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Control Scheme for the Lagging Power Factor Operation of a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Using an Unfolding Circuit 使用展开电路的单相并网逆变器功率因数滞后运行控制方案
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3351147
Yasuhiko Miguchi;Hidemine Obara;Atsuo Kawamura
A single-phase grid-connected inverter with an unfolding circuit typically consists of a first-stage dc/dc converter, which generates fully rectified sinusoidal waveforms, and a second-stage unfolding inverter, which switches every 180° of the line frequency waveform. This converter exhibits low switching loss and high efficiency, and the operating principle of the unfolding inverter typically includes synchronous voltage and current. However, limited studies have focused on the operation of inverters with power factor (PF) less than unity. Such operations often result in large overshoots and oscillations in the output voltages. To address this problem, we proposed a novel control scheme that enables leading PF operation without additional circuitry and overcomes the aforementioned limitations in the previous literature. Thus, this paper describes a novel control scheme that enables lagging PF operation. Notably, for a lagging PF, a phenomenon in which the dc voltage inevitably increases immediately after unfolding is known to occur, and herein, this phenomenon is used in reverse to rapidly decrease the dc current. Consequently, we develop a method to land the circuit variables at normal mode steady-state value by using reverse-polarity pulse width modulation (PWM)/forward-polarity PWM combination of the unfolding inverter and a virtual PWM inverter in the proposed controller. The control method is validated using simulations and experiments, and it is found to facilitate the four-quadrant operation of the unfolding inverter.
带有展开电路的单相并网逆变器通常由第一级直流/直流转换器和第二级展开逆变器组成,第一级直流/直流转换器产生完全整流的正弦波形,第二级展开逆变器每180°切换一次线路频率波形。这种转换器具有低开关损耗和高效率的特点,展开式逆变器的工作原理通常包括同步电压和同步电流。然而,对功率因数(PF)小于统一的逆变器运行的研究有限。这种操作通常会导致输出电压出现较大的过冲和振荡。为解决这一问题,我们提出了一种新型控制方案,无需额外电路即可实现功率因数领先的运行,并克服了以往文献中的上述局限性。因此,本文介绍了一种可实现滞后 PF 运行的新型控制方案。值得注意的是,对于滞后 PF,已知会出现直流电压在展开后不可避免地立即升高的现象,而本文则反向利用这一现象来快速降低直流电流。因此,我们开发了一种方法,通过在拟议控制器中使用展开逆变器和虚拟 PWM 逆变器的反向极性脉宽调制(PWM)/正向极性 PWM 组合,将电路变量降落在正常模式稳态值上。该控制方法通过仿真和实验进行了验证,发现它有利于展开式逆变器的四象限运行。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics Information for Authors IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics(《电气和电子工程师学会电力电子学开放期刊》)作者须知
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3337510
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Power Electronics Society Information IEEE 电力电子学会信息
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3337508
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引用次数: 0
A Neutral Point Balancing and Voltage Error Compensation Approach for Fault-Tolerant 3-Level Inverters 用于容错三电平逆变器的中性点平衡和电压误差补偿方法
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3347036
Johannes Häring;Maximilian Hepp;Wolfgang Wondrak;Mark-M. Bakran
Neutral point clamped inverters, such as NPC, ANPC, or T-Type inverters, have emerged as competitive solutions for specific automotive traction applications due to the increase in DC-link voltage levels up to $800 ,mathrm{V}$. Besides improved harmonic performance, certain 3-level inverter structures can provide a reconfigured failure mode operation in case of a semiconductor failure by applying a permanent neutral point connection in the faulty phase leg. This feature is a vital factor in the design of traction inverters, particularly in the context of fault-tolerant autonomous vehicles. During failure mode operation, none of the neutral point balancing techniques found in current literature are practical. Addressing this issue is crucial since the neutral point stress is high in this mode of operation. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of stationary and dynamic neutral point voltage deviations on the motor flux in electric machines and offers a compensatory strategy for these errors. Furthermore, a new neutral point control method is presented that balances stationary neutral point voltage deviations by using a phase angle dependent voltage shift in the $alpha / beta$-plane. All proposed strategies are first discussed theoretically and then verified by simulation and measurements on an $800 ,mathrm{V}$ IPMSM machine test bench.
中性点箝位逆变器(如 NPC、ANPC 或 T 型逆变器)已成为特定汽车牵引应用中具有竞争力的解决方案,这是因为直流链路电压水平已提高到 800 mathrm{V}$。除了提高谐波性能外,某些三电平逆变器结构还能通过在故障相脚中应用永久中性点连接,在发生半导体故障时提供重新配置的故障模式操作。这一特性是牵引逆变器设计中的一个重要因素,尤其是在自动驾驶汽车容错的背景下。在故障模式运行期间,现有文献中的中性点平衡技术都不实用。解决这一问题至关重要,因为在这种运行模式下,中性点应力很大。因此,本文研究了静态和动态中性点电压偏差对电机磁通的影响,并针对这些误差提出了一种补偿策略。此外,本文还提出了一种新的中性点控制方法,该方法通过在 $alpha / beta$ 平面上使用与相位角相关的电压偏移来平衡静态中性点电压偏差。首先从理论上讨论了所有建议的策略,然后在价值 800 美元的 IPMSM 机器测试台上通过模拟和测量进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
Switching Loss Reduction for an MMC-Fed AC/DC Converter 降低 MMC 供电交直流转换器的开关损耗
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3343330
Kaveh Pouresmaeil;Maurice G.L. Roes;Nico H. Baars;Cornelis G.E. Wijnands
Medium-voltage connected ultra-fast chargers are getting more popular for charging electric vehicles with large battery capacities. Here, the solution based on a modular multilevel converter is more promising, since the isolation stage can be realized as a single medium-frequency transformer interconnecting the modular multilevel converter to a single-phase ac/dc converter. A new operating scheme is proposed for this converter, enabling zero-voltage switching and nearly zero-current switching across the entire load range. In contrast to the conventional phase-shift control method, the proposed scheme effectively reduces the reactive power through the ac/dc converter, leading to decreased turn-off switching losses in the ac/dc converter and a lower RMS current stress in the power path. A control scheme, integrating the operating principle, is developed for the modular multilevel converter. The method is verified through simulation and measurements on a scaled-down prototype. The results validate the theoretical analysis and practical feasibility of the proposed operating principle and the developed control scheme.
中压连接超快速充电器在为大容量电池电动汽车充电方面越来越受欢迎。在这里,基于模块化多电平转换器的解决方案更有前途,因为隔离级可以通过将模块化多电平转换器与单相交流/直流转换器互连的单个中频变压器来实现。我们为这种转换器提出了一种新的运行方案,可在整个负载范围内实现零电压开关和近乎零电流开关。与传统的移相控制方法相比,所提出的方案能有效降低通过交流/直流转换器的无功功率,从而减少交流/直流转换器的关断开关损耗,降低功率路径中的有效值电流应力。为模块化多电平转换器开发了一种控制方案,其中集成了工作原理。该方法通过对缩小原型的模拟和测量进行了验证。结果验证了所提出的工作原理和所开发的控制方案的理论分析和实际可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Novel Figures of Merit for Evaluating the Performance of the Super-Cascode Switch 用于评估超级级联开关性能的新优越性指标
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3341724
Sergio Jimenez;Andrew Lemmon;Arthur Boutry
The super-cascode switch (SCS) has gained significant attention in the last decade due to its ability to achieve medium-voltage ratings using low-voltage semiconductors. However, there exists a notable absence of quantitative metrics to effectively evaluate the performance of the SCS. This gap exists because the behavior of the SCS is different from that of a traditional semiconductor switch, and traditional semiconductor performance metrics are not adequate for its evaluation. The present manuscript addresses this gap by introducing new figures of merit that are designed to evaluate the unique characteristics of the SCS. The practical value of these metrics is also demonstrated through a set of experimental studies. By applying these new figures of merit to one of the best-performing SCS configurations described previously in the literature, several opportunities for improvement are revealed. The SCS prototype described in this paper is evaluated experimentally at bus voltage levels up to 3.5 kV and current levels up to 200 A, demonstrating substantial performance improvements relative to the baseline configuration from the literature. These improvements are the result of iterative refinements to the balancing network, which are selected through a process that is informed by the application of the proposed figures of merit.
超级级联开关(SCS)能够使用低压半导体达到中等电压等级,因此在过去十年中备受关注。然而,目前明显缺乏有效评估 SCS 性能的量化指标。之所以存在这一空白,是因为 SCS 的行为不同于传统的半导体开关,传统的半导体性能指标不足以对其进行评估。本手稿通过引入旨在评估 SCS 独特特性的新性能指标来弥补这一不足。这些指标的实用价值也通过一系列实验研究得到了证明。通过将这些新的优越性指标应用于以前文献中描述的性能最佳的 SCS 配置之一,揭示了若干改进的机会。本文描述的 SCS 原型在母线电压高达 3.5 kV 和电流高达 200 A 的情况下进行了实验评估,结果表明其性能相对于文献中的基准配置有了大幅提升。这些改进是对平衡网络进行反复改进的结果,而这些改进是通过应用所提出的性能指标来选择的。
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引用次数: 0
Survey of Real-World Grid Incidents–Opportunities, Arising Challenges and Lessons Learned for the Future Converter Dominated Power System 真实世界电网事故调查--未来变流器主导电力系统的机遇、挑战和经验教训
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3343167
Jan Wachter;Lutz Gröll;Veit Hagenmeyer
To reach the climate goals set by national and international institutions, a vast transition of the legacy power system is unavoidable. The necessary integration of distributed, renewable generation devices, which are often interfaced with power electronic converters, has a non-negligible influence on the characteristics of the power grid. This is particularly visible during abnormal grid conditions such as faults. For rotating machines, the fast-timescale reaction to these events is mainly determined by physical properties. However, power electronic devices lack this strong coupling and their behavior is generated by the control and automation system, making them a major field of interest during this transition. The present paper provides a survey of real-world incidents, as for example blackouts or oscillatory incidents, that are discussed with respect to the implications for future converter dominated power grids. For typical cascading outages it is shown, where the increasing penetration of distributed, renewable generation and smart grid technologies can be leveraged to increase the system resilience, e.g. by providing grid services through adequate control design or by enabling microgrid concepts. Further, real-world examples of newly emerging challenges driven by power electronic devices are presented. The mechanisms of control system interactions with the neighboring grid and its inherent complex dependency on various factors is illustrated. Lastly, resulting structural developments such as the changed resonance properties of low voltage grids and the increase of harmonic emissions are exemplified.
为了实现国家和国际机构制定的气候目标,传统电力系统的巨大转型是不可避免的。分布式可再生能源发电设备通常与电力电子变流器相连,它们的必要整合对电网特性有着不可忽视的影响。这在故障等异常电网条件下尤为明显。对于旋转机械而言,对这些事件的快速反应主要由物理特性决定。然而,电力电子设备缺乏这种强耦合性,其行为是由控制和自动化系统产生的,因此成为这一过渡时期的主要关注领域。本文对现实世界中发生的事故进行了调查,例如停电或振荡事故,并讨论了这些事故对未来以变流器为主的电网的影响。对于典型的级联停电事故,本文展示了如何利用日益普及的分布式可再生能源发电和智能电网技术来提高系统的恢复能力,例如通过适当的控制设计提供电网服务或启用微电网概念。此外,还介绍了电力电子设备驱动的新出现挑战的实际案例。此外,还说明了控制系统与邻近电网的互动机制及其与生俱来的对各种因素的复杂依赖性。最后,举例说明了由此产生的结构发展,如低压电网共振特性的改变和谐波辐射的增加。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis and Optimization of the Loss Distribution for a Two Stage AC/DC Power Supply 交直流两级电源损耗分布分析与优化
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3341701
Lukas Fräger;Jens Friebe
This paper presents the analysis and optimization procedure of a two-stage bidirectional AC/DC power supply. The exemplary power supply consists of a silicon carbide based active front end and a dual active bridge DC/DC converter. It is designed to supply 600 V DC applications from universal low voltage AC grids with a power up to 6 kW. The paper includes the topology and design considerations, as well as an in-depth loss distribution analysis based on a validated loss model. The loss model is then utilized for an operation space optimization. A special focus is drawn to the loss model and the optimization: It is based on analytical equations optimized for a low calculation effort. This enables quick modeling of a large operation space. Those results can both be used to validate design considerations as well as to optimize operating parameters. The presented dynamic operating parameter optimization enables a loss reduction at full load by 14% and at half load by even 48%. By means of the optimization the operating area can be expanded, losses decreased, and thermal stress reduced.
本文介绍了一种两级双向 AC/DC 电源的分析和优化程序。示例电源由一个基于碳化硅的有源前端和一个双有源桥 DC/DC 转换器组成。它设计用于从通用低压交流电网向 600 V 直流应用供电,功率可达 6 kW。论文包括拓扑结构和设计考虑因素,以及基于已验证损耗模型的深入损耗分布分析。然后利用损耗模型对运行空间进行优化。本文特别强调了损耗模型和优化:该模型基于分析方程进行优化,计算量小。这样就能快速建立大型运行空间的模型。这些结果既可用于验证设计考虑因素,也可用于优化运行参数。所提出的动态运行参数优化可使满负荷时的损耗降低 14%,半负荷时的损耗甚至降低 48%。通过优化,可以扩大运行区域,降低损耗,减少热应力。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Interactions and Stabilization of Weak Grid-Tied Parallel VSCs and Parallel CSCs Systems Considering PVG Dynamic Resistance 考虑光伏发电机组动态电阻的弱并网并联 VSC 和并联 CSC 系统的动态相互作用与稳定
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3340268
Md. Mizanur Rahman;Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed
The parallel operation of power converters is essential to meet increased power demands. However, due to dynamic coupling, the instability in one converter can affect the stability of another. Therefore, this paper analyses the interaction and stability differences among the weak grid-tied photovoltaic (PV)-interfaced parallel voltage- and current-source converters (VSCs and CSCs) considering the PV generator (PVG) dynamics. Moreover, the impacts of the changing PVG operating points from the constant-voltage to a constant-current region (CVR to a CCR) and changing control parameters on converters' dynamic interaction are studied and compared in both cases. It is found that parallel VSCs dc-links suffer from low-frequency (<60>200 Hz) in parallel CSCs at the CCR with a short-circuit ratio (SCR) of 2.5. Moreover, the oscillation magnitude of injected power is higher in parallel VSCs compared to the parallel CSCs at SCR = 1.2. Therefore, a stabilization method is proposed for both systems to ensure reduced interactions and stable operation in the CVR, CCR, and maximum power regions at weak and very weak grid conditions. Finally, the proposed compensators' efficacy is validated via detailed nonlinear time-domain and real-time simulation results.
功率转换器的并联运行对于满足日益增长的功率需求至关重要。然而,由于动态耦合,一个变流器的不稳定性会影响另一个变流器的稳定性。因此,本文分析了考虑到光伏发电机(PVG)动态的弱并网光伏(PV)接口并联电压源和电流源转换器(VSC 和 CSC)之间的相互作用和稳定性差异。此外,还研究并比较了光伏发电机工作点从恒压区到恒流区(CVR 到 CCR)的变化以及控制参数的变化对两种情况下转换器动态交互的影响。研究发现,并联 VSC 直流链路在短路比(SCR)为 2.5 的 CCR 并联 CSC 中会出现低频(200 Hz)。此外,与 SCR = 1.2 时的并联 CSC 相比,并联 VSC 的注入功率振荡幅度更大。因此,针对这两种系统提出了一种稳定方法,以确保在弱电网和极弱电网条件下,在 CVR、CCR 和最大功率区域减少相互作用并稳定运行。最后,通过详细的非线性时域和实时仿真结果验证了所提出的补偿器的功效。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive Overview of Power Electronics Intensive Solutions for High-Voltage Pulse Generators 高压脉冲发生器的电力电子密集型解决方案综合概览
Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3340220
Yingjian Zhuge;Junrui Liang;Minfan Fu;Teng Long;Haoyu Wang
With the advancements in power semiconductors and converters, power electronics based high-voltage pulse generators (HVPG) have emerged due to their advantages of high repetition rate, flexible control, long lifetime, and compact size. However, there is a lack of comprehensive literature review on recent advances in power electronics intensive HVPG technologies. To fill this gap, we present a systematic review on HVPGs. First, HVPGs are classified into different types based on their mechanisms. Each type along with its basic circuits and modifications are introduced. Then, the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these topologies are summarized. Furthermore, the potential applications of HVPGs are explored. The performance of pulse generators mentioned in the literature and commercial products is listed. Finally, future trends and technical challenges in HVPG design and development are discussed. This paper provides a clear understanding of HVPGs and the inspiration of topologies developments to meet the specific requirements. Current state and potential future directions are discussed and summarized to facilitate evolvements in HVPG technology.
随着功率半导体和转换器的发展,基于电力电子技术的高压脉冲发生器(HVPG)因其重复频率高、控制灵活、使用寿命长、体积小等优点而兴起。然而,目前还缺乏有关电力电子密集型高压脉冲发生器技术最新进展的全面文献综述。为了填补这一空白,我们对 HVPG 进行了系统综述。首先,我们根据 HVPG 的机制将其分为不同类型。介绍了每种类型及其基本电路和修改。然后,总结了这些拓扑结构的特点、优点和缺点。此外,还探讨了高压脉冲发生器的潜在应用。列出了文献和商业产品中提到的脉冲发生器的性能。最后,讨论了高压气体发生器设计和开发的未来趋势和技术挑战。本文提供了对高压气体发生器的清晰认识,以及为满足特定要求而开发拓扑结构的灵感。本文讨论并总结了当前状态和潜在的未来方向,以促进 HVPG 技术的发展。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE open journal of power electronics
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