Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3425605
Andres Revilla Aguilar;Stig Munk-Nielsen;Flemming Buus Bendixen;Ziwei Ouyang;Maeve Duffy;Hongbo Zhao
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of permanent magnet biased inductors, (PMBIs). The theoretical benefits of PMBIs, operating in DC applications, were identified decades ago, in the late 1950’s. Compared with a non-biased inductor, a 100% linear biased PMBI, can achieve the same inductance and saturation current, while requiring only half of the core's cross-sectional area or half the number of turns. In practicality, achieving 100% biasing without introducing additional losses, or detrimental conditions for the permanent magnet's lifetime, becomes an important challenge and the development and achievements of PMBIs have been evolving until present days. Therefore, this overview paper, first introduces the basic background knowledge required for the development of PMBIs, including an overview of the design benefits of biasing, the possible design strategies, additional benefits and possibilities of over-biasing, and a brief introduction to permanent magnets, PMs. The historical evolution of the different biasing techniques, and the employed core and PM topologies, are analyzed and evaluated. The different physical prototype implementations found in the literature, and their operating characteristics, achievements, and limitations, are compiled and evaluated. Finally, the present challenges of PMBI implementation, and the future perspectives towards optimized development are summarized.
{"title":"Permanent Magnet Biased Inductors–An Overview","authors":"Andres Revilla Aguilar;Stig Munk-Nielsen;Flemming Buus Bendixen;Ziwei Ouyang;Maeve Duffy;Hongbo Zhao","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3425605","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3425605","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of permanent magnet biased inductors, (PMBIs). The theoretical benefits of PMBIs, operating in DC applications, were identified decades ago, in the late 1950’s. Compared with a non-biased inductor, a 100% linear biased PMBI, can achieve the same inductance and saturation current, while requiring only half of the core's cross-sectional area or half the number of turns. In practicality, achieving 100% biasing without introducing additional losses, or detrimental conditions for the permanent magnet's lifetime, becomes an important challenge and the development and achievements of PMBIs have been evolving until present days. Therefore, this overview paper, first introduces the basic background knowledge required for the development of PMBIs, including an overview of the design benefits of biasing, the possible design strategies, additional benefits and possibilities of over-biasing, and a brief introduction to permanent magnets, PMs. The historical evolution of the different biasing techniques, and the employed core and PM topologies, are analyzed and evaluated. The different physical prototype implementations found in the literature, and their operating characteristics, achievements, and limitations, are compiled and evaluated. Finally, the present challenges of PMBI implementation, and the future perspectives towards optimized development are summarized.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10591423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141573996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3422021
Jiang Yuan;Jieming Ma;Zhongbei Tian;Ka Lok Man
The integration of Digital Twin (DT) technology into the photovoltaic (PV) sector represents a significant advancement in energy management, optimization, servicing, and maintenance. This comprehensive literature review aims to enhance understanding, categorization, and adoption of DT and data fusion technologies within the PV industry to guide future research endeavors. The review categorizes PV models into three types: digital models, digital shadows, and digital twins, based on their data connection and integration attributes. It recognizes data fusion as the critical enabling technology for the development of complex DT models and proposes a framework for integrating data fusion with DT systems. A detailed examination of prevalent PV modeling methodologies is conducted to delineate their advantages and limitations, serving as a valuable resource for industry practitioners. The paper concludes that digital models and digital shadows are effective for initial PV system forecast and monitoring, while fully integrated DT models offer significant advantages, including real-time analysis, predictive capabilities, and active system optimization. However, implementing and maintaining DT models require advanced data analytics, high computational costs, and robust system security, presenting important challenges to be addressed in future research endeavors.
{"title":"Digital Twin Integration With Data Fusion for Enhanced Photovoltaic System Management: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Jiang Yuan;Jieming Ma;Zhongbei Tian;Ka Lok Man","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3422021","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3422021","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of Digital Twin (DT) technology into the photovoltaic (PV) sector represents a significant advancement in energy management, optimization, servicing, and maintenance. This comprehensive literature review aims to enhance understanding, categorization, and adoption of DT and data fusion technologies within the PV industry to guide future research endeavors. The review categorizes PV models into three types: digital models, digital shadows, and digital twins, based on their data connection and integration attributes. It recognizes data fusion as the critical enabling technology for the development of complex DT models and proposes a framework for integrating data fusion with DT systems. A detailed examination of prevalent PV modeling methodologies is conducted to delineate their advantages and limitations, serving as a valuable resource for industry practitioners. The paper concludes that digital models and digital shadows are effective for initial PV system forecast and monitoring, while fully integrated DT models offer significant advantages, including real-time analysis, predictive capabilities, and active system optimization. However, implementing and maintaining DT models require advanced data analytics, high computational costs, and robust system security, presenting important challenges to be addressed in future research endeavors.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10582537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3420868
Behzad Soleymani;Omidreza Bagheri;Ehsan Adib;Suzan Eren
In this paper, a new synchronous rectified converter with ultra-low output current ripple and high voltage attenuation is proposed. The presented converter can achieve soft switching without requiring any additional active components, leading to high efficiency while maintaining the simplicity of conventional converters. Other main features of the proposed circuit are inherent shoot-through protection, reduced current stress of the semiconductors due to the coupled inductor, and low voltage stress across the low-side MOSFET. In addition, a pulse frequency modulation control scheme is used, which allows for an extended soft-switching range without imposing an excessive circulating current at light loads. The steady-state analysis and experimental results from a 120 W prototype are presented in this paper.
本文提出了一种具有超低输出电流纹波和高电压衰减的新型同步整流转换器。该转换器无需任何额外的有源元件即可实现软开关，从而在保持传统转换器简洁性的同时实现了高效率。所提电路的其他主要特点包括固有的击穿保护、耦合电感器导致的半导体电流应力减小以及低端 MOSFET 上的电压应力较低。此外，电路还采用了脉冲频率调制控制方案，从而扩大了软开关范围，在轻负载时不会产生过大的循环电流。本文介绍了 120 W 原型的稳态分析和实验结果。
{"title":"A ZVS High Step-Down Converter With Reduced Component Count and Low Ripple Output Current","authors":"Behzad Soleymani;Omidreza Bagheri;Ehsan Adib;Suzan Eren","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3420868","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3420868","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new synchronous rectified converter with ultra-low output current ripple and high voltage attenuation is proposed. The presented converter can achieve soft switching without requiring any additional active components, leading to high efficiency while maintaining the simplicity of conventional converters. Other main features of the proposed circuit are inherent shoot-through protection, reduced current stress of the semiconductors due to the coupled inductor, and low voltage stress across the low-side MOSFET. In addition, a pulse frequency modulation control scheme is used, which allows for an extended soft-switching range without imposing an excessive circulating current at light loads. The steady-state analysis and experimental results from a 120 W prototype are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10578338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417825
Rami F. Yehia;Zhehui Guo;Hui Li;Fang Z. Peng
Staircase modulation is a switching technique ubiquitous in multilevel inverters utilizing large number of output voltage levels. With tens of levels, the output of a multilevel inverter employing staircase modulation approaches a sinusoid without requiring switching harmonics filters. Out of various multilevel inverter topologies, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) became prominent due to its modularity, scalability, and efficiency. However, balancing the submodule (SM) capacitor voltages poses a significant challenge in MMC operation. In this work, a staircase matrix modulation (SMM) strategy, which achieves sensor-less capacitor voltage balancing, is proposed for the switched – capacitor MMC (SCMMC), an MMC topology with a very small arm inductor. The proposed SMM utilizes a full rank, symmetric switching matrix, where specific switching patterns are assigned for each voltage level. The structure of the proposed matrix, its unique features, and the process of populating its entries for any converter voltage level are described. Theoretical analysis on the operation of the proposed SMM, simulations for an 11-level SCMMC, and experimental results on a single-phase, 2 kW, 425 V, 4-level SCMMC prototype are presented to illustrate the voltage balancing capability of the proposed SMM. The resulting switching frequency of the SCMMC under SMM is also analyzed.
{"title":"Staircase Matrix Modulation for the Switched-Capacitor Modular Multilevel Converter With Sensor-Less Capacitor Voltage Balancing","authors":"Rami F. Yehia;Zhehui Guo;Hui Li;Fang Z. Peng","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417825","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417825","url":null,"abstract":"Staircase modulation is a switching technique ubiquitous in multilevel inverters utilizing large number of output voltage levels. With tens of levels, the output of a multilevel inverter employing staircase modulation approaches a sinusoid without requiring switching harmonics filters. Out of various multilevel inverter topologies, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) became prominent due to its modularity, scalability, and efficiency. However, balancing the submodule (SM) capacitor voltages poses a significant challenge in MMC operation. In this work, a staircase matrix modulation (SMM) strategy, which achieves sensor-less capacitor voltage balancing, is proposed for the switched – capacitor MMC (SCMMC), an MMC topology with a very small arm inductor. The proposed SMM utilizes a full rank, symmetric switching matrix, where specific switching patterns are assigned for each voltage level. The structure of the proposed matrix, its unique features, and the process of populating its entries for any converter voltage level are described. Theoretical analysis on the operation of the proposed SMM, simulations for an 11-level SCMMC, and experimental results on a single-phase, 2 kW, 425 V, 4-level SCMMC prototype are presented to illustrate the voltage balancing capability of the proposed SMM. The resulting switching frequency of the SCMMC under SMM is also analyzed.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quasi-Z source (qZS) multilevel inverters have become popular in sustainable energy systems, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study proposes a qZS five-level nested neutral point clamped (5L-NNPC) inverter, benefiting from continuous input current, high voltage gain, and insignificant voltage stress across semiconductors. The proposed topology provides a common ground between the input sources and the inverter's DC link, thus entirely eliminating leakage current, making it a suitable candidate for PV applications. Moreover, model predictive control (MPC) is employed to regulate the voltages of flying capacitors and the output current of the 5L-NNPC inverter. The study also includes analyses of steady-state performance, circuit design, efficiency, and control considerations. Finally, experimental results are presented to validate the converter's performance.
准 Z 源（qZS）多电平逆变器已在可持续能源系统，尤其是光伏（PV）系统中流行起来。本研究提出了一种 qZS 五电平嵌套中性点箝位（5L-NNPC）逆变器，该逆变器具有连续输入电流、高电压增益和跨半导体电压应力小等优点。所提出的拓扑结构在输入源和逆变器的直流链路之间提供了公共接地，从而完全消除了漏电流，使其成为光伏应用的理想选择。此外，还采用了模型预测控制 (MPC) 来调节飞行电容器的电压和 5L-NNPC 逆变器的输出电流。研究还包括对稳态性能、电路设计、效率和控制考虑因素的分析。最后，实验结果验证了变流器的性能。
{"title":"A New Single-Phase High Step-Up Active-Switched Quasi Z-Source NNPC Inverter With Common Ground Feature","authors":"MILAD SHAMOUEI-MILAN;REZA ASGARNIA;MILAD GHAVIPANJEH MARANGALU;KOUROSH KHALAJ MONFARED;YOUSEF NEYSHABOURI;HANI VAHEDI","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417277","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417277","url":null,"abstract":"Quasi-Z source (qZS) multilevel inverters have become popular in sustainable energy systems, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study proposes a qZS five-level nested neutral point clamped (5L-NNPC) inverter, benefiting from continuous input current, high voltage gain, and insignificant voltage stress across semiconductors. The proposed topology provides a common ground between the input sources and the inverter's DC link, thus entirely eliminating leakage current, making it a suitable candidate for PV applications. Moreover, model predictive control (MPC) is employed to regulate the voltages of flying capacitors and the output current of the 5L-NNPC inverter. The study also includes analyses of steady-state performance, circuit design, efficiency, and control considerations. Finally, experimental results are presented to validate the converter's performance.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417177
Pan Sun;Leyu Wang;Yan Liang;Xusheng Wu;Qijun Deng
To meet the low-voltage and high-power demand of fast charging of electric vehicles, an ISOP multi-channel inductive power transfer (IPT) system based on LCC-S compensation network is analyzed in this paper. Firstly, the system's improvement of transmission capability is analyzed without considering the cross-coupling. After that, to clarify the cross-coupling impression, the equivalent impedance formula for the inverter output terminals of each channel is calculated. Then, combined with the harmonic characteristics of high order topology, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition of each channel is analyzed. Found out that the cross-coupling may lead to a decrease in the instantaneous current value when the inverter is turned on, thereby increasing the risk of losing the ZVS operating state. To eliminate the influence of cross-coupling, a parameter design method is proposed without additional devices and control. Finally, a 3-channel ISOP-IPT system prototype is built. The system achieves an energy transmission of 17.06 kW with an efficiency of 93.22%. Compared with single-channel systems, the power capacity is increased while keeping the input current level unchanged. After compensation, the system achieves equivalent decoupling in the case of cross-coupling, each channel works independently and maintains the input voltage balance.
{"title":"Analysis and Cross-Coupling Elimination of Input-Series Output-Parallel (ISOP) Multi-Channel IPT System","authors":"Pan Sun;Leyu Wang;Yan Liang;Xusheng Wu;Qijun Deng","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417177","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417177","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the low-voltage and high-power demand of fast charging of electric vehicles, an ISOP multi-channel inductive power transfer (IPT) system based on LCC-S compensation network is analyzed in this paper. Firstly, the system's improvement of transmission capability is analyzed without considering the cross-coupling. After that, to clarify the cross-coupling impression, the equivalent impedance formula for the inverter output terminals of each channel is calculated. Then, combined with the harmonic characteristics of high order topology, the zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition of each channel is analyzed. Found out that the cross-coupling may lead to a decrease in the instantaneous current value when the inverter is turned on, thereby increasing the risk of losing the ZVS operating state. To eliminate the influence of cross-coupling, a parameter design method is proposed without additional devices and control. Finally, a 3-channel ISOP-IPT system prototype is built. The system achieves an energy transmission of 17.06 kW with an efficiency of 93.22%. Compared with single-channel systems, the power capacity is increased while keeping the input current level unchanged. After compensation, the system achieves equivalent decoupling in the case of cross-coupling, each channel works independently and maintains the input voltage balance.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417017
Gianluca Roberts;Aleksandar Prodić
This article presents three modulation improvements for the series-capacitor buck (SCB) converter and its topological derivatives. The first consists of various phase activation sequences (PHACTSs) which raise the maximum input-to-output voltage conversion ratio of an N -inductor, N -phase SCB converter beyond the traditional limit of 1/ N 2 , without incurring any additional voltage stress to the switches. Phase counts up to 16 are analyzed with conversion ratios increasing by a factor of up to 7. Due to the inherent link between the converter's maximum attainable output voltage and maximum output current slew rate, these PHACTSs offer a significant improvement to the load-voltage transient response. Utilizing the flying capacitors that link adjacent inductors, a second modulation technique is introduced that effectively increases the digital pulse-width-modulator's (DPWM) output-voltage resolution, by a factor of N , by employing a novel method of minimum duty increments (MDIs). Despite the commonly-held assumption of automatic steady-state inductor-current-balancing present in an N -inductor SCB, large-signal modelling reveals that slight current imbalances inevitably arise, even in lossless configurations, with three or more output inductors. After elucidating its origin, this article introduces a third modulation technique that can reduce these inductor current imbalances through a particular implementation of MDI. A discrete prototype of an 11-inductor, 48 V-to-1.0 V, 275 A-load, SCB converter was fabricated to experimentally demonstrate and validate the simulated results of the increase in both the output voltage ceiling and DPWM resolution, as well as to evaluate the MDI-DPWM output-voltage linearity. Finally, the maintenance of both inductor current balancing and low switch-voltage-stress is experimentally substantiated when using MDI.
本文介绍了串联电容降压（SCB）转换器及其拓扑衍生物的三种调制改进方法。第一种改进包括各种相位激活序列 (PHACTS)，可将 N 电感、N 相 SCB 转换器的最大输入输出电压转换率提高到传统的 1/N2 以上，而不会对开关造成任何额外的电压压力。分析的相数多达 16 相，转换率最多可提高 7 倍。由于转换器的最大输出电压和最大输出电流回转率之间存在固有联系，这些 PHACTS 可显著改善负载电压瞬态响应。利用连接相邻电感器的飞行电容器，引入了第二种调制技术，通过采用新颖的最小占空比增量 (MDI) 方法，有效地将数字脉宽调制器 (DPWM) 的输出电压分辨率提高了 N 倍。尽管人们普遍认为 N 个电感器的 SCB 会自动实现稳态电感器电流平衡，但大信号建模显示，即使在无损耗配置中，在有三个或更多输出电感器的情况下，也不可避免地会出现轻微的电流不平衡。本文在阐明其起源后，介绍了第三种调制技术，该技术可通过 MDI 的特定实施来减少这些电感器电流不平衡现象。本文制作了一个 11 个电感器、48 V 至 1.0 V、275 A 负载、SCB 转换器的离散原型，以实验证明和验证输出电压上限和 DPWM 分辨率提高的模拟结果，并评估 MDI-DPWM 输出电压线性度。最后，实验证实了使用 MDI 时电感器电流平衡和低开关电压应力的维持。
{"title":"Modulation Improvements for High-Phase-Count Series-Capacitor Buck Converters","authors":"Gianluca Roberts;Aleksandar Prodić","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417017","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3417017","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents three modulation improvements for the series-capacitor buck (SCB) converter and its topological derivatives. The first consists of various phase activation sequences (PHACTSs) which raise the maximum input-to-output voltage conversion ratio of an \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000-inductor, \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000-phase SCB converter beyond the traditional limit of 1/\u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000, without incurring any additional voltage stress to the switches. Phase counts up to 16 are analyzed with conversion ratios increasing by a factor of up to 7. Due to the inherent link between the converter's maximum attainable output voltage and maximum output current slew rate, these PHACTSs offer a significant improvement to the load-voltage transient response. Utilizing the flying capacitors that link adjacent inductors, a second modulation technique is introduced that effectively increases the digital pulse-width-modulator's (DPWM) output-voltage resolution, by a factor of \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000, by employing a novel method of minimum duty increments (MDIs). Despite the commonly-held assumption of automatic steady-state inductor-current-balancing present in an \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000-inductor SCB, large-signal modelling reveals that slight current imbalances inevitably arise, even in lossless configurations, with three or more output inductors. After elucidating its origin, this article introduces a third modulation technique that can reduce these inductor current imbalances through a particular implementation of MDI. A discrete prototype of an 11-inductor, 48 V-to-1.0 V, 275 A-load, SCB converter was fabricated to experimentally demonstrate and validate the simulated results of the increase in both the output voltage ceiling and DPWM resolution, as well as to evaluate the MDI-DPWM output-voltage linearity. Finally, the maintenance of both inductor current balancing and low switch-voltage-stress is experimentally substantiated when using MDI.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10565994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3416339
Andrea Lauri;Tommaso Caldognetto;Ruggero Carli;Davide Biadene;Paolo Mattavelli
Electronic power converters are extensively applied in microgrids to interface distributed energy resources to the grid. Besides the primary active-power control, electronic converters support increasingly advanced and flexible control capabilities. While the former is typically bound to local needs (e.g., maximum power extraction from renewables), additional degrees of freedom can be exploited to support microgrid operation. This article proposes a control algorithm that allows the optimal provision of reactive power, negative-sequence, and zero-sequence currents by distributed converters. The resulting operation shows enhanced power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC) and limited conversion losses, which are taken into account in the optimization algorithm. Three modes of operation are discussed, that is, i ) power loss minimization; ii ) balanced currents at the PCC; iii ) zero reactive power flow at the PCC. An algorithm based on the primal-dual method is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Results based on experimental measurements are discussed to prove the effectiveness of the proposal.
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Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414973
Lucas Melanson;Justin Woelfle;Majid Pahlevani
This article presents a novel multi-level current-driven DC-DC converter along with a modulation scheme that is able to maintain a consistently high efficiency across a wide range of input voltages. This proposed circuit is targeted to applications with a wide range of operating conditions, e.g., PV microinverters, energy storage, etc. Industry standard converters such as the flyback and the LLC resonant converter struggle to accommodate the wide range of voltages, and their efficiency suffers when operating points deviate from the nominal. The proposed approach takes advantage of the multi-level structure and flexibility of the modulation scheme to achieve high performance for a wide operating range. In addition to theoretical analysis of the operation of the converter, this paper demonstrates the functionality and performance of a laboratory prototype in direct comparison to resonant converters to show its superior performance across a wide range. The results validate the benefits of the proposed topology and show a significantly flattened efficiency curve over a wide range of input voltages (0.56% variation over an input voltage range of 32 V to 48 V).
本文介绍了一种新型多电平电流驱动 DC-DC 转换器和一种调制方案，该方案能够在宽输入电压范围内保持稳定的高效率。该电路适用于各种工作条件下的应用，如光伏微型逆变器、储能等。反激式和 LLC 谐振转换器等行业标准转换器难以适应宽电压范围，当工作点偏离额定值时，其效率也会受到影响。所提出的方法利用多电平结构和调制方案的灵活性，在宽工作范围内实现了高性能。除了对转换器的运行进行理论分析外，本文还演示了实验室原型的功能和性能，并与谐振转换器进行了直接比较，以显示其在宽范围内的优越性能。结果验证了所提出的拓扑结构的优势，并显示在宽输入电压范围内效率曲线明显趋于平缓（在 32 V 至 48 V 的输入电压范围内变化率为 0.56%）。
{"title":"A Novel Multilevel Current-Driven DC-DC Converter for Wide Range Applications","authors":"Lucas Melanson;Justin Woelfle;Majid Pahlevani","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3414973","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel multi-level current-driven DC-DC converter along with a modulation scheme that is able to maintain a consistently high efficiency across a wide range of input voltages. This proposed circuit is targeted to applications with a wide range of operating conditions, e.g., PV microinverters, energy storage, etc. Industry standard converters such as the flyback and the LLC resonant converter struggle to accommodate the wide range of voltages, and their efficiency suffers when operating points deviate from the nominal. The proposed approach takes advantage of the multi-level structure and flexibility of the modulation scheme to achieve high performance for a wide operating range. In addition to theoretical analysis of the operation of the converter, this paper demonstrates the functionality and performance of a laboratory prototype in direct comparison to resonant converters to show its superior performance across a wide range. The results validate the benefits of the proposed topology and show a significantly flattened efficiency curve over a wide range of input voltages (0.56% variation over an input voltage range of 32 V to 48 V).","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10564111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3416195
Ahmed K. Khamis;Mohammed Agamy
This article proposes an integration between a graph framework for circuit representation and a Graph neural network (GNN) model suitable for different machine learning (ML) applications. Furthermore, the paper highlights design steps for tailoring and using the GNN-based ML model for converter performance predictions based on converter circuit level and internal parameter variations. Regardless of the number of components or connections present in a converter circuit, the proposed model can be readily scaled to incorporate different converter circuit topologies and may be used to analyze such circuits regardless of the number of components used or control parameters varied. To enable the use of ML methods and applications, all physical and switching circuit properties including operating mode, components and circuit behavior must be accurately mapped to graph representation. The model scalability to other circuit types and different connections and circuits elements is also tested, while being studied in the most common DC-AC inverter in grid connected systems including filter and filterless configurations. The filtered and filterless DC-AC inverter circuits are used to evaluate the model, scoring $R^{2}$ greater than 99% in most cases and a mean square error (MSE) tending to zero.
本文提出了一种用于电路表示的图框架与适用于不同机器学习（ML）应用的图神经网络（GNN）模型之间的集成。此外，本文还重点介绍了根据转换器电路水平和内部参数变化，定制和使用基于 GNN 的 ML 模型进行转换器性能预测的设计步骤。无论转换器电路中存在多少组件或连接，所提出的模型都可以很容易地进行扩展，以纳入不同的转换器电路拓扑结构，并可用于分析这些电路，而无需考虑所使用组件的数量或控制参数的变化。为了能够使用 ML 方法和应用，必须将所有物理和开关电路属性（包括工作模式、组件和电路行为）准确映射到图形表示法中。我们还测试了模型对其他电路类型、不同连接和电路元件的可扩展性，并对并网系统中最常见的直流-交流逆变器（包括滤波和无滤波配置）进行了研究。滤波和无滤波直流交流逆变器电路用于评估模型，在大多数情况下，R^{2}$大于 99%，均方误差 (MSE) 趋于零。
{"title":"Circuit Dynamics Prediction via Graph Neural Network & Graph Framework Integration: Three Phase Inverter Case Study","authors":"Ahmed K. Khamis;Mohammed Agamy","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3416195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2024.3416195","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes an integration between a graph framework for circuit representation and a Graph neural network (GNN) model suitable for different machine learning (ML) applications. Furthermore, the paper highlights design steps for tailoring and using the GNN-based ML model for converter performance predictions based on converter circuit level and internal parameter variations. Regardless of the number of components or connections present in a converter circuit, the proposed model can be readily scaled to incorporate different converter circuit topologies and may be used to analyze such circuits regardless of the number of components used or control parameters varied. To enable the use of ML methods and applications, all physical and switching circuit properties including operating mode, components and circuit behavior must be accurately mapped to graph representation. The model scalability to other circuit types and different connections and circuits elements is also tested, while being studied in the most common DC-AC inverter in grid connected systems including filter and filterless configurations. The filtered and filterless DC-AC inverter circuits are used to evaluate the model, scoring \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 greater than 99% in most cases and a mean square error (MSE) tending to zero.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10560473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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