Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology is emerging as a key enabler for in-motion charging of electric vehicles (EVs), allowing continuous energy transfer without the need for dedicated charging stops. This capability can reduce the required battery capacity and vehicle weight, thereby lowering the vehicle cost, extend battery life by minimizing deep discharge cycles, and support distributed charging that helps reduce grid peak loads. However, conventional receiver coil structures, such as the double-layered Double-D Quadrature (DDQ) configuration, require additional underbody space due to their two-layer winding structure, which limits their applicability in passenger EVs where the battery pack occupies most of the available area. To address this issue, a novel stackless onboard coil composed of four segmented coils is proposed. The midpoints of adjacent coil pairs are connected to create an additional current path, forming a composite magnetic structure within a single magnetic layer. This configuration eliminates the need for stacked windings and reduces the onboard coil thickness by 35% compared with conventional DDQ coils, while maintaining power transfer performance and efficiency without significant degradation. Theoretical analysis based on an equivalent circuit model, finite-element method, and dynamic circuit simulations was conducted to compare the proposed stackless and conventional DDQ systems. A 1.2 kW prototype with a 220 mm air gap was constructed, and experimental results confirmed continuous power transfer without a stacked structure. Compared with the DDQ coil, the proposed design increased the average output power by 13%, decreased the average efficiency by 1.8 percentage points, and improved power fluctuation by 21.5 percentage points. The proposed stackless coil is particularly suitable for passenger EV applications of DWPT systems, where minimizing the onboard coil thickness is prioritized over maximizing power transfer efficiency.
{"title":"Stackless Onboard Coil for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer","authors":"Shuntaro Inoue;Koki Sasai;Norika Miura;Koji Shigeuchi;Masato Maemura;Toshiya Hashimoto;Hayato Sumiya;Masaya Takahashi;Eisuke Takahashi;Nobuhisa Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634599","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology is emerging as a key enabler for in-motion charging of electric vehicles (EVs), allowing continuous energy transfer without the need for dedicated charging stops. This capability can reduce the required battery capacity and vehicle weight, thereby lowering the vehicle cost, extend battery life by minimizing deep discharge cycles, and support distributed charging that helps reduce grid peak loads. However, conventional receiver coil structures, such as the double-layered Double-D Quadrature (DDQ) configuration, require additional underbody space due to their two-layer winding structure, which limits their applicability in passenger EVs where the battery pack occupies most of the available area. To address this issue, a novel stackless onboard coil composed of four segmented coils is proposed. The midpoints of adjacent coil pairs are connected to create an additional current path, forming a composite magnetic structure within a single magnetic layer. This configuration eliminates the need for stacked windings and reduces the onboard coil thickness by 35% compared with conventional DDQ coils, while maintaining power transfer performance and efficiency without significant degradation. Theoretical analysis based on an equivalent circuit model, finite-element method, and dynamic circuit simulations was conducted to compare the proposed stackless and conventional DDQ systems. A 1.2 kW prototype with a 220 mm air gap was constructed, and experimental results confirmed continuous power transfer without a stacked structure. Compared with the DDQ coil, the proposed design increased the average output power by 13%, decreased the average efficiency by 1.8 percentage points, and improved power fluctuation by 21.5 percentage points. The proposed stackless coil is particularly suitable for passenger EV applications of DWPT systems, where minimizing the onboard coil thickness is prioritized over maximizing power transfer efficiency.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"7 ","pages":"45-58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11259060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power flow controllers (PFCs) can give added benefits in meshed High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids to increase renewables integration. Interline PFCs have been gaining attention for the last decade due to their easy structure and no need for an external power supply. This paper discusses various interline PFC topologies along with their advantages and disadvantages. The existing topologies are compared with respect to several aspects. These aspects include, for instance, modularity, the number of capacitors, the control range of the PFC, the shape of voltage waveforms inserted by the PFC on the lines, number of devices, the directionality of the current, simplicity of the topology, total power semiconductor rating and losses, and protection of the topologies for external faults. It is concluded that the topology of a PFC for a particular application can be chosen depending on the main goal since the topologies come with their advantages and disadvantages when classified based on various aspects.
{"title":"A Review of Interline Series Power Flow Controllers in HVDC Grids","authors":"Shubhangi Bhadoria;Frans Dijkhuizen;Hans-Peter Nee","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634732","url":null,"abstract":"Power flow controllers (PFCs) can give added benefits in meshed High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids to increase renewables integration. Interline PFCs have been gaining attention for the last decade due to their easy structure and no need for an external power supply. This paper discusses various interline PFC topologies along with their advantages and disadvantages. The existing topologies are compared with respect to several aspects. These aspects include, for instance, modularity, the number of capacitors, the control range of the PFC, the shape of voltage waveforms inserted by the PFC on the lines, number of devices, the directionality of the current, simplicity of the topology, total power semiconductor rating and losses, and protection of the topologies for external faults. It is concluded that the topology of a PFC for a particular application can be chosen depending on the main goal since the topologies come with their advantages and disadvantages when classified based on various aspects.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"7 ","pages":"28-44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11260935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DC microgrids are vital for renewable energy integration and distributed energy management, but their expanding scale and complex operation with diverse topologies expose critical limitations. These methods, primarily designed for simple single-bus structures, fail to coordinate voltage deviation suppression, system stability enhancement, and economic optimization effectively in multi-bus scenarios. To address this, a multi-objective optimization approach for DC microgrids (DCMG) with complex topologies is proposed. It integrates small-signal stability, bus voltage deviation, and operational economy into a unified framework, incorporates randomness of power generation and loads, and adapts to mesh topology with diverse node types. Case studies verify the method exhibits strong adaptability and robustness under stochastic scenarios, achieving balanced improvements in stability and economic efficiency: the system small-signal stability index is reduced by 19.3%, bus voltage deviation is lowered by 71.2%, and system power loss is decreased by 2.1%. This work provides key technical support for the efficient and reliable operation of DC microgrids with complex topologies, advancing their practical application in complex energy systems.
{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of DC Microgrids Under Stability Constraints","authors":"Zifan Zhang;Diyang Hu;Xiangyu Yang;Shiwei Zhao;Qi Zeng;Lina Luo;Yuan Tang","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3634835","url":null,"abstract":"DC microgrids are vital for renewable energy integration and distributed energy management, but their expanding scale and complex operation with diverse topologies expose critical limitations. These methods, primarily designed for simple single-bus structures, fail to coordinate voltage deviation suppression, system stability enhancement, and economic optimization effectively in multi-bus scenarios. To address this, a multi-objective optimization approach for DC microgrids (DCMG) with complex topologies is proposed. It integrates small-signal stability, bus voltage deviation, and operational economy into a unified framework, incorporates randomness of power generation and loads, and adapts to mesh topology with diverse node types. Case studies verify the method exhibits strong adaptability and robustness under stochastic scenarios, achieving balanced improvements in stability and economic efficiency: the system small-signal stability index is reduced by 19.3%, bus voltage deviation is lowered by 71.2%, and system power loss is decreased by 2.1%. This work provides key technical support for the efficient and reliable operation of DC microgrids with complex topologies, advancing their practical application in complex energy systems.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"2040-2052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11261408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3633563
Efraín Dueñas-Reyes;O. A. Jaramillo;E. Campos Mercado;Emmanuel Hernández-Mayoral;Daniel Pacheco-Bautista
The reliability of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs) is frequently limited by failures in Back-to-Back Power Converters (BTB-PCs), particularly within the Rotor-Side Converter (RSC) switches, which are subjected to electrical and thermal stresses induced by extreme wind gusts. This study investigates the most intense Extreme Operating Gust (EOG) recorded in 2018 at La Ventosa, Oaxaca, Mexico, using a small-scale, grid-connected WECS based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and employing classical vector control. This study confirms that such extreme wind events can cause power quality disturbances—namely low-frequency overcurrents in the RSC and electrical flicker on the DC-bus—that have been shown in the literature to accelerate switch degradation. To address these issues, a vector control strategy employing Nonlinear Proportional-Integral (NL-PI) controllers is proposed, replacing Conventional Proportional-Integral (CPI) controllers. Validation through robust stability analysis, utilizing unstructured uncertainty models and MATLAB’s stability margin analysis, indicates that NL-PI controllers achieve stability margins exceeding unity, while CPI controllers fall below this threshold, suggesting a higher susceptibility to instability. Sensitivity analysis highlights frequency-dependent gain uncertainty ($delta$) as the primary factor affecting robustness. Overall, the results demonstrate that NL-PI-based vector control markedly improves converter resilience, providing a cost-effective solution for WECSs operating in gust-prone environments.
{"title":"Enhancing the Reliability of Back-to-Back Converters in Small Wind Turbines: A Comprehensive Robust Stability Study of NL-PI Control Under Extreme Operating Gusts","authors":"Efraín Dueñas-Reyes;O. A. Jaramillo;E. Campos Mercado;Emmanuel Hernández-Mayoral;Daniel Pacheco-Bautista","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3633563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3633563","url":null,"abstract":"The reliability of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs) is frequently limited by failures in Back-to-Back Power Converters (BTB-PCs), particularly within the Rotor-Side Converter (RSC) switches, which are subjected to electrical and thermal stresses induced by extreme wind gusts. This study investigates the most intense Extreme Operating Gust (EOG) recorded in 2018 at La Ventosa, Oaxaca, Mexico, using a small-scale, grid-connected WECS based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and employing classical vector control. This study confirms that such extreme wind events can cause power quality disturbances—namely low-frequency overcurrents in the RSC and electrical flicker on the DC-bus—that have been shown in the literature to accelerate switch degradation. To address these issues, a vector control strategy employing Nonlinear Proportional-Integral (NL-PI) controllers is proposed, replacing Conventional Proportional-Integral (CPI) controllers. Validation through robust stability analysis, utilizing unstructured uncertainty models and MATLAB’s stability margin analysis, indicates that NL-PI controllers achieve stability margins exceeding unity, while CPI controllers fall below this threshold, suggesting a higher susceptibility to instability. Sensitivity analysis highlights frequency-dependent gain uncertainty (<inline-formula><tex-math>$delta$</tex-math></inline-formula>) as the primary factor affecting robustness. Overall, the results demonstrate that NL-PI-based vector control markedly improves converter resilience, providing a cost-effective solution for WECSs operating in gust-prone environments.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"2027-2039"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11250634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3632338
Guangyao Yu;Jianning Dong;Pavol Bauer
This article investigates the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple for the four-switch buck+boost (FSBB) converter under four-segment inductor current mode zero-voltage switching (ZVS) modulation strategies in a comprehensive way. Based on the operating mode of the FSBB converter and the relative magnitudes of the output current and inductor current at the switching instants, four distinct cases were analyzed, with corresponding voltage ripple expressions derived for each. The analysis presented in this article provides theoretical guidance for the selection of output capacitor size of the FSBB converter under ZVS modulation strategies. In addition, the introduced analytical method was also used to evaluate and compare the output voltage ripple under three state-of-the-art ZVS modulation schemes. To validate the theoretical analysis, two sets of simulations were conducted. Finally, a laboratory FSBB converter prototype was also built and tested for the validation purpose with an input voltage of 150 V, output voltage of 200 V, and operating power of 1.2 kW.
{"title":"Output Voltage Ripple Analysis and Capacitor Sizing in a Four-Switch Buck+Boost Converter Under ZVS Modulation Strategies","authors":"Guangyao Yu;Jianning Dong;Pavol Bauer","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3632338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3632338","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple for the four-switch buck+boost (FSBB) converter under four-segment inductor current mode zero-voltage switching (ZVS) modulation strategies in a comprehensive way. Based on the operating mode of the FSBB converter and the relative magnitudes of the output current and inductor current at the switching instants, four distinct cases were analyzed, with corresponding voltage ripple expressions derived for each. The analysis presented in this article provides theoretical guidance for the selection of output capacitor size of the FSBB converter under ZVS modulation strategies. In addition, the introduced analytical method was also used to evaluate and compare the output voltage ripple under three state-of-the-art ZVS modulation schemes. To validate the theoretical analysis, two sets of simulations were conducted. Finally, a laboratory FSBB converter prototype was also built and tested for the validation purpose with an input voltage of 150 V, output voltage of 200 V, and operating power of 1.2 kW.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"2053-2063"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11244853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3630546
Lohith Kumar Pittala;Andrii Chub;Georgios I. Orfanoudakis;Alon Kuperman;Mattia Ricco;Riccardo Mandrioli
In many practical applications, such as electric vehicle charging and smart transformers, reverse power flow is significantly lower than forward power flow. Designing a full-rated bidirectional DC/DC converter in such cases leads to increased hardware costs. To address this, recent research has explored isolated topologies that support asymmetrical bidirectional power flow at reduced cost. This manuscript investigates an asymmetrical bidirectional DC/DC (AB-DC/DC) converter that integrates a partial-scale active bridge and a partial-scale diode bridge connected in parallel on the secondary side. Passive power sharing between these bridges is controlled by selecting appropriate coupling inductors, but practical magnetic tolerances cause power imbalances. To mitigate this, a novel modulation technique is proposed to enable active power sharing, allowing power transfer from the diode bridge to the active bridge. The study covers various operating regions, including discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), continuous conduction mode (CCM), dual-active-bridge (DAB) mode, and two hybrid regions, where the diode bridge operates in DCM and the active bridge in CCM. Closed-form power expressions and boundary conditions are derived for all modes. The proposed strategy is validated through simulations and experimental measurements on a hardware prototype, demonstrating consistent waveform behavior and confirming the feasibility of active power transfer from the diode bridge to the active bridge.
{"title":"Active Power Sharing Control in Asymmetrical Bidirectional DC/DC Converter","authors":"Lohith Kumar Pittala;Andrii Chub;Georgios I. Orfanoudakis;Alon Kuperman;Mattia Ricco;Riccardo Mandrioli","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3630546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3630546","url":null,"abstract":"In many practical applications, such as electric vehicle charging and smart transformers, reverse power flow is significantly lower than forward power flow. Designing a full-rated bidirectional DC/DC converter in such cases leads to increased hardware costs. To address this, recent research has explored isolated topologies that support asymmetrical bidirectional power flow at reduced cost. This manuscript investigates an asymmetrical bidirectional DC/DC (AB-DC/DC) converter that integrates a partial-scale active bridge and a partial-scale diode bridge connected in parallel on the secondary side. Passive power sharing between these bridges is controlled by selecting appropriate coupling inductors, but practical magnetic tolerances cause power imbalances. To mitigate this, a novel modulation technique is proposed to enable active power sharing, allowing power transfer from the diode bridge to the active bridge. The study covers various operating regions, including discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), continuous conduction mode (CCM), dual-active-bridge (DAB) mode, and two hybrid regions, where the diode bridge operates in DCM and the active bridge in CCM. Closed-form power expressions and boundary conditions are derived for all modes. The proposed strategy is validated through simulations and experimental measurements on a hardware prototype, demonstrating consistent waveform behavior and confirming the feasibility of active power transfer from the diode bridge to the active bridge.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1980-1990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11231370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing adoption of dc power distribution in both residential and commercial electrical installations, the need for a universal power electronics interface capable of connecting either single-phase or three-phase ac systems to dc-powered buildings is becoming more critical. While 230 $V_{rms}$ and 400 $V_{rms}$ remain standard voltages on the ac side, 350 $V_{dc}$ has emerged as a widely accepted standard for dc distribution inside building, in accordance with the NPR 9090 and Current/OS protocols. Additionally, bipolar ±350 $V_{dc}$ has been gaining traction due to their ability to scale to higher power levels while maintaining the same safety standards as lower-voltage unipolar ones. These trends highlight the increasing demand for highly efficient and flexible power electronics interfaces that can support at same time, a wide range of ac and dc voltage levels, including unipolar and bipolar configurations. To address these needs, this paper proposes a universal interlinking converter (ac-dc) capable of operating with both single-phase and three-phase ac sources, as well as with unipolar and bipolar dc microgrids. The proposed solution addresses a wide range of applications with a single, adaptable hardware platform. To validate the concept, a 5-kW prototype was developed and tested. Experimental results show that the proposed converter maintains stable operation in different modes, remains fully functional under fault conditions, such as the disconnection of one or two phases, as well as operating with both unipolar and bipolar dc microgrids with natural voltage balancing. These results validate the proposed converter as a universal solution capable of covering a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Universal Interlinking Converter for DC-Powered Prosumer Buildings","authors":"Edivan Laercio Carvalho;Riccardo Mandrioli;Dmitri Vinnikov","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3629539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3629539","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing adoption of dc power distribution in both residential and commercial electrical installations, the need for a universal power electronics interface capable of connecting either single-phase or three-phase ac systems to dc-powered buildings is becoming more critical. While 230 <inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{rms}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and 400 <inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{rms}$</tex-math></inline-formula> remain standard voltages on the ac side, 350 <inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{dc}$</tex-math></inline-formula> has emerged as a widely accepted standard for dc distribution inside building, in accordance with the NPR 9090 and Current/OS protocols. Additionally, bipolar ±350 <inline-formula><tex-math>$V_{dc}$</tex-math></inline-formula> has been gaining traction due to their ability to scale to higher power levels while maintaining the same safety standards as lower-voltage unipolar ones. These trends highlight the increasing demand for highly efficient and flexible power electronics interfaces that can support at same time, a wide range of ac and dc voltage levels, including unipolar and bipolar configurations. To address these needs, this paper proposes a universal interlinking converter (ac-dc) capable of operating with both single-phase and three-phase ac sources, as well as with unipolar and bipolar dc microgrids. The proposed solution addresses a wide range of applications with a single, adaptable hardware platform. To validate the concept, a 5-kW prototype was developed and tested. Experimental results show that the proposed converter maintains stable operation in different modes, remains fully functional under fault conditions, such as the disconnection of one or two phases, as well as operating with both unipolar and bipolar dc microgrids with natural voltage balancing. These results validate the proposed converter as a universal solution capable of covering a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1967-1979"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11230237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628359
Keyvan Yari;Alireza Mehrabi;René H. Poelma;Sijun Du;Willem D. Van Driel;GuoQi Zhang
Due to the better performance of the Wide Band Gap (WBG) devices, there has been a paradigm shift toward WBG-based power modules for diverse applications like Electric Vehicles (EVs). However, the high parasitic inductance value of power modules hinders these devices from unlocking their full potential. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews SiC-based Single Side Cooling (SSC) power modules that benefit from low parasitic inductance. The paper also discusses the need to develop newer power modules using modern packaging methods. The surveyed power modules are categorized into three main groups, namely wire bonding, hybrid, and 3D packaging methods. This classification contains several vital parameters of the studied power modules, such as nominal and Double Pulse Tests (DPT) power ratings, parasitic inductance, size, etc. The main features and characteristics corresponding to the reviewed power modules' packaging methods and techniques are also briefly described. Finally, a thorough discussion about challenges and future trends is highlighted before concluding the paper.
{"title":"Packaging Technologies for Single-Side Cooling SiC Power Modules With Low Parasitic Inductance: A Review","authors":"Keyvan Yari;Alireza Mehrabi;René H. Poelma;Sijun Du;Willem D. Van Driel;GuoQi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628359","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the better performance of the Wide Band Gap (WBG) devices, there has been a paradigm shift toward WBG-based power modules for diverse applications like Electric Vehicles (EVs). However, the high parasitic inductance value of power modules hinders these devices from unlocking their full potential. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews SiC-based Single Side Cooling (SSC) power modules that benefit from low parasitic inductance. The paper also discusses the need to develop newer power modules using modern packaging methods. The surveyed power modules are categorized into three main groups, namely wire bonding, hybrid, and 3D packaging methods. This classification contains several vital parameters of the studied power modules, such as nominal and Double Pulse Tests (DPT) power ratings, parasitic inductance, size, etc. The main features and characteristics corresponding to the reviewed power modules' packaging methods and techniques are also briefly described. Finally, a thorough discussion about challenges and future trends is highlighted before concluding the paper.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"7 ","pages":"146-166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, PWM excitation is one of the most common waveforms seen by magnetic components in power electronic converters. Core loss modeling approaches, such as improved Generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) or the loss map based on composite waveform hypothesis (CWH), process the pulse-based excitation piecewisely, which is proven to be effective for DC/DC converters. As the additional challenge in PWM DC/AC converters, the fundamental-frequency sinewave component induces the ‘major loop loss’ on top of the piecewise high-frequency segments, which however cannot be modeled on a switching cycle basis by any existing methods. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel fundamental concept, instantaneous core loss, which is the time-domain core loss observed experimentally for the first time in history. Extending the reactive voltage cancellation concept, this work presents a method to measure the instantaneous core loss, which only contains real power loss, as a function of time. Based on measurements in evaluated soft magnetic components, it was discovered that the discharging stage exhibits higher core loss than the charging stage. A modeling approach is then proposed to break down the major loop core loss, typically an average value in the literature, into the time domain to enable cycle-by-cycle modeling of core losses in PWM converters. This work enhances the fundamental understanding of the core loss process by advancing from the average model to the time-domain model.
{"title":"Instantaneous Core Loss – Cycle-by-Cycle Modeling of Power Magnetics in PWM Converters","authors":"Binyu Cui;Jun Wang;Xibo Yuan;Alfonso Martinez;George Slama;Matthew Wilkowski;Ryosuke Ota;Keiji Wada","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628447","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, PWM excitation is one of the most common waveforms seen by magnetic components in power electronic converters. Core loss modeling approaches, such as improved Generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) or the loss map based on composite waveform hypothesis (CWH), process the pulse-based excitation piecewisely, which is proven to be effective for DC/DC converters. As the additional challenge in PWM DC/AC converters, the fundamental-frequency sinewave component induces the ‘major loop loss’ on top of the piecewise high-frequency segments, which however cannot be modeled on a switching cycle basis by any existing methods. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel fundamental concept, instantaneous core loss, which is the time-domain core loss observed experimentally for the first time in history. Extending the reactive voltage cancellation concept, this work presents a method to measure the instantaneous core loss, which only contains real power loss, as a function of time. Based on measurements in evaluated soft magnetic components, it was discovered that the discharging stage exhibits higher core loss than the charging stage. A modeling approach is then proposed to break down the major loop core loss, typically an average value in the literature, into the time domain to enable cycle-by-cycle modeling of core losses in PWM converters. This work enhances the fundamental understanding of the core loss process by advancing from the average model to the time-domain model.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1954-1966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628612
Brian S. Gu;Seho Kim;Michael J. O'Sullivan;Grant A. Covic
Heavy-duty dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems face implementation challenges such as component stress, magnetic interoperability and leakage. Multi-coil systems are a popular solution for stationary WPT, however their application to DWPT is complicated by the need for magnetic balancing.This paper proposes a novel three-phase ($3phi$) in-road primary that includes an integrated reflection winding. This not only provides a modular solution by magnetic decoupling, but it also contributes to leakage field reduction. The inter-phase coupling is shown to reduce to $1 %$ in the presence of a secondary ferrite plane. Under $10 ,mathrm{k}mathrm{W}$ operation, the $3phi$ primary is shown to be capable of reducing leakage magnetic fields by $26 %$ over a conventional rectangular primary. Furthermore, a DC-DC efficiency of at least $94.4 %$ is maintained under secondary misalignment.
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