In this study, biogenic-palladium nanoparticles (bio-Pd NPs) with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalyts was examined during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removal of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Doxycycline (DOX) micropollutants from pharmaceutical industry wastewater plant, İzmir, Turkey. Different pH values (3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0), increasing micropollutants (OFX and DOX) concentrations (5 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 45 mg/l), increasing Bio-Pd NPs concentrations (5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 20 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 40 mg/l and 60 mg/l), different Bio-Pd NPs/cell dry weight (CDW) mass ratios (5/5, 6/4, 7/3, 8/2, 9/1, 1/9, 2/8, 3/7 and 4/6), increasing recycle times (1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. and 7.) was operated during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removals of OFX and DOX micropollutants in pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The characteristics of the synthesized NPs were assessed using Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra (DRS), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, respectively. The catalytic activity was first assessed by the degradation of methyl orange. The Bio-NPs showing the highest catalytic activity were selected for the removal of micropollutants (OFX and DOX) from secondary treated municipal wastewater. The catalytic degradation mechanisms of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalysts and the reaction kinetics of OFX and DOX micropollutants were evaluated in pharmaceutical industry wastewater during catalytic degradation process. ANOVA statistical analysis was used for all experimental samples. The maximum 99% OFX removal efficiency was obtained catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l OFX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=6.0, at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99% DOX removal efficiency was observed catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l DOX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=9.0, at 25oC, respectively. Finally, the combination of a simple, easy operation preparation process, excellent performance and cost effective, makes this Bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts a promising option durin
{"title":"Bio-Electrochemical Cell Assisted Production of Biogenic Palladium Nanoparticles with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Bacteria for the Catalytic Removal of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Doxycycline (DOX) Micropollutants in Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewaters","authors":"Delia Teresa Sponza","doi":"10.31579/2690-4861/300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/300","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, biogenic-palladium nanoparticles (bio-Pd NPs) with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalyts was examined during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removal of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Doxycycline (DOX) micropollutants from pharmaceutical industry wastewater plant, İzmir, Turkey. Different pH values (3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0), increasing micropollutants (OFX and DOX) concentrations (5 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 45 mg/l), increasing Bio-Pd NPs concentrations (5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 20 mg/l, 30 mg/l, 40 mg/l and 60 mg/l), different Bio-Pd NPs/cell dry weight (CDW) mass ratios (5/5, 6/4, 7/3, 8/2, 9/1, 1/9, 2/8, 3/7 and 4/6), increasing recycle times (1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. and 7.) was operated during catalytic degradation process in the efficient removals of OFX and DOX micropollutants in pharmaceutical industry wastewater. The characteristics of the synthesized NPs were assessed using Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra (DRS), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, respectively. The catalytic activity was first assessed by the degradation of methyl orange. The Bio-NPs showing the highest catalytic activity were selected for the removal of micropollutants (OFX and DOX) from secondary treated municipal wastewater. The catalytic degradation mechanisms of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria as a heterostructure bio-electrochemical cell catalysts and the reaction kinetics of OFX and DOX micropollutants were evaluated in pharmaceutical industry wastewater during catalytic degradation process. ANOVA statistical analysis was used for all experimental samples. The maximum 99% OFX removal efficiency was obtained catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l OFX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=6.0, at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99% DOX removal efficiency was observed catalytic removals with bio-electrochemical cell assisted production of bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts in pharmaceutical industry wastewater, at 30 mg/l DOX concentration, 40 mg/l Bio-Pd NPs concentration, Bio-Pd NPs/CDW mass ratio=6/4, after 24 h catalytic degradation time, at pH=9.0, at 25oC, respectively. Finally, the combination of a simple, easy operation preparation process, excellent performance and cost effective, makes this Bio-Pd NPs with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 bacteria bio-electrochemical cell catalyts a promising option durin","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136085110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 45-year-old female patient living abroad has severe abdominal and flank pain that persists for more than 5 years and recurs several times a month. She never had a fever when the pain developed. For more than 5 years, no pathology was detected in the patient's blood and urine tests, abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography. Analgesics and antispasmodics used for the patient's pain are not effective at all, and the patient is relieved with narcotic analgesics in every painful attack. Finally, the patient who came to our hospital with severe abdominal and flank pain was first relieved with narcotic analgesics due to her detailed history, then blood, urine tests and abdominal ultrasound were performed, but no pathology was detected. Considering the possibility of atypical FMF, colchicine treatment was considered for the patient. With the patient's approval, oral 0.6 mg of colchicine was started 3 times a day and the patient were followed up. At the controls 1 week, 1 month and 3 months later, it was observed that the patient did not have any painful attacks, and no colchicine-related side effects were observed. FMF not only progresses with painful attacks, but also amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, which is a fatal complication, can affect the kidneys and cause kidney failure. Therefore, colchicine treatment should be tried before narcotic analgesics in all patients with abdominal and flank pain who have normal examination findings, laboratory tests and radiological imaging findings, and even negative FMF gene analysis.
{"title":"Treatment with Colchicine in an Undiagnosed 45-year-old Female Patient with Diffuse Abdominal and Flank Pain for more than 5 years","authors":"Ali Osman AVCI","doi":"10.31579/2690-4861/308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/308","url":null,"abstract":"A 45-year-old female patient living abroad has severe abdominal and flank pain that persists for more than 5 years and recurs several times a month. She never had a fever when the pain developed. For more than 5 years, no pathology was detected in the patient's blood and urine tests, abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography. Analgesics and antispasmodics used for the patient's pain are not effective at all, and the patient is relieved with narcotic analgesics in every painful attack. Finally, the patient who came to our hospital with severe abdominal and flank pain was first relieved with narcotic analgesics due to her detailed history, then blood, urine tests and abdominal ultrasound were performed, but no pathology was detected. Considering the possibility of atypical FMF, colchicine treatment was considered for the patient. With the patient's approval, oral 0.6 mg of colchicine was started 3 times a day and the patient were followed up. At the controls 1 week, 1 month and 3 months later, it was observed that the patient did not have any painful attacks, and no colchicine-related side effects were observed. FMF not only progresses with painful attacks, but also amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis, which is a fatal complication, can affect the kidneys and cause kidney failure. Therefore, colchicine treatment should be tried before narcotic analgesics in all patients with abdominal and flank pain who have normal examination findings, laboratory tests and radiological imaging findings, and even negative FMF gene analysis.","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136085109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The lung function outcome among COVID-19 survivors in Hong Kong remained unknown. Methods: Patients above the age of 18 years old with the principal diagnosis of COVID-19 who were discharged from a tertiary center in Hong Kong between the period of 1st February 2020 to 31st July 2020 were offered three lung function tests at approximately one, three and six months upon discharge for monitoring of their outcome. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and health related quality of life assessment by Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form General Health Survey (SF-36) were arranged on the same day of lung function test. Results: Thirty patients had lung function test performed within 60 days after discharge. Nineteen and twelve patients had lung function test performed at 60-180 days and 180 days after discharge respectively. After corrected for underlying lung diseases, 32% patients have reduced hemoglobin adjusted DLCO and PImax, while 88% patients have reduced PEmax. For patients with serial lung function performed, adjusted DLCO and PImax improved with time. The exercise capacity of COVID-19 survivors was significantly lower than normal subjects in most age groups. COVID-19 survivors have lower quality of life in the context of physical functioning, social functioning and role limitation due to physical problems, compared with normal subjects. Conclusion: COVID-19 leads to lung function abnormalities including reduced diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure in more than 40% of patients, which improved with time. Exercise capacity and health status of COVID-19 survivors are lower than normal subjects.
{"title":"The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Lung Function, Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life in a Cohort of Survivors","authors":"Chin Tong Kwok","doi":"10.31579/2690-4861/306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/306","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The lung function outcome among COVID-19 survivors in Hong Kong remained unknown. Methods: Patients above the age of 18 years old with the principal diagnosis of COVID-19 who were discharged from a tertiary center in Hong Kong between the period of 1st February 2020 to 31st July 2020 were offered three lung function tests at approximately one, three and six months upon discharge for monitoring of their outcome. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) and health related quality of life assessment by Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form General Health Survey (SF-36) were arranged on the same day of lung function test. Results: Thirty patients had lung function test performed within 60 days after discharge. Nineteen and twelve patients had lung function test performed at 60-180 days and 180 days after discharge respectively. After corrected for underlying lung diseases, 32% patients have reduced hemoglobin adjusted DLCO and PImax, while 88% patients have reduced PEmax. For patients with serial lung function performed, adjusted DLCO and PImax improved with time. The exercise capacity of COVID-19 survivors was significantly lower than normal subjects in most age groups. COVID-19 survivors have lower quality of life in the context of physical functioning, social functioning and role limitation due to physical problems, compared with normal subjects. Conclusion: COVID-19 leads to lung function abnormalities including reduced diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure in more than 40% of patients, which improved with time. Exercise capacity and health status of COVID-19 survivors are lower than normal subjects.","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136085108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aria Kenarsary, Erik Sanson, Adam Stepanovic, R. Mattison, Xiaoyang Yang, J. Connor, W. N. Rose
{"title":"Red Blood Cell Exchange for a Patient with Dapsone-Induced Methemoglobinemia, Severe Methylene Blue Allergy, and Refractoriness to Intravenous Vitamin C Therapy","authors":"Aria Kenarsary, Erik Sanson, Adam Stepanovic, R. Mattison, Xiaoyang Yang, J. Connor, W. N. Rose","doi":"10.46527/2582-5038.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79772498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rex Friday Ogoronte Alderton Ijah, Christiana N. Ijah
{"title":"Review Article on Breast Cancer Awareness in Nigeria","authors":"Rex Friday Ogoronte Alderton Ijah, Christiana N. Ijah","doi":"10.46527/2582-5038.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.252","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88171126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karthikayan Vr, Neikhro Zhiemi, Aravindakshan Tk, S. Raninga
{"title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Povidone Iodine Mimicking Surgical Site Infection - A Diagnostic Dilemma","authors":"Karthikayan Vr, Neikhro Zhiemi, Aravindakshan Tk, S. Raninga","doi":"10.46527/2582-5038.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74438922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oleksandr M. Bondar, Olena O. Kovalska, Yalisa H. Paneque
Citation: Bondar OM, Kovalska OO, Paneque YH. Case of the Successful using the Gastro-Jejunal with Jejuno-Jejunal Anastomoses (and Gastropexy) for Treatment of the Cascade Stomach. Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2023;6(2):248
引用本文:Bondar OM, Kovalska OO, Paneque YH。胃-空肠吻合术(加胃固定术)治疗级联胃成功一例。临床病例报告开放获取。2023;6(2):248
{"title":"Case of the Successful using the Gastro-Jejunal with Jejuno-Jejunal Anastomoses (and Gastropexy) for Treatment of the Cascade Stomach","authors":"Oleksandr M. Bondar, Olena O. Kovalska, Yalisa H. Paneque","doi":"10.46527/2582-5038.248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.248","url":null,"abstract":"Citation: Bondar OM, Kovalska OO, Paneque YH. Case of the Successful using the Gastro-Jejunal with Jejuno-Jejunal Anastomoses (and Gastropexy) for Treatment of the Cascade Stomach. Clin Case Rep Open Access. 2023;6(2):248","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89213858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Echchikhi M, Ayouch O, Ben El Hosni K, N. I, Moatassim Billah N
{"title":"Coarctation of the Aorta with Patent Ductus Arteriosus in an Adult, a CT Angiographic Overview","authors":"Echchikhi M, Ayouch O, Ben El Hosni K, N. I, Moatassim Billah N","doi":"10.46527/2582-5038.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-5038.251","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88047969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normally we find cases of disseminated cutaneous herpes-simplex in immunocompromised individuals. With the advent of monkeypox, many reports have been falsely purporting cases of this disease when the lesions were either herpes simplex or an unspecified skin infection. In this case report we document the finding of a healthy 31-year-old female with herpetic lesions on her arms, legs, and vulvar area.
{"title":"Interesting Case of Disseminated Herpes Infection in A Healthy Female Patient Resembling Monkeypox","authors":"Ashley Thakur","doi":"10.31579/2690-4861/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/302","url":null,"abstract":"Normally we find cases of disseminated cutaneous herpes-simplex in immunocompromised individuals. With the advent of monkeypox, many reports have been falsely purporting cases of this disease when the lesions were either herpes simplex or an unspecified skin infection. In this case report we document the finding of a healthy 31-year-old female with herpetic lesions on her arms, legs, and vulvar area.","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over two years, the Coronavirus pandemic radically changed the worldwide people's lifestyles and widely affected the socioeconomic environment. However, the development of new vaccines against covid-19 seems to be the first and only hope to mitigate this pandemic and go back to normal life. Several mass vaccination campaigns have been planned to vaccinate as many people as possible. Nonetheless, a wide range of people did not take their vaccines for hesitancy reason of the inequality of disturbance of vaccines. Hence, focusing on the macroeconomic factors, this study outlines the primary causes of the gap in vaccination rates between countries, specifically between developed and developing countries. The results provide interested insights: GDP has a positive and significant effect on the vaccination rate. However, the rural population rate negatively affects the vaccination rate. It is noteworthy that a more equitable disturbance of vaccines is required. Moreover, mass media campaign should be omnipresent to encourage people, particularly in rural zones, to obtain the vaccine.
{"title":"What are the Causes of Variation in Vaccination Rates Between Countries? Empirical Evidence from a Set of Developed and Developing Countries","authors":"Imen Ghannouchi","doi":"10.31579/2690-4861/270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/270","url":null,"abstract":"Over two years, the Coronavirus pandemic radically changed the worldwide people's lifestyles and widely affected the socioeconomic environment. However, the development of new vaccines against covid-19 seems to be the first and only hope to mitigate this pandemic and go back to normal life. Several mass vaccination campaigns have been planned to vaccinate as many people as possible. Nonetheless, a wide range of people did not take their vaccines for hesitancy reason of the inequality of disturbance of vaccines. Hence, focusing on the macroeconomic factors, this study outlines the primary causes of the gap in vaccination rates between countries, specifically between developed and developing countries. The results provide interested insights: GDP has a positive and significant effect on the vaccination rate. However, the rural population rate negatively affects the vaccination rate. It is noteworthy that a more equitable disturbance of vaccines is required. Moreover, mass media campaign should be omnipresent to encourage people, particularly in rural zones, to obtain the vaccine.","PeriodicalId":93010,"journal":{"name":"International journal of clinical case reports and reviews : open access","volume":"357 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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