Nowadays, PWM excitation is one of the most common waveforms seen by magnetic components in power electronic converters. Core loss modeling approaches, such as improved Generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) or the loss map based on composite waveform hypothesis (CWH), process the pulse-based excitation piecewisely, which is proven to be effective for DC/DC converters. As the additional challenge in PWM DC/AC converters, the fundamental-frequency sinewave component induces the ‘major loop loss’ on top of the piecewise high-frequency segments, which however cannot be modeled on a switching cycle basis by any existing methods. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel fundamental concept, instantaneous core loss, which is the time-domain core loss observed experimentally for the first time in history. Extending the reactive voltage cancellation concept, this work presents a method to measure the instantaneous core loss, which only contains real power loss, as a function of time. Based on measurements in evaluated soft magnetic components, it was discovered that the discharging stage exhibits higher core loss than the charging stage. A modeling approach is then proposed to break down the major loop core loss, typically an average value in the literature, into the time domain to enable cycle-by-cycle modeling of core losses in PWM converters. This work enhances the fundamental understanding of the core loss process by advancing from the average model to the time-domain model.
{"title":"Instantaneous Core Loss – Cycle-by-Cycle Modeling of Power Magnetics in PWM Converters","authors":"Binyu Cui;Jun Wang;Xibo Yuan;Alfonso Martinez;George Slama;Matthew Wilkowski;Ryosuke Ota;Keiji Wada","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628447","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, PWM excitation is one of the most common waveforms seen by magnetic components in power electronic converters. Core loss modeling approaches, such as improved Generalized Steinmetz equation (iGSE) or the loss map based on composite waveform hypothesis (CWH), process the pulse-based excitation piecewisely, which is proven to be effective for DC/DC converters. As the additional challenge in PWM DC/AC converters, the fundamental-frequency sinewave component induces the ‘major loop loss’ on top of the piecewise high-frequency segments, which however cannot be modeled on a switching cycle basis by any existing methods. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel fundamental concept, instantaneous core loss, which is the time-domain core loss observed experimentally for the first time in history. Extending the reactive voltage cancellation concept, this work presents a method to measure the instantaneous core loss, which only contains real power loss, as a function of time. Based on measurements in evaluated soft magnetic components, it was discovered that the discharging stage exhibits higher core loss than the charging stage. A modeling approach is then proposed to break down the major loop core loss, typically an average value in the literature, into the time domain to enable cycle-by-cycle modeling of core losses in PWM converters. This work enhances the fundamental understanding of the core loss process by advancing from the average model to the time-domain model.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1954-1966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628612
Brian S. Gu;Seho Kim;Michael J. O'Sullivan;Grant A. Covic
Heavy-duty dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems face implementation challenges such as component stress, magnetic interoperability and leakage. Multi-coil systems are a popular solution for stationary WPT, however their application to DWPT is complicated by the need for magnetic balancing.This paper proposes a novel three-phase ($3phi$) in-road primary that includes an integrated reflection winding. This not only provides a modular solution by magnetic decoupling, but it also contributes to leakage field reduction. The inter-phase coupling is shown to reduce to $1 %$ in the presence of a secondary ferrite plane. Under $10 ,mathrm{k}mathrm{W}$ operation, the $3phi$ primary is shown to be capable of reducing leakage magnetic fields by $26 %$ over a conventional rectangular primary. Furthermore, a DC-DC efficiency of at least $94.4 %$ is maintained under secondary misalignment.
{"title":"Decoupled Three-Phase Winding for Wireless Power Transfer to Electric Vehicles","authors":"Brian S. Gu;Seho Kim;Michael J. O'Sullivan;Grant A. Covic","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628612","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy-duty dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems face implementation challenges such as component stress, magnetic interoperability and leakage. Multi-coil systems are a popular solution for stationary WPT, however their application to DWPT is complicated by the need for magnetic balancing.This paper proposes a novel three-phase (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3phi$</tex-math> </inline-formula>) in-road primary that includes an integrated reflection winding. This not only provides a modular solution by magnetic decoupling, but it also contributes to leakage field reduction. The inter-phase coupling is shown to reduce to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1 %$</tex-math> </inline-formula> in the presence of a secondary ferrite plane. Under <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10 ,mathrm{k}mathrm{W}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> operation, the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3phi$</tex-math> </inline-formula> primary is shown to be capable of reducing leakage magnetic fields by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$26 %$</tex-math> </inline-formula> over a conventional rectangular primary. Furthermore, a DC-DC efficiency of at least <inline-formula> <tex-math>$94.4 %$</tex-math> </inline-formula> is maintained under secondary misalignment.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"2014-2026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628056
Saimir Frroku;Ankit Bhushan Sharma;Pierfrancesco Fadini;Klaus Neumaier;Andrea Irace;Till Huesgen;Giovanni Antonio Salvatore
Embedding represents a game-changing packaging strategy for wide-bandgap semiconductors, slashing parasitic impedances to enable faster, cleaner switching, lower losses, and higher frequencies. Yet questions about reliability, scalability, and heat management persist. Here, we use multiphysics finite-element simulations to explore an embedded half-bridge of two 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs across a range of commercial insulated substrates - alumina, Si3N4, AlN, and IMS with varying layer thicknesses. A Pareto-based thermomechanical optimization pinpoints aluminum nitride as the best configuration, delivering 0.27 K/W thermal resistance, 0.2% plastic strain, and 1.9% creep strain during sintering. Creep concentrates in the silver sinter layer, matching experimental observations, underscoring the need to address time-dependent deformation in reliability assessments. A major improvement is achieved by redesigning the top copper interconnect from a solid block to a pillar like geometry, which reduces creep strain in the sintered layer by four times. We also identify a critical sintering cool-down rate above which creep vanishes and only plastic strain remains providing a new lever for process control. Finally, we demonstrate scalability by paralleling four optimized prepackages into a power module with just 3 nH of stray inductance, ready for high-frequency, high-efficiency conversion.
嵌入代表了一种改变游戏规则的宽带隙半导体封装策略，减少寄生阻抗，实现更快，更清洁的开关，更低的损耗和更高的频率。然而，关于可靠性、可伸缩性和热管理的问题仍然存在。在这里，我们使用多物理场有限元模拟来探索两个1.2 kV SiC mosfet在一系列商业绝缘衬底上的嵌入式半桥-氧化铝，Si3N4， AlN和IMS具有不同的层厚。基于pareto的热力学优化确定氮化铝为最佳配置，烧结时的热阻为0.27 K/W，塑性应变为0.2%，蠕变应变为1.9%。蠕变集中在银烧结层中，与实验观察相匹配，强调了在可靠性评估中解决随时间变化的变形的必要性。一个主要的改进是通过重新设计顶部铜互连，从一个固体块到一个柱状的几何形状，这将烧结层的蠕变应变减少了四倍。我们还确定了一个临界烧结冷却速率，高于该速率，蠕变消失，只有塑性应变仍然存在，为过程控制提供了新的杠杆。最后，我们通过将四个优化的预封装并联到一个功率模块中，该模块的杂散电感仅为3 nH，可用于高频、高效转换，从而展示了可扩展性。
{"title":"Multi-Physics Simulations of a 1.2 kV Embedded SiC Prepackage","authors":"Saimir Frroku;Ankit Bhushan Sharma;Pierfrancesco Fadini;Klaus Neumaier;Andrea Irace;Till Huesgen;Giovanni Antonio Salvatore","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628056","url":null,"abstract":"Embedding represents a game-changing packaging strategy for wide-bandgap semiconductors, slashing parasitic impedances to enable faster, cleaner switching, lower losses, and higher frequencies. Yet questions about reliability, scalability, and heat management persist. Here, we use multiphysics finite-element simulations to explore an embedded half-bridge of two 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs across a range of commercial insulated substrates - alumina, Si<sub>3</sub>N4, AlN, and IMS with varying layer thicknesses. A Pareto-based thermomechanical optimization pinpoints aluminum nitride as the best configuration, delivering 0.27 K/W thermal resistance, 0.2% plastic strain, and 1.9% creep strain during sintering. Creep concentrates in the silver sinter layer, matching experimental observations, underscoring the need to address time-dependent deformation in reliability assessments. A major improvement is achieved by redesigning the top copper interconnect from a solid block to a pillar like geometry, which reduces creep strain in the sintered layer by four times. We also identify a critical sintering cool-down rate above which creep vanishes and only plastic strain remains providing a new lever for process control. Finally, we demonstrate scalability by paralleling four optimized prepackages into a power module with just 3 nH of stray inductance, ready for high-frequency, high-efficiency conversion.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"2005-2013"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11224018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zero Overvoltage Switching (ZOS) is a method that enables transistors to perform turn-off transitions at maximum speed, thereby minimizing switching losses, while simultaneously preventing overvoltage oscillations despite the high switching speed. However, only discrete turn-off current values exist where ZOS is applicable. This paper presents novel techniques to broaden the operational area where ZOS can be utilized. This is accomplished with active control of resonant elements. The range of options for further turn-off currents where ZOS is applicable is outlined and evidenced by tests conducted on a prototype. This approach not only increases the versatility of ZOS but also improves its applicability in power electronic systems.
{"title":"Introduction of Active Capacitance Control and Active Parasitic Inductance Control for Zero Overvoltage Switching","authors":"Nico Schmied;Moritz Kerscher;Stefan Matlok;Martin M채rz","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3626119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3626119","url":null,"abstract":"Zero Overvoltage Switching (ZOS) is a method that enables transistors to perform turn-off transitions at maximum speed, thereby minimizing switching losses, while simultaneously preventing overvoltage oscillations despite the high switching speed. However, only discrete turn-off current values exist where ZOS is applicable. This paper presents novel techniques to broaden the operational area where ZOS can be utilized. This is accomplished with active control of resonant elements. The range of options for further turn-off currents where ZOS is applicable is outlined and evidenced by tests conducted on a prototype. This approach not only increases the versatility of ZOS but also improves its applicability in power electronic systems.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1923-1936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11223169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3626899
Adrian Amler;Lukas Best;Martin März
Using operating frequencies in the RF range around the 13.56 MHz ISM band, Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) can provide sufficient power for a wide range of applications even across coupling capacitances of only a few pF. A low power, multi-load power supply can be realized with simple inductorless capacitive links and rectifiers. Multiple loads connect in parallel to a common primary transmission line, driven by a resonant inverter. This scalable low-cost isolating converter can be used in power electronic converters and inverters to simultaneously supply multiple gate drivers with auxiliary power. However, this application presents some unique challenges – in particular, the extremely low coupling capacitances required to limit common-mode interference – which are investigated in this article. It is shown that gate drivers for GaN eHEMTs can be supplied with 35 mW at 5 V using an effective capacitance of only 0.7 pF, and SiC-MOSFETs and even Si-IGBTs can be driven at frequencies in the 10–100’s kHz range. Burst tests confirm common-mode immunity even under voltage slopes exceeding 400 V/ns between loads and to ground.
{"title":"Capacitive Power Transfer as Scalable Low-Cost Multi-Load Auxiliary Power Supply for Gate Drivers","authors":"Adrian Amler;Lukas Best;Martin März","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3626899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3626899","url":null,"abstract":"Using operating frequencies in the RF range around the 13.56 MHz ISM band, Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) can provide sufficient power for a wide range of applications even across coupling capacitances of only a few pF. A low power, multi-load power supply can be realized with simple inductorless capacitive links and rectifiers. Multiple loads connect in parallel to a common primary transmission line, driven by a resonant inverter. This scalable low-cost isolating converter can be used in power electronic converters and inverters to simultaneously supply multiple gate drivers with auxiliary power. However, this application presents some unique challenges – in particular, the extremely low coupling capacitances required to limit common-mode interference – which are investigated in this article. It is shown that gate drivers for GaN eHEMTs can be supplied with 35 mW at 5 V using an effective capacitance of only 0.7 pF, and SiC-MOSFETs and even Si-IGBTs can be driven at frequencies in the 10–100’s kHz range. Burst tests confirm common-mode immunity even under voltage slopes exceeding 400 V/ns between loads and to ground.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1910-1922"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11223170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628182
Farman Ullah Jan;Rabiah Badar;Ahmad Sami Al-Shamayleh;Akie Uehara;Tomonobu Senjyu;Adnan Akhunzada
Modern power systems face growing stability challenges due to rising network complexity and dynamic operating conditions. Traditional control mechanisms often struggle to effectively mitigate Low-Frequency Oscillations (LFOs), underscoring the need for more advanced and adaptive damping strategies. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), especially Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs), have shown considerable promise in strengthening system stability under such challenging conditions. However, their performance is highly dependent on the quality of the Supplementary Damping Controller (SDC) strategy, and conventional methods may fall short under nonlinear and dynamic conditions. To tackle these issues, this paper presents a novel Indirect Adaptive Polynomial Wavelet-based Neuro-Fuzzy Control (ANFWC) framework designed to damp LFOs in STATCOM applications. The ANFWC includes three controllers, each employing a distinct Orthogonal Polynomial Wavelet-based Neural Network (PWNN) within an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) controller: the Legendre Wavelet-based Controller (ANFLWC), the Hermite Wavelet-based Controller (ANFHWC), and the Chebyshev Wavelet-based Controller (ANFCWC). These controllers enhance ANFIS learning and nonlinear mapping by leveraging PWNNs in the consequent layer. The performance of these controllers is evaluated through MATLAB simulations on the Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) and IEEE 9-bus Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) test systems under various fault and disturbance conditions. Comparative analyses show that ANFLWC achieves the best performance, followed by ANFCWC and ANFHWC. All proposed controllers significantly outperform the conventional ANFIS-based TSK controller (ANFTSKC) and Lead-Lag Control (LLC), demonstrating the effectiveness of the ANFWC approach in improving power system damping and stability.
{"title":"Indirect Adaptive Polynomial Wavelet-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Controller for STATCOM-Equipped Power Systems","authors":"Farman Ullah Jan;Rabiah Badar;Ahmad Sami Al-Shamayleh;Akie Uehara;Tomonobu Senjyu;Adnan Akhunzada","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3628182","url":null,"abstract":"Modern power systems face growing stability challenges due to rising network complexity and dynamic operating conditions. Traditional control mechanisms often struggle to effectively mitigate Low-Frequency Oscillations (LFOs), underscoring the need for more advanced and adaptive damping strategies. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), especially Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs), have shown considerable promise in strengthening system stability under such challenging conditions. However, their performance is highly dependent on the quality of the Supplementary Damping Controller (SDC) strategy, and conventional methods may fall short under nonlinear and dynamic conditions. To tackle these issues, this paper presents a novel Indirect Adaptive Polynomial Wavelet-based Neuro-Fuzzy Control (ANFWC) framework designed to damp LFOs in STATCOM applications. The ANFWC includes three controllers, each employing a distinct Orthogonal Polynomial Wavelet-based Neural Network (PWNN) within an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) controller: the Legendre Wavelet-based Controller (ANFLWC), the Hermite Wavelet-based Controller (ANFHWC), and the Chebyshev Wavelet-based Controller (ANFCWC). These controllers enhance ANFIS learning and nonlinear mapping by leveraging PWNNs in the consequent layer. The performance of these controllers is evaluated through MATLAB simulations on the Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) and IEEE 9-bus Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) test systems under various fault and disturbance conditions. Comparative analyses show that ANFLWC achieves the best performance, followed by ANFCWC and ANFHWC. All proposed controllers significantly outperform the conventional ANFIS-based TSK controller (ANFTSKC) and Lead-Lag Control (LLC), demonstrating the effectiveness of the ANFWC approach in improving power system damping and stability.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1896-1909"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11223745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3627526
Patrick Körner;Philip Brockerhoff;Felix Müller;Mihai Polita;Marco Jung
Conducted and radiated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is of major concern in automotive On-Board Chargers (OBCs). Passive EMI Filters (PEFs) occupy a significant amount of space, whereas especially magnetic components like Common Mode Chokes (CMCs) and Differential Mode Chokes (DMCs) are the main cost and weight adders. Therefore, this paper proposes a Voltage Sense Current Inject (VSCI) Feedback (FB)-type Common Mode (CM) Active EMI Filter (AEF) that allows the usage of CMCs with smaller CM inductance. The AEF is part of the AC-input EMI filter of an OBC that can supply 11 kW of charging power in 1-phase (1 ph) and 3-phase (3 ph) operation. Analytical analysis is provided, which relates the AEF’s output voltage to the used CMC CM inductance and the fundamental switching frequency of the Power Factor Correction (PFC) system. It is shown that higher switching frequencies offer the possibility to decrease the CMC CM inductance without the risk to overload the AEF output. Furthermore, a leakage inductance estimation for current-unsymmetrical CMCs is provided and is experimentally validated. Conducted Emission (CE) measurements show the AEF performance and it is described how dedicated DMCs can be removed from the design. It was found that the benefit of a CM AEF in a Differential Mode (DM) dominant system is limited but can provide benefits for specific CM dominant harmonics within the regulated frequency range. A problem for AEFs is CM inductance degradation due to partial DM core saturation in CMCs. This phenomenon is experimentally investigated for ferrite and nanocrystalline CMCs.
{"title":"Implementation of an Active Common Mode EMI Filter Considering High Conducted Differential Mode EMI in Electric Vehicle On-Board Chargers","authors":"Patrick Körner;Philip Brockerhoff;Felix Müller;Mihai Polita;Marco Jung","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3627526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3627526","url":null,"abstract":"Conducted and radiated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is of major concern in automotive On-Board Chargers (OBCs). Passive EMI Filters (PEFs) occupy a significant amount of space, whereas especially magnetic components like Common Mode Chokes (CMCs) and Differential Mode Chokes (DMCs) are the main cost and weight adders. Therefore, this paper proposes a Voltage Sense Current Inject (VSCI) Feedback (FB)-type Common Mode (CM) Active EMI Filter (AEF) that allows the usage of CMCs with smaller CM inductance. The AEF is part of the AC-input EMI filter of an OBC that can supply 11 kW of charging power in 1-phase (1 ph) and 3-phase (3 ph) operation. Analytical analysis is provided, which relates the AEF’s output voltage to the used CMC CM inductance and the fundamental switching frequency of the Power Factor Correction (PFC) system. It is shown that higher switching frequencies offer the possibility to decrease the CMC CM inductance without the risk to overload the AEF output. Furthermore, a leakage inductance estimation for current-unsymmetrical CMCs is provided and is experimentally validated. Conducted Emission (CE) measurements show the AEF performance and it is described how dedicated DMCs can be removed from the design. It was found that the benefit of a CM AEF in a Differential Mode (DM) dominant system is limited but can provide benefits for specific CM dominant harmonics within the regulated frequency range. A problem for AEFs is CM inductance degradation due to partial DM core saturation in CMCs. This phenomenon is experimentally investigated for ferrite and nanocrystalline CMCs.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1937-1953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11222847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advancement of DC systems, especially in transportation applications, hinges on the development of effective protection mechanisms. Robust protection systems are crucial for enabling the widespread adoption of DC technologies in important transport modes, offering both operational and economic benefits. This paper introduces a high-speed solid-state circuit breaker designed for enhancing the protection of general DC systems. The upgraded breaker integrates the functionality of a latching current limiter, designed to minimize modifications to existing technologies. A custom gate driver and controller are developed and experimentally validated to support the circuit breaker. A scaled solid-state circuit breaker prototype is tested under various operational conditions to evaluate its performance. The breaker’s behavior is simulated in SPICE to guide the experimental validation on a referential DC system. The results demonstrate high performance, with a clearing time close to $200 ,mathrm{n}mathrm{s}$, effectively reducing system stress during short circuits. The current limiter functionality prevents unnecessary tripping during temporary overcurrents, keeping the current within safe parameters. The innovative gate driver simplifies the implementation of the latching current limiter, offering a practical and scalable solution. This work represents a significant step forward in DC protection technology, promoting the adoption of DC systems in transportation applications and beyond, by addressing critical protection challenges.
{"title":"High-Speed Solid-State Circuit Breaker With Latching Current Limiter for DC Systems","authors":"Alejandro Latorre;Thiago Batista Soeiro;Anand Krishnamurthy Iyer;Rinze Geertsma;Henk Polinder","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3625092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3625092","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of DC systems, especially in transportation applications, hinges on the development of effective protection mechanisms. Robust protection systems are crucial for enabling the widespread adoption of DC technologies in important transport modes, offering both operational and economic benefits. This paper introduces a high-speed solid-state circuit breaker designed for enhancing the protection of general DC systems. The upgraded breaker integrates the functionality of a latching current limiter, designed to minimize modifications to existing technologies. A custom gate driver and controller are developed and experimentally validated to support the circuit breaker. A scaled solid-state circuit breaker prototype is tested under various operational conditions to evaluate its performance. The breaker’s behavior is simulated in SPICE to guide the experimental validation on a referential DC system. The results demonstrate high performance, with a clearing time close to <inline-formula><tex-math>$200 ,mathrm{n}mathrm{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, effectively reducing system stress during short circuits. The current limiter functionality prevents unnecessary tripping during temporary overcurrents, keeping the current within safe parameters. The innovative gate driver simplifies the implementation of the latching current limiter, offering a practical and scalable solution. This work represents a significant step forward in DC protection technology, promoting the adoption of DC systems in transportation applications and beyond, by addressing critical protection challenges.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1882-1895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11216030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3623094
Mansi V. Joisher;Jiamei Wang;Roderick S. Bayliss;Mike K. Ranjram;Rachel S. Yang;Alexander Jurkov;David J. Perreault
Magnetic components significantly impact the performance and size of power electronic circuits. This is especially true at radio frequencies (RF) of many MHz and above. In the high-frequency (HF, 3–30 MHz) range, coreless (or “air-core”) inductors are conventionally used. These inductors have typical quality factors (Qs) of 200–500. However, their uncontrolled magnetic fields can induce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and eddy current losses in surrounding components, limiting system miniaturization. This makes them a major contributor to overall system loss and size. With recent advances in high-frequency magnetic materials, there is interest in design of cored inductors to achieve improved combinations of size and loss. This work investigates an approach to achieving high-power, high-frequency, high-Q cored inductors. The proposed design approach leverages high-frequency magnetic materials, core geometry, quasi-distributed gaps, and a copper shield to realize high-frequency inductors that emit little flux outside their physical volume. Design guidelines for such inductors are introduced and experimentally verified with a 155 kVA, 570 nH inductor (Q = 1150) designed to operate at 13.56 MHz with a peak ac current of up to 80 Amps. A high-efficiency and compact back-to-back L-match is used to demonstrate the high-performance and self-shielding capability of this prototype inductor.
{"title":"High-Performance High-Power Inductor Design for High-Frequency Applications","authors":"Mansi V. Joisher;Jiamei Wang;Roderick S. Bayliss;Mike K. Ranjram;Rachel S. Yang;Alexander Jurkov;David J. Perreault","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3623094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3623094","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic components significantly impact the performance and size of power electronic circuits. This is especially true at radio frequencies (RF) of many MHz and above. In the high-frequency (HF, 3–30 MHz) range, coreless (or “air-core”) inductors are conventionally used. These inductors have typical quality factors (Qs) of 200–500. However, their uncontrolled magnetic fields can induce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and eddy current losses in surrounding components, limiting system miniaturization. This makes them a major contributor to overall system loss and size. With recent advances in high-frequency magnetic materials, there is interest in design of cored inductors to achieve improved combinations of size and loss. This work investigates an approach to achieving high-power, high-frequency, high-Q cored inductors. The proposed design approach leverages high-frequency magnetic materials, core geometry, quasi-distributed gaps, and a copper shield to realize high-frequency inductors that emit little flux outside their physical volume. Design guidelines for such inductors are introduced and experimentally verified with a 155 kVA, 570 nH inductor (Q = 1150) designed to operate at 13.56 MHz with a peak ac current of up to 80 Amps. A high-efficiency and compact back-to-back L-match is used to demonstrate the high-performance and self-shielding capability of this prototype inductor.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1991-2004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11207142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3620715
Peter Darrach Matthews;Hossein Gholizadeh Narm;Javad Ebrahimi;Suzan Eren
Parallel operation of inverters is one method to increase power ratings of motor drives for high power applications. This paper proposes a novel variation of Field-Oriented Control for parallel inverters driving AC machines. The proposed strategy is implemented directly in the natural (abc) reference frame and overcomes many issues faced by conventional controllers for parallel motor drives. At the core of this control strategy is a proposed Resonant Proportional Integral (RPI) controller, which uses integrated plant dynamics to achieve the functionality of a second-order Proportional Resonant (PR) controller using only a first-order Proportional Integral (PI) controller. Hence the proposed control strategy is very simple, requiring only an inner first-order RPI controller for the the stator currents, and an outer PI controller for motor speed and maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation. A theoretical analysis of the RPI controller is given, which is supported by simulation and experimental results.
{"title":"A Control Strategy for Parallel Three-Phase Inverters in Motor Drives","authors":"Peter Darrach Matthews;Hossein Gholizadeh Narm;Javad Ebrahimi;Suzan Eren","doi":"10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3620715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJPEL.2025.3620715","url":null,"abstract":"Parallel operation of inverters is one method to increase power ratings of motor drives for high power applications. This paper proposes a novel variation of Field-Oriented Control for parallel inverters driving AC machines. The proposed strategy is implemented directly in the natural (abc) reference frame and overcomes many issues faced by conventional controllers for parallel motor drives. At the core of this control strategy is a proposed Resonant Proportional Integral (RPI) controller, which uses integrated plant dynamics to achieve the functionality of a second-order Proportional Resonant (PR) controller using only a first-order Proportional Integral (PI) controller. Hence the proposed control strategy is very simple, requiring only an inner first-order RPI controller for the the stator currents, and an outer PI controller for motor speed and maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation. A theoretical analysis of the RPI controller is given, which is supported by simulation and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":93182,"journal":{"name":"IEEE open journal of power electronics","volume":"6 ","pages":"1815-1827"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11202241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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