Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414172
Aris van Ieperen;Stijn Derammelaere;Ben Minnaert
Capacitive wireless power transfer utilizes capacitive coupling to transfer electrical energy wirelessly. Due to the nature of the coupling, it is seen as a well-suited technique for single input multiple outputs configurations. For these systems, optimal solutions for power transfer and efficiency exist, however, with variation in distance or alignment, the coupling varies and as a result, these optimal solutions vary. Therefore, there is a need for coupling-independent approaches to keep these systems within their optimal operating conditions. In this work, we propose a frequency-agile mode, using frequency bifurcation, that allows for a nearly coupling-independent power transfer and efficiency regime for a capacitive wireless power transfer system with one transmitter and multiple receivers. The conditions for bifurcation are described and analytical expressions for the power and transducer gains are determined. It is shown that, when operating at the secondary resonances, nearly constant efficiency and power transfer to the load can be achieved. An experimental setup was realized and the results validate the theoretical results, showcasing a coupling-independent efficiency and power output with a more than four-fold increase in output power at the cost of less than $5%$ reduction in absolute efficiency.
{"title":"Coupling-Independent Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer With One Transmitter and Multiple Receivers Using Frequency Bifurcation","authors":"Aris van Ieperen;Stijn Derammelaere;Ben Minnaert","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414172","url":null,"abstract":"Capacitive wireless power transfer utilizes capacitive coupling to transfer electrical energy wirelessly. Due to the nature of the coupling, it is seen as a well-suited technique for single input multiple outputs configurations. For these systems, optimal solutions for power transfer and efficiency exist, however, with variation in distance or alignment, the coupling varies and as a result, these optimal solutions vary. Therefore, there is a need for coupling-independent approaches to keep these systems within their optimal operating conditions. In this work, we propose a frequency-agile mode, using frequency bifurcation, that allows for a nearly coupling-independent power transfer and efficiency regime for a capacitive wireless power transfer system with one transmitter and multiple receivers. The conditions for bifurcation are described and analytical expressions for the power and transducer gains are determined. It is shown that, when operating at the secondary resonances, nearly constant efficiency and power transfer to the load can be achieved. An experimental setup was realized and the results validate the theoretical results, showcasing a coupling-independent efficiency and power output with a more than four-fold increase in output power at the cost of less than \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$5%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 reduction in absolute efficiency.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10556644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414151
Z. Li;R. Mirzadarani;M. Ghaffarian Niasar;M. Itraj;L. van Lieshout;P. Bauer;Z. Qin
In the production of green hydrogen, electrolyzers draw power from renewable energy sources. In this paper, the design of Solid State Transformer (SST) for large-scale H 2 electrolyzers is benchmarked. The three most promising topologies are chosen for design and comparison, including Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) based SST, Modular Multi-level Resonant (MMR) based SST, and Input-Series-Output-Parallel (ISOP) based SST. The distance between converter towers for insulation and maintenance, the insulation system of the transformer, and the cooling system are designed with practical considerations in order to have an accurate estimation of the volume and weight of the SST. Losses in the switches are calculated based on equations, and losses in passive components are calculated based on FEM simulation. The operating frequency for each topology is optimized to minimize loss, weight, and volume. The best of each topology is then compared with each other to identify the most suitable one for large-scale H 2 electrolyzers.
{"title":"Medium-Voltage Solid-State Transformer Design for Large-Scale H2 Electrolyzers","authors":"Z. Li;R. Mirzadarani;M. Ghaffarian Niasar;M. Itraj;L. van Lieshout;P. Bauer;Z. Qin","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414151","url":null,"abstract":"In the production of green hydrogen, electrolyzers draw power from renewable energy sources. In this paper, the design of Solid State Transformer (SST) for large-scale H\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000 electrolyzers is benchmarked. The three most promising topologies are chosen for design and comparison, including Modular Multi-level Converter (MMC) based SST, Modular Multi-level Resonant (MMR) based SST, and Input-Series-Output-Parallel (ISOP) based SST. The distance between converter towers for insulation and maintenance, the insulation system of the transformer, and the cooling system are designed with practical considerations in order to have an accurate estimation of the volume and weight of the SST. Losses in the switches are calculated based on equations, and losses in passive components are calculated based on FEM simulation. The operating frequency for each topology is optimized to minimize loss, weight, and volume. The best of each topology is then compared with each other to identify the most suitable one for large-scale H\u0000<sub>2</sub>\u0000 electrolyzers.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10556593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414141
Abraham López;Theyllor H. Oliveira;Manuel Arias;Pablo Fernández Miaja;José A. Villarejo;Arturo Fernández
The use of a DC/DC Transformer (DCX), composed of low-power individual modules with automatic voltage and power sharing will be presented as a possible solution to increase the input voltage and output power ranges of DCX systems. The input voltage range will be increased through just Input Series – Output Parallel (ISOP) connection and the increased power handling capability will be achieved by Input Parallel – Output Parallel (IPOP) connection. With these modules, it is possible to achieve natural power and voltage sharing using only a common synchronization signal between modules. Thanks to this natural equalization, ISOP and IPOP concepts are extended to form a DCX with a matrix structure which will be tolerant to the loss of one module without compromising the power handling capabilities. The proposed topology is analyzed in detail, including the mechanisms that can affect the distribution of voltages and currents. A reliability analysis and the response of the modular system under a failure situation have also been included. The validation of this proposal has been carried out using a modular prototype for an input voltage and an output voltage of 56 V and 28 V respectively, for a rated power of 200 W, and for a switching frequency of 365 kHz.
{"title":"Modular Fault Tolerant DC/DC Transformer Enabled by Natural Power Sharing","authors":"Abraham López;Theyllor H. Oliveira;Manuel Arias;Pablo Fernández Miaja;José A. Villarejo;Arturo Fernández","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414141","url":null,"abstract":"The use of a DC/DC Transformer (DCX), composed of low-power individual modules with automatic voltage and power sharing will be presented as a possible solution to increase the input voltage and output power ranges of DCX systems. The input voltage range will be increased through just Input Series – Output Parallel (ISOP) connection and the increased power handling capability will be achieved by Input Parallel – Output Parallel (IPOP) connection. With these modules, it is possible to achieve natural power and voltage sharing using only a common synchronization signal between modules. Thanks to this natural equalization, ISOP and IPOP concepts are extended to form a DCX with a matrix structure which will be tolerant to the loss of one module without compromising the power handling capabilities. The proposed topology is analyzed in detail, including the mechanisms that can affect the distribution of voltages and currents. A reliability analysis and the response of the modular system under a failure situation have also been included. The validation of this proposal has been carried out using a modular prototype for an input voltage and an output voltage of 56 V and 28 V respectively, for a rated power of 200 W, and for a switching frequency of 365 kHz.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10556642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the interest in DC systems has increased dramatically because of some key advantages, in terms of efficiency and reliability, that this technology can offer compared to AC systems in applications such as shipboard distribution, more electric aircrafts, DC microgrids, battery protection, and photovoltaics. In this context, DC circuit breakers based on power semiconductors, the so-called solid-state circuit breakers, are becoming a popular choice because of their fast intervention speed, which is typically on the order of microseconds. Unfortunately, power electronics are vulnerable to “breakdown”, which is a dangerous operating condition triggered by overvoltages. During current interruption, the energy stored in the inductive elements of the system must be dissipated, and this typically creates a very high voltage spike on the interrupting component, which is the breaker pole. This phenomenon, if not controlled, could lead to the premature failure of the semiconductor inside the solid-state circuit breaker. For this reason, suitable techniques aimed to control the voltage gradient and overshoot during interruption have been presented in the literature. This paper analyzes and compares the performances of the voltage-clamping solutions presented in the technical literature, which range from simple passive devices to more advanced solutions.
{"title":"A Review of Voltage-Clamping Methods for Solid-State Circuit Breakers","authors":"Gioele Gregis;Luigi Piegari;Luca Raciti;Thomas Masper","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3411110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3411110","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the interest in DC systems has increased dramatically because of some key advantages, in terms of efficiency and reliability, that this technology can offer compared to AC systems in applications such as shipboard distribution, more electric aircrafts, DC microgrids, battery protection, and photovoltaics. In this context, DC circuit breakers based on power semiconductors, the so-called solid-state circuit breakers, are becoming a popular choice because of their fast intervention speed, which is typically on the order of microseconds. Unfortunately, power electronics are vulnerable to “breakdown”, which is a dangerous operating condition triggered by overvoltages. During current interruption, the energy stored in the inductive elements of the system must be dissipated, and this typically creates a very high voltage spike on the interrupting component, which is the breaker pole. This phenomenon, if not controlled, could lead to the premature failure of the semiconductor inside the solid-state circuit breaker. For this reason, suitable techniques aimed to control the voltage gradient and overshoot during interruption have been presented in the literature. This paper analyzes and compares the performances of the voltage-clamping solutions presented in the technical literature, which range from simple passive devices to more advanced solutions.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3410908
Amr Radwan;Mahmoud A. Elshenawy;Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed;Ehab Fahmy El-Saadany
This paper presents a grid-forming (GFM) voltage-source inverter (VSI) with direct current regulation for a hybrid wind-solar generator, enabling stable operation at very weak grid conditions and under faults. The GFM-VSI interfaces a hybrid wind-solar generator without an intermediate dc-dc conversion to increase the system efficiency. The wind generator comprises a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) interfaced by a voltage-source rectifier (VSR). The PMSG-VSR and a solar photovoltaic (PV) array are connected to the GFM-VSI's dc-side. The VSR is responsible for extracting wind power with a power reserve option. The GFM-VSI is implemented to extract solar power with a power reserve capability and support the grid voltage or reactive power. The stable operation of the proposed system is validated under very weak grid conditions, and it is shown that a similar hybrid wind-solar system with grid-following control is unstable under the same weak grid conditions. A complete small-signal state-space model of the proposed hybrid system is developed and analyzed. Nonlinear time-domain simulations and real-time simulation tests verify the model's accuracy and show the proposed system's effective performance under challenging operating scenarios, such as grid uncertainties and faults.
{"title":"Grid-Forming Voltage-Source Inverter for Hybrid Wind-Solar Systems Interfacing Weak Grids","authors":"Amr Radwan;Mahmoud A. Elshenawy;Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed;Ehab Fahmy El-Saadany","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3410908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3410908","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a grid-forming (GFM) voltage-source inverter (VSI) with direct current regulation for a hybrid wind-solar generator, enabling stable operation at very weak grid conditions and under faults. The GFM-VSI interfaces a hybrid wind-solar generator without an intermediate dc-dc conversion to increase the system efficiency. The wind generator comprises a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) interfaced by a voltage-source rectifier (VSR). The PMSG-VSR and a solar photovoltaic (PV) array are connected to the GFM-VSI's dc-side. The VSR is responsible for extracting wind power with a power reserve option. The GFM-VSI is implemented to extract solar power with a power reserve capability and support the grid voltage or reactive power. The stable operation of the proposed system is validated under very weak grid conditions, and it is shown that a similar hybrid wind-solar system with grid-following control is unstable under the same weak grid conditions. A complete small-signal state-space model of the proposed hybrid system is developed and analyzed. Nonlinear time-domain simulations and real-time simulation tests verify the model's accuracy and show the proposed system's effective performance under challenging operating scenarios, such as grid uncertainties and faults.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10551428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141453479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper considers a multi-carrier modulation in which the phase-shifts between the carriers are adjusted to reduce the rms current flowing into the active split dc-link capacitors of four-wire three-phase inverters when the neutral node is modulated with the third harmonic. Capacitors current reduction is beneficial in terms of volume, losses, and components stresses. Considering the current ripple combination of the phases and neutral currents, the proposed approach reduces the rms current through the split dc-link capacitors compared to a standard single-carrier pulse-width modulation. It is shown that the amount of reduction depends on the modulation index and the ratio between the neutral and the output inductors. Besides, it is not significantly influenced by the unbalancing current, in the considered topology, in which the split dc-link capacitors are aimed to regulate the neutral-point voltage. Guidelines for selecting suitable phase-shifts in practical cases based on the inverter operating point are discussed. The results are demonstrated on an experimental prototype.
{"title":"Ripple Reduction of Active Split DC-Link 4-Wire Inverters by Phase-Shifted Multi-Carrier Modulation","authors":"Ezio Gallo;Davide Biadene;Igino Toigo;Tommaso Caldognetto","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3409065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3409065","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers a multi-carrier modulation in which the phase-shifts between the carriers are adjusted to reduce the rms current flowing into the active split dc-link capacitors of four-wire three-phase inverters when the neutral node is modulated with the third harmonic. Capacitors current reduction is beneficial in terms of volume, losses, and components stresses. Considering the current ripple combination of the phases and neutral currents, the proposed approach reduces the rms current through the split dc-link capacitors compared to a standard single-carrier pulse-width modulation. It is shown that the amount of reduction depends on the modulation index and the ratio between the neutral and the output inductors. Besides, it is not significantly influenced by the unbalancing current, in the considered topology, in which the split dc-link capacitors are aimed to regulate the neutral-point voltage. Guidelines for selecting suitable phase-shifts in practical cases based on the inverter operating point are discussed. The results are demonstrated on an experimental prototype.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10547351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
$AC$ power filters play an important role in limiting the high-frequency current harmonics injected by grid-tied voltage source converters (VSCs). Amongst the various types of filters, $LCL$ filters with integrated $LC$ traps have become popular due to their ability to achieve a size reduction of the grid side inductor while demonstrating a similar current harmonic mitigation performance as a traditional $LCL$ filter. In this article, a passively damped filter network with a partially rated $LC$ trap (also referred to as the $Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$ filter) is proposed and delineated. The proposed $Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$ filter provides a $-60;text{dB/dec}$ roll-off characteristics at frequencies greater than switching frequency. Additionally, it is also demonstrated that this proposed $Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$ filter has smaller voltage ratings for two of its shunt-connected capacitor components due to the specific placement of the damping resistor. A systematic analysis of the proposed $Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$ filter is elucidated to design and select the component parameters. Steady-state and transient experimental results captured from a grid-tied 2-Level, 3 $phi$ VSC prototype are provided to validate the grid current harmonic filtering capability, reduced voltage ratings of the two shunt capacitors and passive damping performance of the proposed $Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$ filter. The proposed approach can achieve 19% and 36% filter shunt branch volume reduction for low voltage (208 V, 60 Hz) and medium voltage (4.16 kV, 60 Hz) grid-tied inverter systems, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art $LCL$ filters with integrated $LC$ traps.
{"title":"A Partially Rated LC Trap Type AC Filter for Grid-Tied Voltage Source Converters","authors":"Srinivas Gulur;Vishnu Mahadeva Iyer;Subhashish Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3408272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3408272","url":null,"abstract":"<inline-formula><tex-math>$AC$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 power filters play an important role in limiting the high-frequency current harmonics injected by grid-tied voltage source converters (VSCs). Amongst the various types of filters, \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filters with integrated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 traps have become popular due to their ability to achieve a size reduction of the grid side inductor while demonstrating a similar current harmonic mitigation performance as a traditional \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter. In this article, a passively damped filter network with a partially rated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 trap (also referred to as the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter) is proposed and delineated. The proposed \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter provides a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$-60;text{dB/dec}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 roll-off characteristics at frequencies greater than switching frequency. Additionally, it is also demonstrated that this proposed \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter has smaller voltage ratings for two of its shunt-connected capacitor components due to the specific placement of the damping resistor. A systematic analysis of the proposed \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter is elucidated to design and select the component parameters. Steady-state and transient experimental results captured from a grid-tied 2-Level, 3\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$phi$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 VSC prototype are provided to validate the grid current harmonic filtering capability, reduced voltage ratings of the two shunt capacitors and passive damping performance of the proposed \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Ltext{-}PTtext{-}L$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filter. The proposed approach can achieve 19% and 36% filter shunt branch volume reduction for low voltage (208 V, 60 Hz) and medium voltage (4.16 kV, 60 Hz) grid-tied inverter systems, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LCL$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 filters with integrated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 traps.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10545602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3395174
Uvir Gordhan;Sampath Jayalath
Several magnetic couplers have been presented for IPT-based charging of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with different sizes, transmission distances, power ratings, and landing gears. Therefore, it is hard to conclude the superiority or suitability of existing couplers for a given UAV application without evaluating their performance under common indices. Thus, a comparative analysis of existing IPT couplers for UAVs is conducted in this article, considering electromagnetic and physical performance indices. This includes efficiency, leakage magnetic field, misalignment tolerance, receiver coil volumetric power density, weight, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of transmitter and receiver currents. The validity of the analysis is experimentally supported. This article identifies the following: relative advantages and disadvantages of existing couplers, the best couplers suited for different landing gears of UAVs in the rotary-wing category, the impact of compensation on UAV coupler performance, and the best overall performing couplers. Moreover, future directions are suggested based on the drawbacks identified through analysis.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer Couplers for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Drones","authors":"Uvir Gordhan;Sampath Jayalath","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3395174","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3395174","url":null,"abstract":"Several magnetic couplers have been presented for IPT-based charging of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with different sizes, transmission distances, power ratings, and landing gears. Therefore, it is hard to conclude the superiority or suitability of existing couplers for a given UAV application without evaluating their performance under common indices. Thus, a comparative analysis of existing IPT couplers for UAVs is conducted in this article, considering electromagnetic and physical performance indices. This includes efficiency, leakage magnetic field, misalignment tolerance, receiver coil volumetric power density, weight, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of transmitter and receiver currents. The validity of the analysis is experimentally supported. This article identifies the following: relative advantages and disadvantages of existing couplers, the best couplers suited for different landing gears of UAVs in the rotary-wing category, the impact of compensation on UAV coupler performance, and the best overall performing couplers. Moreover, future directions are suggested based on the drawbacks identified through analysis.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10510554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140837783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3394548
Ahmed Y. Farag;Davide Biadene;Paolo Mattavelli;Tarek Younis
This article proposes a three-phase four-wire bidirectional topology that serves as an interlinking converter for hybrid AC/DC microgrids, featuring a single-stage power conversion. The proposed converter configuration comprises three four-switch buck-boost modules connected in a star configuration, with the AC microgrid neutral directly linked to the positive terminal of the DC microgrid. The inclusion of the neutral wire facilitates islanded operation of the hybrid microgrid, ensuring a stable power supply for both single-phase and three-phase AC loads. Moreover, the direct connection between the AC microgrid neutral and the positive terminal of the DC microgrid allows for the grounding of both microgrids, a capability was previously achievable only with isolated topologies. Additionally, the four-wire converters exhibit the ability to control positive, negative, and zero sequence components, providing flexible control during AC voltage imbalances to mitigate their effects and ensure optimal operation. Furthermore, the converter enables independent control of the three phases, facilitating fault-tolerant operation demonstrated in this article under single-phase faults. The performance of the converter is assessed through experimental tests conducted on a 7kW prototype. This prototype has been tested under various operating conditions, including balanced and unbalanced AC voltages, single-module disconnection, and islanded operation.
{"title":"Three-Phase Four-Wire Step-Down Modular Converter for an Enhanced Interlinking in Low-Voltage Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids","authors":"Ahmed Y. Farag;Davide Biadene;Paolo Mattavelli;Tarek Younis","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3394548","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3394548","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a three-phase four-wire bidirectional topology that serves as an interlinking converter for hybrid AC/DC microgrids, featuring a single-stage power conversion. The proposed converter configuration comprises three four-switch buck-boost modules connected in a star configuration, with the AC microgrid neutral directly linked to the positive terminal of the DC microgrid. The inclusion of the neutral wire facilitates islanded operation of the hybrid microgrid, ensuring a stable power supply for both single-phase and three-phase AC loads. Moreover, the direct connection between the AC microgrid neutral and the positive terminal of the DC microgrid allows for the grounding of both microgrids, a capability was previously achievable only with isolated topologies. Additionally, the four-wire converters exhibit the ability to control positive, negative, and zero sequence components, providing flexible control during AC voltage imbalances to mitigate their effects and ensure optimal operation. Furthermore, the converter enables independent control of the three phases, facilitating fault-tolerant operation demonstrated in this article under single-phase faults. The performance of the converter is assessed through experimental tests conducted on a 7kW prototype. This prototype has been tested under various operating conditions, including balanced and unbalanced AC voltages, single-module disconnection, and islanded operation.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10509742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140837265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3390417
Dan Wu;Gab-Su Seo;Lie Xu;Chi Su;Lukasz Kocewiak;Yin Sun;Zian Qin
Offshore wind is expected to be a major player in the global efforts toward decarbonization, leading to exceptional changes in modern power systems. Understanding the impacts and capabilities of the relatively new and uniquely positioned assets in grids with high integration levels of inverter-based resources, however, is lacking, raising concerns about grid reliability, stability, power quality, and resilience, with the absence of updated grid codes to guide the massive deployment of offshore wind. To help fill the gap, this paper presents an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies of offshore wind power grid integration. First, the paper investigates the most current grid requirements for wind power plant integration, based on a harmonized European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) framework and notable international standards, and it illuminates future directions. The paper discusses the wind turbine and wind power plant control strategies, and new control approaches, such as grid-forming control, are presented in detail. The paper reviews recent research on the ancillary services that offshore wind power plants can potentially provide, which, when harmonized, will not only comply with regulations but also improve the value of the asset. The paper explores topics of wind power plant harmonics, reviewing the latest standards in detail and outlining mitigation methods. The paper also presents stability analysis methods for wind power plants, with discussions centered on validity and computational efficiency. Finally, the paper discusses wind power plant transmission solutions, with a focus on high-voltage direct-current topologies and controls.
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