but also achieves an intelligent classification accuracy of 92.13% through a machine-learning-assisted data recognition model.This study demonstrates a simple yet efficient strategy to couple conductive polymer-MXene hybrids with flexible fluoropolymers, bridging materials design and intelligent sensing toward advanced wearable devices.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaofang Ma, Yuhao Cai, Yang Gao, Hairong Zhao, Xiaxia Liu, Yuanyuan Tian, He Xiao
The design and fabrication of highly active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts that can outperform Pt/C are extremely desirable but remain challenging. Herein, the fabrication of S-doped hollow mesoporous carbon anchored Ru nanoclusters (Ru NCs/S-HMCs) is reported as a novel and highly active HER electrocatalyst through modified Stöber process and subsequent hydrothermal treatment, in which Ru NCs (1.64 nm in size) are uniformly anchored into S-HMCs channels. Benefiting from the unique electronic structure induced by S doping and the spatial confinement effect of the mesoporous carbon, the Ru NCs/S-HMCs catalyst exhibits excellent pH-universal HER activity, requiring only 3.5, 61.0, and 63.5 mV of overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline, neutral, and acidic electrolytes, respectively. In 1 M KOH, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.5 M PBS solutions, Ru NCs/S0.5-HMCs exhibits high mass activities of 21542, 2998 and 7088 mA mgRu−1 at an overpotential of -50 mV, respectively. The excellent activity stems from: (1) the pore confinement effect, which promotes the formation of ultrasmall Ru NCs (1.64 nm) and suppresses metal leaching; (2) S doping, which modulates the electronic structure of Ru and reduces the water dissociation barrier; and (3) the hollow mesoporous architecture, which accelerates mass and electron transport. This work provides insights for designing high-efficiency pH-universal electrocatalysts.
设计和制造性能优于Pt/C的高活性析氢反应（HER）电催化剂是非常理想的，但仍然具有挑战性。本文报道了一种新型的高活性HER电催化剂，通过改进Stöber工艺和随后的水热处理，制备了s掺杂中空介孔碳锚定的Ru纳米团簇（Ru nc /S-HMCs），其中Ru nc（尺寸为1.64 nm）均匀锚定在S-HMCs通道中。得益于S掺杂诱导的独特电子结构和介孔碳的空间约束效应，Ru NCs/S- hmcs催化剂表现出优异的ph -通用HER活性，在碱性、中性和酸性电解质中，只需要3.5、61.0和63.5 mV的过电位就能分别达到10 mA cm-2的电流密度。在1 M KOH、0.5 M H2SO4和0.5 M PBS溶液中，Ru nc / s0.5 - hmc在过电位为-50 mV时的质量活性分别为21542、2998和7088 mA mgRu−1。优异的活性源于：(1)孔隙约束效应，促进了超小Ru NCs （1.64 nm）的形成，抑制了金属的浸出；(2) S掺杂，调节Ru的电子结构，降低水解离势垒；(3)中空介孔结构，加速了质量和电子的传递。这项工作为设计高效的ph -通用电催化剂提供了新的思路。
{"title":"Unraveling How Crystal Phase and Dispersion of Mesoporous Carbon-Confined Ru Nanoclusters Govern Full-pH Hydrogen Evolution Performance","authors":"Xiaofang Ma, Yuhao Cai, Yang Gao, Hairong Zhao, Xiaxia Liu, Yuanyuan Tian, He Xiao","doi":"10.1039/d5nr05020k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr05020k","url":null,"abstract":"The design and fabrication of highly active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts that can outperform Pt/C are extremely desirable but remain challenging. Herein, the fabrication of S-doped hollow mesoporous carbon anchored Ru nanoclusters (Ru NCs/S-HMCs) is reported as a novel and highly active HER electrocatalyst through modified Stöber process and subsequent hydrothermal treatment, in which Ru NCs (1.64 nm in size) are uniformly anchored into S-HMCs channels. Benefiting from the unique electronic structure induced by S doping and the spatial confinement effect of the mesoporous carbon, the Ru NCs/S-HMCs catalyst exhibits excellent pH-universal HER activity, requiring only 3.5, 61.0, and 63.5 mV of overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline, neutral, and acidic electrolytes, respectively. In 1 M KOH, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.5 M PBS solutions, Ru NCs/S0.5-HMCs exhibits high mass activities of 21542, 2998 and 7088 mA mgRu−1 at an overpotential of -50 mV, respectively. The excellent activity stems from: (1) the pore confinement effect, which promotes the formation of ultrasmall Ru NCs (1.64 nm) and suppresses metal leaching; (2) S doping, which modulates the electronic structure of Ru and reduces the water dissociation barrier; and (3) the hollow mesoporous architecture, which accelerates mass and electron transport. This work provides insights for designing high-efficiency pH-universal electrocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"297 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shih-Hsiang Yang,Maria Isabel Alonso,Horng-Chih Lin,Pei-Wen Li
We reported experimental observation of Mie scattering effects of Si embedded Ge quantum dot (QD) arrays. The interaction of Ge QDs with Si nanolayers is characterized by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of longitudinal optical (LO) Si phonons by the strong electromagnetic fields of Ge QDs. The Mie effect is further evidenced from µ-disk arrays of Si-embedded Ge QDs, in which enhanced optical emission and heightened SERS of optical Ge and LO-Si phonons occur at the disk's edge. Notably, the LO-Si intensity appears to be an effective signature of near-field optical coupling and radiative transfer between neighboring disks.
{"title":"Probing Mie scattering effects of Si-embedded Ge spherical QD arrays using Raman analysis.","authors":"Shih-Hsiang Yang,Maria Isabel Alonso,Horng-Chih Lin,Pei-Wen Li","doi":"10.1039/d5nr05206h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr05206h","url":null,"abstract":"We reported experimental observation of Mie scattering effects of Si embedded Ge quantum dot (QD) arrays. The interaction of Ge QDs with Si nanolayers is characterized by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of longitudinal optical (LO) Si phonons by the strong electromagnetic fields of Ge QDs. The Mie effect is further evidenced from µ-disk arrays of Si-embedded Ge QDs, in which enhanced optical emission and heightened SERS of optical Ge and LO-Si phonons occur at the disk's edge. Notably, the LO-Si intensity appears to be an effective signature of near-field optical coupling and radiative transfer between neighboring disks.","PeriodicalId":92,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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