High-gain DC-DC converters have become very important devices in the operation of renewable energy methods such as wind and solar power to provide the required voltage and current levels. This work describes a new common ground ultra-high step-up DC-DC converter constructed with coupled inductors that has a high voltage conversion ratio, minimal voltage stress over semiconductor parts, and high performance. To improve the voltage gain, approaches using a linked inductor and voltage multiplier circuit were employed. The blocking voltages of power MOSFETs are clamped at low levels by voltage multiplier cells and can be regulated by the turn ratio of the coupled inductor, reducing the voltage rating of semiconductors and the cost of the conversion device. The proposed topology and corresponding functionalities are described by delineating the operating modes, steady-state analysis, and a comparative analysis. Experimental results are provided with a 425 W output power at a 100 kHz switching frequency of operation to validate the voltage enhancement achieved by the proposed architecture.
{"title":"Ultra-High Gain Quadratic DC-DC Topology Using Two-Winding Coupled Inductors With Voltage Multiplier Cells","authors":"Sohrab Abbasian;Mohammad Farsijani;Homayon Soltani Gohari;Tomi Roinila","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454532","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454532","url":null,"abstract":"High-gain DC-DC converters have become very important devices in the operation of renewable energy methods such as wind and solar power to provide the required voltage and current levels. This work describes a new common ground ultra-high step-up DC-DC converter constructed with coupled inductors that has a high voltage conversion ratio, minimal voltage stress over semiconductor parts, and high performance. To improve the voltage gain, approaches using a linked inductor and voltage multiplier circuit were employed. The blocking voltages of power MOSFETs are clamped at low levels by voltage multiplier cells and can be regulated by the turn ratio of the coupled inductor, reducing the voltage rating of semiconductors and the cost of the conversion device. The proposed topology and corresponding functionalities are described by delineating the operating modes, steady-state analysis, and a comparative analysis. Experimental results are provided with a 425 W output power at a 100 kHz switching frequency of operation to validate the voltage enhancement achieved by the proposed architecture.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1340-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10664576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454368
Bastian Korthauer;Jürgen Biela
Due to the ever-increasing switching speeds of wide band gap (WBG) devices, the high-frequency behavior of magnetic components, such as medium-frequency transformers, is becoming increasingly significant. To describe this complex high-frequency behavior, large multiconductor networks are commonly employed. The frequency-dependent parameters of these networks are typically represented as matrices. However, accurately calculating these matrices often necessitates time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA), which significantly limits the investigation of various geometries within a practical timeframe. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a model based on analytical formulations for the frequency-dependent resistance and inductance matrices of transformers with litz wire windings. The model is experimentally verified showing good agreement to the measurements over a wide frequency range. Compared to FEA only a marginal deviation of less than 2% is noticeable, whereas the calculation is more than 200 times faster.
{"title":"Calculation of the Inductance and Resistance Matrices of Medium-Frequency Transformers","authors":"Bastian Korthauer;Jürgen Biela","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454368","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3454368","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the ever-increasing switching speeds of wide band gap (WBG) devices, the high-frequency behavior of magnetic components, such as medium-frequency transformers, is becoming increasingly significant. To describe this complex high-frequency behavior, large multiconductor networks are commonly employed. The frequency-dependent parameters of these networks are typically represented as matrices. However, accurately calculating these matrices often necessitates time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA), which significantly limits the investigation of various geometries within a practical timeframe. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a model based on analytical formulations for the frequency-dependent resistance and inductance matrices of transformers with litz wire windings. The model is experimentally verified showing good agreement to the measurements over a wide frequency range. Compared to FEA only a marginal deviation of less than 2% is noticeable, whereas the calculation is more than 200 times faster.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1375-1388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10664044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3452169
Maximilian Hepp;Kim Kaiser;Michael Saur;Mark-M. Bakran
Efficiency and power density of electric vehicle drive systems are important metrics for their performance evaluation. To address these aspects, Optimized Pulse Patterns (OPPs) can be integrated into the modulation strategy. This research investigates the effects of OPPs on the current distortion of salient permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) applying different symmetry conditions. It places a particular emphasis on three-pulse switching within the overmodulation region. A mathematical model of salient PMSMs is used to demonstrate that the voltage phase angle significantly influences current harmonics. It is revealed that even with a low number of pulses, satisfactory sinusoidal currents can be achieved at high voltage phase angles, thereby reducing the inverter's switching efforts while preserving current waveform quality. Different waveforms such as quarter- and half-wave symmetry (QWS), unrestricted half-wave symmetry (HWS) and restricted HWS are compared, with an innovative approach proposed for unrestricted HWS. The benefits and drawbacks of these waveforms in application to salient PMSMs are investigated, with emphasis on the overmodulation region. It is noted that HWS shows benefits over QWS at medium-load operating points and when zero-vectors are in the waveforms. In contrast, no significant advantages of HWS over QWS could be identified in the overmodulation region. The research proposes a practical OPP implementation strategy that balances effort and efficiency based on this knowledge. Unlike previous studies that used random initial angles to explore solutions, this study methodically examines the solution space for HWS and QWS, selecting initial angles that enhance the chances of finding the global optimum.
{"title":"Detailed Analysis of Optimized Pulse Patterns Interacting With Salient PMSMs Applying Different Symmetry Conditions","authors":"Maximilian Hepp;Kim Kaiser;Michael Saur;Mark-M. Bakran","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3452169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3452169","url":null,"abstract":"Efficiency and power density of electric vehicle drive systems are important metrics for their performance evaluation. To address these aspects, Optimized Pulse Patterns (OPPs) can be integrated into the modulation strategy. This research investigates the effects of OPPs on the current distortion of salient permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) applying different symmetry conditions. It places a particular emphasis on three-pulse switching within the overmodulation region. A mathematical model of salient PMSMs is used to demonstrate that the voltage phase angle significantly influences current harmonics. It is revealed that even with a low number of pulses, satisfactory sinusoidal currents can be achieved at high voltage phase angles, thereby reducing the inverter's switching efforts while preserving current waveform quality. Different waveforms such as quarter- and half-wave symmetry (QWS), unrestricted half-wave symmetry (HWS) and restricted HWS are compared, with an innovative approach proposed for unrestricted HWS. The benefits and drawbacks of these waveforms in application to salient PMSMs are investigated, with emphasis on the overmodulation region. It is noted that HWS shows benefits over QWS at medium-load operating points and when zero-vectors are in the waveforms. In contrast, no significant advantages of HWS over QWS could be identified in the overmodulation region. The research proposes a practical OPP implementation strategy that balances effort and efficiency based on this knowledge. Unlike previous studies that used random initial angles to explore solutions, this study methodically examines the solution space for HWS and QWS, selecting initial angles that enhance the chances of finding the global optimum.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1280-1296"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10660503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450750
Zheran Zeng;Dongsheng Yang;Heng Wu;Liangcai Shu;Yin Sun;Songda Wang
For grid-forming (GFM) controlled voltage-source converters (VSCs), there is a challenge in addressing their fault ride-through (FRT) capability under large grid disturbances. Specifically, the challenge lies in achieving rapid and robust synchronization with the faulted grid while effectively limiting the fault current. To address this, this article proposes a direct current-synchronization control (DCSC) scheme in the converter synchronous reference frame, which directly regulates the VSC current for synchronization. The validity of DCSC is substantiated by analyzing the relationship between the VSC current and phase angle, where power serves as an intermediate variable. The analytical solution for the steady-state stability boundary of the DCSC-based VSC-grid system under fault conditions is derived, which demonstrates the enhanced synchronization stability of DCSC compared to the conventional power-balance-based synchronization (PBBS) after large grid disturbances. The stability boundary of DCSC under fault conditions exhibits a voltage-magnitude-independent characteristic, resulting in a wider power angle boundary. Furthermore, this stability boundary can be translated to determine the stable operating range of the power reference ratio so that a consistently stable DCSC-based VSC-grid system can be assured under fault conditions. To increase the dynamic synchronization speed after faults, a control gain self-adaptability (CGSA) approach is introduced into the DCSC scheme. The experimental results validate the theoretical findings, affirming the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
{"title":"A Direct Current-Synchronization Control for Voltage Source Converter With Enhanced Fault Ride-Through Capability","authors":"Zheran Zeng;Dongsheng Yang;Heng Wu;Liangcai Shu;Yin Sun;Songda Wang","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450750","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450750","url":null,"abstract":"For grid-forming (GFM) controlled voltage-source converters (VSCs), there is a challenge in addressing their fault ride-through (FRT) capability under large grid disturbances. Specifically, the challenge lies in achieving rapid and robust synchronization with the faulted grid while effectively limiting the fault current. To address this, this article proposes a direct current-synchronization control (DCSC) scheme in the converter synchronous reference frame, which directly regulates the VSC current for synchronization. The validity of DCSC is substantiated by analyzing the relationship between the VSC current and phase angle, where power serves as an intermediate variable. The analytical solution for the steady-state stability boundary of the DCSC-based VSC-grid system under fault conditions is derived, which demonstrates the enhanced synchronization stability of DCSC compared to the conventional power-balance-based synchronization (PBBS) after large grid disturbances. The stability boundary of DCSC under fault conditions exhibits a voltage-magnitude-independent characteristic, resulting in a wider power angle boundary. Furthermore, this stability boundary can be translated to determine the stable operating range of the power reference ratio so that a consistently stable DCSC-based VSC-grid system can be assured under fault conditions. To increase the dynamic synchronization speed after faults, a control gain self-adaptability (CGSA) approach is introduced into the DCSC scheme. The experimental results validate the theoretical findings, affirming the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1484-1499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10652590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450202
Fabio Corti;Francisco Javier Lopez-Alcolea;Luigi Solimene;Alberto Reatti;Salvatore Musumeci;Pedro Roncero-Sanchez;Alicia Triviño Cabrera
This paper introduces a novel control approach for an LCC-S Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system. The system's output voltage regulation is achieved through a variable inductor, leveraging magnetic core saturation. A comprehensive design methodology for the variable inductor tailored to the desired control characteristics is presented. Addressing a significant gap in the current literature, the paper addresses the non-trivial challenge of developing a small signal model that correlates output voltage variations with changes in inductance. To fill this gap, the proposed approach pioneers a transfer function, providing an accurate description of this dynamic. Additionally, a closed-loop control system is proposed for prompt adjustment of the output voltage. The efficacy of this control system is demonstrated even in the face of rapid load variations or misalignment, ensuring reliable regulation. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach are substantiated through extensive experimental measurements, validating the theoretical and simulation results.
{"title":"Closed-Loop Control of Inductive WPT System Through Variable Inductor","authors":"Fabio Corti;Francisco Javier Lopez-Alcolea;Luigi Solimene;Alberto Reatti;Salvatore Musumeci;Pedro Roncero-Sanchez;Alicia Triviño Cabrera","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450202","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3450202","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a novel control approach for an LCC-S Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system. The system's output voltage regulation is achieved through a variable inductor, leveraging magnetic core saturation. A comprehensive design methodology for the variable inductor tailored to the desired control characteristics is presented. Addressing a significant gap in the current literature, the paper addresses the non-trivial challenge of developing a small signal model that correlates output voltage variations with changes in inductance. To fill this gap, the proposed approach pioneers a transfer function, providing an accurate description of this dynamic. Additionally, a closed-loop control system is proposed for prompt adjustment of the output voltage. The efficacy of this control system is demonstrated even in the face of rapid load variations or misalignment, ensuring reliable regulation. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach are substantiated through extensive experimental measurements, validating the theoretical and simulation results.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1389-1403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10648759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445719
Sisir Kumar Yadav;Ashish Patel;Hitesh Datt Mathur
Power quality is critical in ensuring the efficient operation of electrical systems, and Unified Power Quality Conditioners with Distributed Generation (UPQC-DG) systems play a vital role in mitigating power quality issues such as voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and flicker. Proportional-integral (PI) control UPQC-DG systems are crucial for maintaining power quality by stabilizing the DC link voltage, which is also essential for the seamless integration of distributed generation into the power grid. Effective PI control ensures minimal voltage fluctuations and rapid response to disturbances, thereby enhancing overall system reliability and efficiency. However, traditional PI tuning methods, like the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) approach, often fail to provide optimal performance under dynamic conditions in such complex converters. To address these limitations, this paper presents an innovative approach for real-time tuning of PI controllers in UPQC-DG systems using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The primary objective is to dynamically optimize the PI controller parameters to enhance the stability and performance of the DC link voltage under varying operational conditions. The proposed method was validated in a real-time simulation environment using the OPAL-RT 4512 platform. The results demonstrate the PSO-based method's superior ability to reduce steady-state errors and enhance dynamic response as well. This study underscores the potential of PSO for real-time adaptive control, providing a robust solution for maintaining high power quality in UPQC-DG systems and improving the stability and reliability of distributed generation systems.
电能质量是确保电力系统高效运行的关键，而带分布式发电功能的统一电能质量调节器（UPQC-DG）系统在缓解电压骤降、骤升、谐波和闪变等电能质量问题方面发挥着至关重要的作用。比例积分（PI）控制 UPQC-DG 系统通过稳定直流链路电压来维持电能质量，这对于将分布式发电无缝集成到电网中也至关重要。有效的 PI 控制可确保最小的电压波动和对干扰的快速响应，从而提高整个系统的可靠性和效率。然而，传统的 PI 调节方法（如 Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) 方法）往往无法在此类复杂变流器的动态条件下提供最佳性能。为了解决这些局限性，本文提出了一种利用粒子群优化（PSO）对 UPQC-DG 系统中的 PI 控制器进行实时调整的创新方法。其主要目的是动态优化 PI 控制器参数，以提高直流链路电压在不同运行条件下的稳定性和性能。利用 OPAL-RT 4512 平台在实时仿真环境中对所提出的方法进行了验证。结果表明，基于 PSO 的方法在减少稳态误差和增强动态响应方面具有卓越的能力。这项研究强调了 PSO 在实时自适应控制方面的潜力，为在 UPQC-DG 系统中保持高电能质量以及提高分布式发电系统的稳定性和可靠性提供了稳健的解决方案。
{"title":"PSO-Based Online PI Tuning of UPQC-DG in Real-Time","authors":"Sisir Kumar Yadav;Ashish Patel;Hitesh Datt Mathur","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445719","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445719","url":null,"abstract":"Power quality is critical in ensuring the efficient operation of electrical systems, and Unified Power Quality Conditioners with Distributed Generation (UPQC-DG) systems play a vital role in mitigating power quality issues such as voltage sags, swells, harmonics, and flicker. Proportional-integral (PI) control UPQC-DG systems are crucial for maintaining power quality by stabilizing the DC link voltage, which is also essential for the seamless integration of distributed generation into the power grid. Effective PI control ensures minimal voltage fluctuations and rapid response to disturbances, thereby enhancing overall system reliability and efficiency. However, traditional PI tuning methods, like the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) approach, often fail to provide optimal performance under dynamic conditions in such complex converters. To address these limitations, this paper presents an innovative approach for real-time tuning of PI controllers in UPQC-DG systems using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The primary objective is to dynamically optimize the PI controller parameters to enhance the stability and performance of the DC link voltage under varying operational conditions. The proposed method was validated in a real-time simulation environment using the OPAL-RT 4512 platform. The results demonstrate the PSO-based method's superior ability to reduce steady-state errors and enhance dynamic response as well. This study underscores the potential of PSO for real-time adaptive control, providing a robust solution for maintaining high power quality in UPQC-DG systems and improving the stability and reliability of distributed generation systems.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1419-1431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can be attributed to recent advancements in highly efficient power conversion technology, as well as a desire to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. As a result, bidirectional DC-DC converters have gained significant interest and importance in the field of electric vehicle applications. This paper introduces an enhanced DC-DC converter, the Bidirectional Dual-Input Single-Output (BDISO) converter for the Electrical Vehicle application, which combines multiple energy sources for efficient power delivery to a load. The converter offers versatile operational modes and employs a Passivity-Based Control (PBC) strategy for stable closed-loop control. A mathematical model is developed and analyzed to understand its behavior. In addition, rigorous evaluations of reliability and efficiency demonstrate robust performance and high operational efficiency across various conditions in comparison with exciting systems. Finally, the proposed converter with its controller is validated through simulation and experimental results.
{"title":"Bidirectional Dual-Input Single-Output DC-DC Converter Based on Passivity Control Strategy","authors":"Mohsen Abdolahi;Saeed Hosseinnataj;Majid Norouzian;Jafar Adabi;Edris Pouresmaeil","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3444914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3444914","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can be attributed to recent advancements in highly efficient power conversion technology, as well as a desire to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. As a result, bidirectional DC-DC converters have gained significant interest and importance in the field of electric vehicle applications. This paper introduces an enhanced DC-DC converter, the Bidirectional Dual-Input Single-Output (BDISO) converter for the Electrical Vehicle application, which combines multiple energy sources for efficient power delivery to a load. The converter offers versatile operational modes and employs a Passivity-Based Control (PBC) strategy for stable closed-loop control. A mathematical model is developed and analyzed to understand its behavior. In addition, rigorous evaluations of reliability and efficiency demonstrate robust performance and high operational efficiency across various conditions in comparison with exciting systems. Finally, the proposed converter with its controller is validated through simulation and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1227-1242"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LLC converters benefit from soft switching and sinusoidal currents over dual active bridge (DAB) converters. The design process of an LLC converter involves the selection of resonant tank inductor, capacitor, magnetizing inductance, resonant frequency, and transformer turns ratio for proper operation within the desired range of voltages and power. However, the design and control of frequency-modulated LLC converters in wide voltage range applications is challenging due to the wide range of switching frequencies. Topology morphing control is an established technique utilized for countering the challenges of wide voltage range LLC operation. This work provides a design framework for an LLC converter with topology morphing for wide voltage range applications. The proposed design framework uses time domain analysis and a power loss model to evaluate the optimal converter parameters for efficiency maximization over the entire voltage range. Methodology of implementing online topology morphing with closed-loop control in a digital signal processor (DSP) considering an on-board battery charger (OBC) application is also provided. The design optimization process and control methodology are validated through a 300–700 V input, 250–450 V output, 3.3 kW hardware demonstrator. An experimental peak efficiency of 97.72% is achieved compared to a calculated 97.63% efficiency, proving the accuracy of the analytical model. Time weighted averaged efficiency above 96.7% is observed over the entire voltage range.
{"title":"Optimal LLC Converter Design With Topology Morphing Control for Wide Voltage Range Battery Charging Applications","authors":"Guvanthi Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage;Kyle Kozielski;Ali Emadi","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3444775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3444775","url":null,"abstract":"LLC converters benefit from soft switching and sinusoidal currents over dual active bridge (DAB) converters. The design process of an LLC converter involves the selection of resonant tank inductor, capacitor, magnetizing inductance, resonant frequency, and transformer turns ratio for proper operation within the desired range of voltages and power. However, the design and control of frequency-modulated LLC converters in wide voltage range applications is challenging due to the wide range of switching frequencies. Topology morphing control is an established technique utilized for countering the challenges of wide voltage range LLC operation. This work provides a design framework for an LLC converter with topology morphing for wide voltage range applications. The proposed design framework uses time domain analysis and a power loss model to evaluate the optimal converter parameters for efficiency maximization over the entire voltage range. Methodology of implementing online topology morphing with closed-loop control in a digital signal processor (DSP) considering an on-board battery charger (OBC) application is also provided. The design optimization process and control methodology are validated through a 300–700 V input, 250–450 V output, 3.3 kW hardware demonstrator. An experimental peak efficiency of 97.72% is achieved compared to a calculated 97.63% efficiency, proving the accuracy of the analytical model. Time weighted averaged efficiency above 96.7% is observed over the entire voltage range.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1209-1226"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445313
Rajesh Rajamony;Sheng Wang;Wenlong Ming
In this paper, a single-stage buck-boost differential inverter is optimally designed for applications with varying input DC voltage (e.g., photovoltaics and fuel cell systems). The designed inverter has multiple functionalities, including power decoupling and AC output filtering, and it can operate with a wide DC voltage range without adding extra power conversion stages or filters. Hence, it is naturally compact and highly efficient. To fully exploit its benefits, the proposed inverter operating principle and mathematical model were first developed to form the foundation of an optimal design. The criteria for selecting the inverter's key components have been presented. This ensures that the developed inverter meets the aforementioned functional requirements without being overly sized. A digital design procedure based on artificial neural networks is followed for further multiple objective optimization, targeting high efficiency, high power density and low cost. A 1.8kW prototype of the inverter was fabricated through the digital design. The inverter's operating functionality with varying DC voltage, power decoupling, and filtering was demonstrated by both simulation studies and experimental tests on the prototype. The accuracy of the optimal design was also validated.
{"title":"Modelling and Optimal Design of a Multifunctional Single-Stage Buck-Boost Differential Inverter","authors":"Rajesh Rajamony;Sheng Wang;Wenlong Ming","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3445313","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a single-stage buck-boost differential inverter is optimally designed for applications with varying input DC voltage (e.g., photovoltaics and fuel cell systems). The designed inverter has multiple functionalities, including power decoupling and AC output filtering, and it can operate with a wide DC voltage range without adding extra power conversion stages or filters. Hence, it is naturally compact and highly efficient. To fully exploit its benefits, the proposed inverter operating principle and mathematical model were first developed to form the foundation of an optimal design. The criteria for selecting the inverter's key components have been presented. This ensures that the developed inverter meets the aforementioned functional requirements without being overly sized. A digital design procedure based on artificial neural networks is followed for further multiple objective optimization, targeting high efficiency, high power density and low cost. A 1.8kW prototype of the inverter was fabricated through the digital design. The inverter's operating functionality with varying DC voltage, power decoupling, and filtering was demonstrated by both simulation studies and experimental tests on the prototype. The accuracy of the optimal design was also validated.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1328-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3443921
Seungjin Jo;Guangyao Li;Junchen Xie;Dong-Hee Kim
This paper proposes a process for measuring the rated power electrical characteristics of inductive power transfer (IPT) coupling pads in limited laboratory environments through topology reconfiguration. Among the components of IPT systems, the coupling pad is responsible for the main losses in the converter. Moreover, coupling pads have nonlinear characteristics that depend on various factors, such as the number of coil turns, the diameter, the permeability of the magnetic material, and the amount of aluminum. Therefore, verifying the operation is necessary when applying various position and control algorithms after configuring an IPT system. The input/output characteristics of the IPT system are mainly determined by the coupling pad and the employed compensation topology. Verifying the operation of the coupling pad becomes challenging when the IPT application's required input/output characteristics exceed the experimental voltage range in laboratory environments. The same electrical stress is applied to the coupling pad through topology reconfiguration and resonance component tuning, and the input/output characteristics can be flexibly changed to present a guideline that can be tested in a laboratory environment. A 3-resonance component circuit allows for modeling various compensation topologies. The same electrical and heating stress are verified through a 3.3-kW experimental prototype.
{"title":"Measurement of Inductive Power Transfer Coupling Pad Stress by Reconfiguring the Double-Sided-LCC Topology in a Limited Laboratory Environment","authors":"Seungjin Jo;Guangyao Li;Junchen Xie;Dong-Hee Kim","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3443921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3443921","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a process for measuring the rated power electrical characteristics of inductive power transfer (IPT) coupling pads in limited laboratory environments through topology reconfiguration. Among the components of IPT systems, the coupling pad is responsible for the main losses in the converter. Moreover, coupling pads have nonlinear characteristics that depend on various factors, such as the number of coil turns, the diameter, the permeability of the magnetic material, and the amount of aluminum. Therefore, verifying the operation is necessary when applying various position and control algorithms after configuring an IPT system. The input/output characteristics of the IPT system are mainly determined by the coupling pad and the employed compensation topology. Verifying the operation of the coupling pad becomes challenging when the IPT application's required input/output characteristics exceed the experimental voltage range in laboratory environments. The same electrical stress is applied to the coupling pad through topology reconfiguration and resonance component tuning, and the input/output characteristics can be flexibly changed to present a guideline that can be tested in a laboratory environment. A 3-resonance component circuit allows for modeling various compensation topologies. The same electrical and heating stress are verified through a 3.3-kW experimental prototype.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"5 ","pages":"1267-1279"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10637674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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