Pub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3609524
Im-Bo Kong;Wook-Sung Kim;Suyong Chae
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks, compared to other renewable sources, are promising candidates for grid-forming (GFM) capability due to their sufficient power reserves. However, operational constraints related to fuel supply conditions aimed at maintaining high stack efficiency can cause fuel starvation under rapid power variation. This issue introduces ramp rate limitations analogous to those observed in synchronous generators (SGs). To overcome this constraint, this paper proposes an advanced GFM control strategy for PEMFC power conversion systems, explicitly considering power ramp rate limitations to prevent fuel starvation. In the proposed algorithm, a two-stage converter fully replicates the actual behavior of the SG in a stage-wise manner, while an enhanced current-limiting scheme precisely saturates overcurrent and improves dynamic performance during fault transient. The DC/DC converter functions as a prime mover to regulate damping power from the stack, thus it effectively eliminates limited GFM problems. In addition, the DC/AC inverter emulates the electromechanical response of the SG to compensate for power imbalance caused by the stack’s power ramp rate; the DC-link capacitor effectively serves as an energy buffer to prevent fuel starvation. The practical feasibility of the proposed GFM algorithm for the PEMFC system is experimentally evaluated using hardware-in-the-loop testing.
{"title":"A Grid-Forming Control Method for PEMFC Power Conversion Systems With Power Ramp Rate Limitation to Prevent Fuel Starvation","authors":"Im-Bo Kong;Wook-Sung Kim;Suyong Chae","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3609524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3609524","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks, compared to other renewable sources, are promising candidates for grid-forming (GFM) capability due to their sufficient power reserves. However, operational constraints related to fuel supply conditions aimed at maintaining high stack efficiency can cause fuel starvation under rapid power variation. This issue introduces ramp rate limitations analogous to those observed in synchronous generators (SGs). To overcome this constraint, this paper proposes an advanced GFM control strategy for PEMFC power conversion systems, explicitly considering power ramp rate limitations to prevent fuel starvation. In the proposed algorithm, a two-stage converter fully replicates the actual behavior of the SG in a stage-wise manner, while an enhanced current-limiting scheme precisely saturates overcurrent and improves dynamic performance during fault transient. The DC/DC converter functions as a prime mover to regulate damping power from the stack, thus it effectively eliminates limited GFM problems. In addition, the DC/AC inverter emulates the electromechanical response of the SG to compensate for power imbalance caused by the stack’s power ramp rate; the DC-link capacitor effectively serves as an energy buffer to prevent fuel starvation. The practical feasibility of the proposed GFM algorithm for the PEMFC system is experimentally evaluated using hardware-in-the-loop testing.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1559-1570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11162718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145141598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In conventional voltage control of grid-forming (GFM) inverter, the load current feedforward is often employed to reshape the output impedance and improve control performance. To further enhance this capability, an approximate zero-impedance control for three-phase GFM inverter is proposed in this paper. The core idea is to achieve zero impedance in the continuous domain by introducing a differential term into the load current feedforward path. A discrete-time optimal control (DTOC)-based tracking differentiator (TD) is utilized its excellent noise-suppression characteristics. The proposed approach is general-purpose and applicable across various control structures (e.g., conventional dual-loop or state-space) and reference frames (dq or αβ). Owing to the unique features of the method, the state-feedback parameters become decoupled from the impedance design, which significantly simplifies controller tuning. Finally, experimental results verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy.
{"title":"Tracking Differentiator Based Approximate Zero-Impedance Control for Three-Phase Grid-Forming Inverter","authors":"Jian Du;Wei Hu;Xiaojing Qi;Renzhi Huang;Xiangjun Quan;Zaijun Wu;Xueyong Xu","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3607903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3607903","url":null,"abstract":"In conventional voltage control of grid-forming (GFM) inverter, the load current feedforward is often employed to reshape the output impedance and improve control performance. To further enhance this capability, an approximate zero-impedance control for three-phase GFM inverter is proposed in this paper. The core idea is to achieve zero impedance in the continuous domain by introducing a differential term into the load current feedforward path. A discrete-time optimal control (DTOC)-based tracking differentiator (TD) is utilized its excellent noise-suppression characteristics. The proposed approach is general-purpose and applicable across various control structures (e.g., conventional dual-loop or state-space) and reference frames (<italic>dq</i> or <italic>αβ</i>). Owing to the unique features of the method, the state-feedback parameters become decoupled from the impedance design, which significantly simplifies controller tuning. Finally, experimental results verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1583-1594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11153835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604564
Qingchao Meng;Jürgen Biela
Dueto 2D fields in the core window of inductors (e.g. the fringing field caused by core gaps) large errors can occur in the winding loss calculation, when the assumptions, that the $H$-field is parallel to the winding layers and constant along the field line, used for transformers are applied. Numerical methods, e.g. FEM, are accurate but are very time consuming for calculating the losses of litz wire windings and therefore cannot be integrated in converter optimisation routines, which require a fast execution due to the large number of evaluations. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a fast and accurate loss model for litz wire winding in inductors with arbitrary winding and gap arrangements. The application range of the proposed model covers inductors using cores with single and discrete gaps, and iron powder cores with distributed gaps. The proposed method is numerically and experimentally validated to be more accurate than state-of-the-art methods as e.g. the mirror image method and up to 1000 times faster than the semi-numerical method i.e. the square-field-derivative method with better or equivalent accuracy.
{"title":"Analytical Models for HF-Losses of Litz Wire in Inductors With Arbitrary Winding and Gap Arrangements","authors":"Qingchao Meng;Jürgen Biela","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604564","url":null,"abstract":"Dueto 2D fields in the core window of inductors (e.g. the fringing field caused by core gaps) large errors can occur in the winding loss calculation, when the assumptions, that the <inline-formula><tex-math>$H$</tex-math></inline-formula>-field is parallel to the winding layers and constant along the field line, used for transformers are applied. Numerical methods, e.g. FEM, are accurate but are very time consuming for calculating the losses of litz wire windings and therefore cannot be integrated in converter optimisation routines, which require a fast execution due to the large number of evaluations. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a fast and accurate loss model for litz wire winding in inductors with arbitrary winding and gap arrangements. The application range of the proposed model covers inductors using cores with single and discrete gaps, and iron powder cores with distributed gaps. The proposed method is numerically and experimentally validated to be more accurate than state-of-the-art methods as e.g. the mirror image method and up to 1000 times faster than the semi-numerical method i.e. the square-field-derivative method with better or equivalent accuracy.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1534-1546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604475
Sureshkumar Alagarsamy;Pradeep Vishnuram;Yuvaraja Shanmugam;Thamizh Thentral TM;Radomir Gono;Miroslava Gono;Narayanamoorthi R
The increasing global shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a surge in demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which serve as the primary energy storage solution for modern EVs. However, with this growth comes significant challenges related to battery performance, sustainability, and end-of-life (EOL) management. This article provides a comprehensive review of battery technologies, focusing on advancements in lithium-ion batteries, their degradation mechanisms, and the environmental impact of battery disposal. Additionally, it examines the challenges in EV battery recycling, including safety hazards, disassembly complexities, and economic feasibility. The study explores second-life applications of retired EV batteries in energy storage systems, microgrids, and hybrid renewable energy solutions, emphasizing their potential to extend battery usability while minimizing waste. Furthermore, advanced screening, refurbishment, and material recovery techniques are analyzed to improve resource efficiency and reduce the need for new raw material extraction. By proposing a systematic framework for sustainable battery lifecycle management, this research aims to promote a circular economy, optimize battery reusability, and support the transition towards a cleaner, more sustainable future in electromobility.
{"title":"Advancements and Challenges in Lithium-Ion Battery Lifecycle Management Toward a Sustainable Circular Economy for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Sureshkumar Alagarsamy;Pradeep Vishnuram;Yuvaraja Shanmugam;Thamizh Thentral TM;Radomir Gono;Miroslava Gono;Narayanamoorthi R","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3604475","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing global shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a surge in demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which serve as the primary energy storage solution for modern EVs. However, with this growth comes significant challenges related to battery performance, sustainability, and end-of-life (EOL) management. This article provides a comprehensive review of battery technologies, focusing on advancements in lithium-ion batteries, their degradation mechanisms, and the environmental impact of battery disposal. Additionally, it examines the challenges in EV battery recycling, including safety hazards, disassembly complexities, and economic feasibility. The study explores second-life applications of retired EV batteries in energy storage systems, microgrids, and hybrid renewable energy solutions, emphasizing their potential to extend battery usability while minimizing waste. Furthermore, advanced screening, refurbishment, and material recovery techniques are analyzed to improve resource efficiency and reduce the need for new raw material extraction. By proposing a systematic framework for sustainable battery lifecycle management, this research aims to promote a circular economy, optimize battery reusability, and support the transition towards a cleaner, more sustainable future in electromobility.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1491-1533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11145283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aggregation and model-order reduction techniques may be applied to parts of large-scale power grids where the detailed dynamics of individual components are not necessary, thus enhancing the efficiency of the overall simulation. This article proposes an aggregated and reduced-order admittance-based modeling (ARO-ABM) that enables efficient and accurate time-domain simulations of power grids with converter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs). The ABMs of converter-interfaced resources (CIRs) with diverse structures and parameters are formulated as transfer functions. Then, the transfer-function-based ABMs of CIRs are aggregated along with their collector lines and impedance/ admittance-based model (I/ABM) of any other connected components, such as loads. The use of I/ABMs enables scalable aggregation of all CIRs, including those with fully known dynamic models, as well as those whose models may not be disclosed by manufacturers. This step is followed by the model-order reduction in the frequency domain. These steps result in the reduction of the computational complexity of the individual subsystems. The proposed method is demonstrated to enable the use of larger simulation time steps while maintaining good accuracy in offline (MATLAB/Simulink) and real-time (OPAL-RT) simulations of power-electronic-based power systems.
{"title":"Aggregated and Reduced-Order Admittance-Based Modeling for Efficient Small-Signal Analysis of Power-Electronic-Based Power Systems","authors":"Arash Safavizadeh;Abhay Kaushik;Seyyedmilad Ebrahimi;Juri Jatskevich","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3602018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3602018","url":null,"abstract":"Aggregation and model-order reduction techniques may be applied to parts of large-scale power grids where the detailed dynamics of individual components are not necessary, thus enhancing the efficiency of the overall simulation. This article proposes an aggregated and reduced-order admittance-based modeling (ARO-ABM) that enables efficient and accurate time-domain simulations of power grids with converter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs). The ABMs of converter-interfaced resources (CIRs) with diverse structures and parameters are formulated as transfer functions. Then, the transfer-function-based ABMs of CIRs are aggregated along with their collector lines and impedance/ admittance-based model (I/ABM) of any other connected components, such as loads. The use of I/ABMs enables scalable aggregation of all CIRs, including those with fully known dynamic models, as well as those whose models may not be disclosed by manufacturers. This step is followed by the model-order reduction in the frequency domain. These steps result in the reduction of the computational complexity of the individual subsystems. The proposed method is demonstrated to enable the use of larger simulation time steps while maintaining good accuracy in offline (MATLAB/Simulink) and real-time (OPAL-RT) simulations of power-electronic-based power systems.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1438-1452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-20DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3595350
Zheran Zeng;Yin Sun;Dongsheng Yang
This addresses errors in [1]. All subscripts using $upalpha$ and $upbeta$ should have been non-italic, to match their formatting in the figures; they were originally published in italic font, due to a publisher error.
{"title":"Erratum to “Frequency-Domain Large-Signal Modeling and Stability Analysis for Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Controlled Grid- Connected Converters”","authors":"Zheran Zeng;Yin Sun;Dongsheng Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3595350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3595350","url":null,"abstract":"This addresses errors in [1]. All subscripts using $upalpha$ and $upbeta$ should have been non-italic, to match their formatting in the figures; they were originally published in italic font, due to a publisher error.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1390-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11131406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600176
Kazuki Watanabe;Daisuke Iioka
As inverter-based resources and renewable energy systems continue to increase their penetration in modern power grids, maintaining system stability has become a critical challenge. To address this challenge, advanced control strategies are required for grid-forming (GFM) inverters that can operate reliably. This paper proposes a control strategy for grid-forming (GFM) inverters based on Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC), a novel approach grounded in power electronics and nonlinear dynamics. A key contribution of this work is the revisiting and employment of classical power system analysis techniques, such as the Equal Area Criterion (EAC) and synchronization-based stability evaluation, to derive stability criteria for VOC-based grid-forming (GFM) inverters operating under current-limiting conditions. Through detailed time-domain simulations, the validity of the derived stability criteria is systematically verified, demonstrating their applicability to the transient behavior of current-constrained VOC inverters. Furthermore, the current-limiting control logic used in the simulations is validated through Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) testing with actual controller hardware, ensuring its practical feasibility in real-time environments. The findings establish that combining EAC-based classical analysis with VOC control strategies offers an effective and reliable framework for enhancing the resilience and stability of GFM inverters under fault conditions.
{"title":"Stability and Resynchronization of Current-Constrained VOC-Based GFM Inverters Through Revisiting Traditional Power System Criteria","authors":"Kazuki Watanabe;Daisuke Iioka","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600176","url":null,"abstract":"As inverter-based resources and renewable energy systems continue to increase their penetration in modern power grids, maintaining system stability has become a critical challenge. To address this challenge, advanced control strategies are required for grid-forming (GFM) inverters that can operate reliably. This paper proposes a control strategy for grid-forming (GFM) inverters based on Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC), a novel approach grounded in power electronics and nonlinear dynamics. A key contribution of this work is the revisiting and employment of classical power system analysis techniques, such as the Equal Area Criterion (EAC) and synchronization-based stability evaluation, to derive stability criteria for VOC-based grid-forming (GFM) inverters operating under current-limiting conditions. Through detailed time-domain simulations, the validity of the derived stability criteria is systematically verified, demonstrating their applicability to the transient behavior of current-constrained VOC inverters. Furthermore, the current-limiting control logic used in the simulations is validated through Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) testing with actual controller hardware, ensuring its practical feasibility in real-time environments. The findings establish that combining EAC-based classical analysis with VOC control strategies offers an effective and reliable framework for enhancing the resilience and stability of GFM inverters under fault conditions.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1419-1427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11129237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pulse-width modulated (PWM) Inverters have extensive applications in the fields of motor drives, utility interface in power systems and uninterruptible power supplies etc. Such inverters generally require a small time-interval between turning off one switch and turning on the other switch in the same leg of a two-level VSI. This is called as ‘blanking time’ or ‘dead time’. In the presence of this ‘dead-time’, such inverters, suffer from a distortion in the output voltage, called ‘dead-time distortion’ while feeding lagging loads. Over the past few decades, intensive research was carried out in this area, which resulted in developing new techniques for mitigating the dead-time effect. This includes dead-time elimination techniques, new compensation algorithms with or without involving current sensor etc. This paper briefly discusses the dead-time effect and presents a review on different strategies for eliminating the same. Though the main focus of this paper is on discussing dead-time effect and its correction in two-level PWM inverter, but, this paper also tries to give a brief overview on dead-time effect in multi-level inverters and some of the correction techniques for the same. Recent developments have also been discussed to get an idea of the latest status in this area of research and to understand the possible scope of development in future.
{"title":"An Overview on Dead-Time Distortion and Its Correction in PWM Inverters","authors":"Dipankar Chatterjee;Chandan Chakraborty;Suvarun Dalapati","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600262","url":null,"abstract":"Pulse-width modulated (PWM) Inverters have extensive applications in the fields of motor drives, utility interface in power systems and uninterruptible power supplies etc. Such inverters generally require a small time-interval between turning off one switch and turning on the other switch in the same leg of a two-level VSI. This is called as ‘blanking time’ or ‘dead time’. In the presence of this ‘dead-time’, such inverters, suffer from a distortion in the output voltage, called ‘dead-time distortion’ while feeding lagging loads. Over the past few decades, intensive research was carried out in this area, which resulted in developing new techniques for mitigating the dead-time effect. This includes dead-time elimination techniques, new compensation algorithms with or without involving current sensor etc. This paper briefly discusses the dead-time effect and presents a review on different strategies for eliminating the same. Though the main focus of this paper is on discussing dead-time effect and its correction in two-level PWM inverter, but, this paper also tries to give a brief overview on dead-time effect in multi-level inverters and some of the correction techniques for the same. Recent developments have also been discussed to get an idea of the latest status in this area of research and to understand the possible scope of development in future.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1453-1490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600329
Jonathan Emmanuel Ochoa Sosa;Rubén Orlando Núñez;G. Elías Oggier;Facundo Aguilera;Germán G. Oggier;Obaid Aldosari
This work presents a diagnosis strategy of transistor open-circuit faults for three-phase dual-active bridge DC-DC converters. The diagnostic approach evaluates the DC components of the phase currents established due to a fault condition. In addition, as these symptoms are reflected in the DC-side current waveform of the active bridges, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis scheme by measuring only the current from one source side, significantly reducing the number of sensors compared to previous proposals. It is demonstrated that the faulty transistor can be identified within a time interval of less than two switching periods, enabling the implementation of a protection scheme that modifies the modulation strategy to prevent saturation of the transformer’s core by the presence of the DC components. In order to verify the practical feasibility of the proposal, the whole transition is evaluated from the moment a fault condition occurs, the proposed diagnostic strategy identifies the failed device, and finally the converter is reconfigured to begin operating in a fault-tolerant mode, operating in its single-phase mode, continuing with the power transfer to the load. The new operating limits are established, corresponding to maximum transferable power and soft-switching operating conditions. Experimental results obtained with a 1.5 kW laboratory prototype under various operating conditions are presented.
{"title":"Transistor Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis for Three-Phase DAB Converters Using a Reduced Number of Sensors","authors":"Jonathan Emmanuel Ochoa Sosa;Rubén Orlando Núñez;G. Elías Oggier;Facundo Aguilera;Germán G. Oggier;Obaid Aldosari","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600329","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a diagnosis strategy of transistor open-circuit faults for three-phase dual-active bridge DC-DC converters. The diagnostic approach evaluates the DC components of the phase currents established due to a fault condition. In addition, as these symptoms are reflected in the DC-side current waveform of the active bridges, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis scheme by measuring only the current from one source side, significantly reducing the number of sensors compared to previous proposals. It is demonstrated that the faulty transistor can be identified within a time interval of less than two switching periods, enabling the implementation of a protection scheme that modifies the modulation strategy to prevent saturation of the transformer’s core by the presence of the DC components. In order to verify the practical feasibility of the proposal, the whole transition is evaluated from the moment a fault condition occurs, the proposed diagnostic strategy identifies the failed device, and finally the converter is reconfigured to begin operating in a fault-tolerant mode, operating in its single-phase mode, continuing with the power transfer to the load. The new operating limits are established, corresponding to maximum transferable power and soft-switching operating conditions. Experimental results obtained with a 1.5 kW laboratory prototype under various operating conditions are presented.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1547-1558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In multiphase LLC resonant converters, the component parameter tolerance of the resonant tanks will lead to discrepancies in voltage gain, resulting in imbalanced output current. In this paper, the principle and mechanism of current imbalance among multiphase LLC resonant converters are discussed through the state plane analysis. Based on the limitation analysis for the switch-controlled capacitor and phase shift modulation, an improved differentiated-gain-regulation (DGR)-based current balancing strategy is proposed by adding external circuits to compensate for parameter differences, assisted by the voltage regulating method. The essential principle is to initially increase the gains of light-load phases with the switch-controlled capacitor. And for phases with heavy loads, the phase shift modulation is used for suppressing gains to avoid control instability caused by the introduction of switch-controlled capacitor. It would not affect the soft switching characteristics of LLC resonant converters. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop based experiment results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method and analysis.
{"title":"Differentiated-Gain-Regulation-Based Current Balancing Control for Multi-Phase Interleaved LLC Resonant Converters","authors":"Kangli Liu;Tianao Xiao;Jianfeng Zhao;Jingyang Zhou;Cheng Jin;Xiaogang Pan;Peng Chen","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3600380","url":null,"abstract":"In multiphase LLC resonant converters, the component parameter tolerance of the resonant tanks will lead to discrepancies in voltage gain, resulting in imbalanced output current. In this paper, the principle and mechanism of current imbalance among multiphase LLC resonant converters are discussed through the state plane analysis. Based on the limitation analysis for the switch-controlled capacitor and phase shift modulation, an improved differentiated-gain-regulation (DGR)-based current balancing strategy is proposed by adding external circuits to compensate for parameter differences, assisted by the voltage regulating method. The essential principle is to initially increase the gains of light-load phases with the switch-controlled capacitor. And for phases with heavy loads, the phase shift modulation is used for suppressing gains to avoid control instability caused by the introduction of switch-controlled capacitor. It would not affect the soft switching characteristics of LLC resonant converters. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop based experiment results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method and analysis.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1428-1437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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