Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3342951
{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3342951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3342951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3343363
Peter H. Siegel
Welcome to Volume 4 of IEEE Journal of Microwaves ! In this issue, we bring you 11 quality papers: two invited and nine regular submissions. We also celebrate six of our Outstanding Reviewers of 2023 and announce our IEEE Journal of Microwaves 2022 Best Paper prize. Our author and reader pools continue to expand and our usage counts per article published now exceed 1530. All of our 232 published articles from 2021 to 2023 now appear on Clarivate's Web of Science and we are looking forward to possibly receiving an impact factor this July. Remember to take a look at our solicitation for papers that can fit into our Microwaves in Climate Change special issue, which we intend to release before the end of 2024.
{"title":"Introduction to the Winter 2024 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3343363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3343363","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to Volume 4 of \u0000<sc>IEEE Journal of Microwaves</small>\u0000! In this issue, we bring you 11 quality papers: two invited and nine regular submissions. We also celebrate six of our Outstanding Reviewers of 2023 and announce our \u0000<sc>IEEE Journal of Microwaves</small>\u0000 2022 Best Paper prize. Our author and reader pools continue to expand and our usage counts per article published now exceed 1530. All of our 232 published articles from 2021 to 2023 now appear on Clarivate's Web of Science and we are looking forward to possibly receiving an impact factor this July. Remember to take a look at our solicitation for papers that can fit into our \u0000<italic>Microwaves in Climate Change</i>\u0000 special issue, which we intend to release before the end of 2024.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3342955
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3342955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3342955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10381575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3341228
Grzegorz Beziuk;Andrew Krajewski;Thomas C. Baum;Kelvin J. Nicholson;Kamran Ghorbani
Multifunctional composite structures (MFCS) have become an increasingly important field of research with the large-scale adoption of composite materials in many industrial sectors such as aerospace, automotive, sport and recreation equipment (bikes, scooters, etc.) and maritime. It is a diverse field which includes scientific areas in electromagnetics, electronics, material sciences, structures and structural augmentation, sensors, and thermal management. The paper investigates Conformal Load-bearing Smart Skins (CLSS) as a part of multifunctional composite structures specifically related to aerospace applications and focuses on the seamless incorporation and synergistic coexistence between electronic devices and composite materials. Current trends in materials and manufacturing processes, as well as measurement techniques used to validate both the electromagnetic and structural responses have been explored and discussed. Furthermore, it identifies some of the challenges and complexities associated with CLSS and explores future areas of research which still need to be addressed.
{"title":"Electromagnetic and Electronic Aerospace Conformal Load-Bearing Smart Skins: A Review","authors":"Grzegorz Beziuk;Andrew Krajewski;Thomas C. Baum;Kelvin J. Nicholson;Kamran Ghorbani","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3341228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3341228","url":null,"abstract":"Multifunctional composite structures (MFCS) have become an increasingly important field of research with the large-scale adoption of composite materials in many industrial sectors such as aerospace, automotive, sport and recreation equipment (bikes, scooters, etc.) and maritime. It is a diverse field which includes scientific areas in electromagnetics, electronics, material sciences, structures and structural augmentation, sensors, and thermal management. The paper investigates Conformal Load-bearing Smart Skins (CLSS) as a part of multifunctional composite structures specifically related to aerospace applications and focuses on the seamless incorporation and synergistic coexistence between electronic devices and composite materials. Current trends in materials and manufacturing processes, as well as measurement techniques used to validate both the electromagnetic and structural responses have been explored and discussed. Furthermore, it identifies some of the challenges and complexities associated with CLSS and explores future areas of research which still need to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"13-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10376209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-27DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3340448
Adrian Diepolder;Mario Mueh;Susanne Brandl;Philipp Hinz;Christian Waldschmidt;Christian Damm
This article presents a novel transmission-only calibration technique for free-space quasi-optical material characterization, based on rotating the sample around its axis to vary the angle of incidence under which the sample is illuminated. In contrast to common time domain approaches, each frequency point is evaluated individually. Thus, no minimum bandwidth is required and artifacts due to time gating are prevented. In this article, two methods are presented: the first is based on self-calibration, such that all error terms are obtained by the measured sample itself. The second one, which is tailored for thin samples, requires two known standards. Since plane-wave illumination cannot be assumed for highly-focused beams, an analytical model for the coupling of arbitrary paraxial beams is developed, accounting for the lateral beam shift in case of angled samples. Thus, the presented methods are not restricted to free-space beams with high Gaussicity, allowing to employ a variety of feed antennas. Measurements in the frequency range from 220 GHz to 330 GHz of a well-known alumina sample verify the different calibration methods.
{"title":"A Novel Rotation-Based Standardless Calibration and Characterization Technique for Free-Space Measurements of Dielectric Material","authors":"Adrian Diepolder;Mario Mueh;Susanne Brandl;Philipp Hinz;Christian Waldschmidt;Christian Damm","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3340448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3340448","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel transmission-only calibration technique for free-space quasi-optical material characterization, based on rotating the sample around its axis to vary the angle of incidence under which the sample is illuminated. In contrast to common time domain approaches, each frequency point is evaluated individually. Thus, no minimum bandwidth is required and artifacts due to time gating are prevented. In this article, two methods are presented: the first is based on self-calibration, such that all error terms are obtained by the measured sample itself. The second one, which is tailored for thin samples, requires two known standards. Since plane-wave illumination cannot be assumed for highly-focused beams, an analytical model for the coupling of arbitrary paraxial beams is developed, accounting for the lateral beam shift in case of angled samples. Thus, the presented methods are not restricted to free-space beams with high Gaussicity, allowing to employ a variety of feed antennas. Measurements in the frequency range from 220 GHz to 330 GHz of a well-known alumina sample verify the different calibration methods.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"56-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10375257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3339255
SHU-MING CHANG;Chelsea Swank;Andrew Kummel;James F. Buckwalter
Compact millimeter-wave arrays demand novel packaging solutions that feature low-cost dielectric materials with significant thermal conductivity ( $sim$ 100 W/m ⋅ K). To characterize the permittivity and loss tangent of the dielectric materials above 100 GHz, free-space characterization is proposed to avoid de-embedding conductor losses. We review current approaches for characterization to investigate the properties of ultradense diamond composite materials at D-band. We compare free-space calibration multiple methods to extract the permittivity and loss tangent. Time-domain gating is employed to reduce the uncertainty in the free space characterization. Material characterizations of the dielectric constant and loss tangent include pure polymer TMPTA, PDMS, TMPTA-based, PDMS-based diamond composites as well as quartz and sapphire wafers for calibration from 120–160 GHz. To the author's knowledge, this is the first characterization of diamond composites for thermally conductive dielectric packaging requirements at D-band.
紧凑型毫米波阵列需要新颖的封装解决方案，其特点是采用具有显著热导率（$sim$100 W/m ⋅ K）的低成本介电材料。为了表征 100 GHz 以上介电材料的介电系数和损耗正切，建议采用自由空间表征方法，以避免去嵌入导体损耗。我们回顾了目前研究 D 波段超致密金刚石复合材料特性的表征方法。我们比较了自由空间校准提取介电常数和损耗正切的多种方法。采用时域门控来减少自由空间表征的不确定性。介电常数和损耗正切的材料表征包括纯聚合物 TMPTA、PDMS、基于 TMPTA、基于 PDMS 的金刚石复合材料，以及用于 120-160 GHz 校准的石英和蓝宝石晶片。据作者所知，这是首次针对 D 波段导热介质封装要求对金刚石复合材料进行表征。
{"title":"Free Space Dielectric Techniques for Diamond Composite Characterization","authors":"SHU-MING CHANG;Chelsea Swank;Andrew Kummel;James F. Buckwalter","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3339255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3339255","url":null,"abstract":"Compact millimeter-wave arrays demand novel packaging solutions that feature low-cost dielectric materials with significant thermal conductivity (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000100 W/m ⋅ K). To characterize the permittivity and loss tangent of the dielectric materials above 100 GHz, free-space characterization is proposed to avoid de-embedding conductor losses. We review current approaches for characterization to investigate the properties of ultradense diamond composite materials at D-band. We compare free-space calibration multiple methods to extract the permittivity and loss tangent. Time-domain gating is employed to reduce the uncertainty in the free space characterization. Material characterizations of the dielectric constant and loss tangent include pure polymer TMPTA, PDMS, TMPTA-based, PDMS-based diamond composites as well as quartz and sapphire wafers for calibration from 120–160 GHz. To the author's knowledge, this is the first characterization of diamond composites for thermally conductive dielectric packaging requirements at D-band.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"147-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10365239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3340117
Lei Li;Patrick Fay;James C. M. Hwang
We report a solid-state traveling-wave amplifier (TWA) realized through monolithic integration of transistors with a SiC substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The TWA uses a stepped-impedance microstrip line as the input divider, but a low-loss, high-power-capacity SIW as the output combiner. The input signal is distributed to four GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) evenly in magnitude but with 90° successive phase delays at the fundamental frequency. The HEMTs are distributed in the SIW in a period of a half wavelength at the second harmonic frequency, so that their outputs are combined coherently at the SIW output. To overcome the limited speed of the HEMTs, they are driven nonlinearly to generate second harmonics, and their fundamental outputs are suppressed with the SIW acting as a high-pass filter. The measured characteristics of the TWA agree with that simulated at the small-signal level, but exceeds that simulated at the large-signal level. For example, under an input of 15 dBm at 70 GHz, the output at 140 GHz is 38-dB above that at 70 GHz. Under an input around 70 GHz and 20 dBm, the output around 140 GHz is 14 dBm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 6%. This is not only the first D-band frequency multiplier based on the GaN HEMT technology, but also one with the highest output power and the lowest fundamental leakage among all D-band multipliers of different transistor technologies. This proof-of-principle demonstration opens the path to improve the power, gain and efficiency of sub-terahertz TWAs with higher-performance transistors and drive circuits. Although the demonstration is through monolithic integration, the approach is applicable to heterogeneous integration with the SIW and transistors fabricated on separate chips.
我们报告了一种固态行波放大器（TWA），它是通过晶体管与碳化硅基底集成波导（SIW）的单片集成实现的。该 TWA 使用阶跃阻抗微带线作为输入分压器，而使用低损耗、高功率容量的 SIW 作为输出合路器。输入信号被均匀地分配到四个 GaN 高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）上，但在基频上有 90° 的连续相位延迟。HEMT 在 SIW 中的分布周期为二次谐波频率的半个波长，因此它们的输出在 SIW 输出端相干地结合在一起。为了克服 HEMT 的速度限制，对其进行非线性驱动以产生二次谐波，并利用 SIW 作为高通滤波器抑制其基波输出。TWA 的测量特性与小信号级的模拟特性一致，但超过了大信号级的模拟特性。例如，在 70 GHz 处输入 15 dBm 时，140 GHz 处的输出比 70 GHz 处的输出高出 38 dB。在 70 GHz 附近的 20 dBm 输入下，140 GHz 附近的输出为 14 dBm，3 dB 带宽为 6%。这不仅是首个基于氮化镓 HEMT 技术的 D 波段倍频器，也是所有采用不同晶体管技术的 D 波段倍频器中输出功率最高、基波泄漏最低的一个。这一原理验证为利用更高性能的晶体管和驱动电路提高亚太赫兹 TWA 的功率、增益和效率开辟了道路。虽然演示是通过单片集成进行的，但这种方法也适用于异构集成，即在独立芯片上制造 SIW 和晶体管。
{"title":"A D-Band Frequency-Doubling Traveling-Wave Amplifier Through Monolithic Integration of a SiC SIW and GaN HEMTs","authors":"Lei Li;Patrick Fay;James C. M. Hwang","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3340117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3340117","url":null,"abstract":"We report a solid-state traveling-wave amplifier (TWA) realized through monolithic integration of transistors with a SiC substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The TWA uses a stepped-impedance microstrip line as the input divider, but a low-loss, high-power-capacity SIW as the output combiner. The input signal is distributed to four GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) evenly in magnitude but with 90° successive phase delays at the fundamental frequency. The HEMTs are distributed in the SIW in a period of a half wavelength at the second harmonic frequency, so that their outputs are combined coherently at the SIW output. To overcome the limited speed of the HEMTs, they are driven nonlinearly to generate second harmonics, and their fundamental outputs are suppressed with the SIW acting as a high-pass filter. The measured characteristics of the TWA agree with that simulated at the small-signal level, but exceeds that simulated at the large-signal level. For example, under an input of 15 dBm at 70 GHz, the output at 140 GHz is 38-dB above that at 70 GHz. Under an input around 70 GHz and 20 dBm, the output around 140 GHz is 14 dBm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 6%. This is not only the first D-band frequency multiplier based on the GaN HEMT technology, but also one with the highest output power and the lowest fundamental leakage among all D-band multipliers of different transistor technologies. This proof-of-principle demonstration opens the path to improve the power, gain and efficiency of sub-terahertz TWAs with higher-performance transistors and drive circuits. Although the demonstration is through monolithic integration, the approach is applicable to heterogeneous integration with the SIW and transistors fabricated on separate chips.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"158-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10363170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MIMO radar networks consisting of multiple independent radar sensors offer the possibility to create large virtual apertures and therefore provide high angular resolution for automotive radar systems. In order to increase the angular resolution, the network must be able to process all data phase coherently. Establishing phase coherency, without distributing the transmitted RF signal to all sensors, poses a significant challenge in the automotive frequency range of $text{76 GHz} ,text{to}, text{81 GHz}$ . This paper presents a signal model for uncoupled and low frequency coupled radar networks. The requirements for phase coherent processing for uncoupled radar sensors are systematically derived from the signal model. The proposed signal processing methods, which establish coherency, are sub-aperture based. Both the signal model and the proposed signal processing methods are verified by measurements with radar sensor networks composed of 2 and 3 radar sensors, providing 768 and 1728 virtual channels respectively. Measurements verify that phase noise is insignificant in the process of establishing coherency in uncoupled and low frequency coupled radar networks.
{"title":"Signal Model for Coherent Processing of Uncoupled and Low Frequency Coupled MIMO Radar Networks","authors":"Vinzenz Janoudi;Pirmin Schoeder;Timo Grebner;Nils Appenrodt;Juergen Dickmann;Christian Waldschmidt","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3334757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3334757","url":null,"abstract":"MIMO radar networks consisting of multiple independent radar sensors offer the possibility to create large virtual apertures and therefore provide high angular resolution for automotive radar systems. In order to increase the angular resolution, the network must be able to process all data phase coherently. Establishing phase coherency, without distributing the transmitted RF signal to all sensors, poses a significant challenge in the automotive frequency range of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{76 GHz} ,text{to}, text{81 GHz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. This paper presents a signal model for uncoupled and low frequency coupled radar networks. The requirements for phase coherent processing for uncoupled radar sensors are systematically derived from the signal model. The proposed signal processing methods, which establish coherency, are sub-aperture based. Both the signal model and the proposed signal processing methods are verified by measurements with radar sensor networks composed of 2 and 3 radar sensors, providing 768 and 1728 virtual channels respectively. Measurements verify that phase noise is insignificant in the process of establishing coherency in uncoupled and low frequency coupled radar networks.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"69-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10352930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3335349
Guoyi Xu;Edwin C. Kan
Phase measurements by the quadrature scheme in radio transceivers can be applied to phase-sensitive applications like precision multi-static 3D localization. However, measurements at different channels with individual local oscillators suffer from random phase offsets due to non-repeatable initial phases of phase-locked loops in frequency synthesizers. In this paper, a novel phase calibration method is proposed to cancel out both the random and systematic time-invariant phase offsets at the superheterodyne receiver frontends. Direct phase offset measurements and on-site calibration are made possible by additional hardware connections, achieving simple implementation and accurate differential phase measurements without relying on bandwidth resources. The proposed calibration method generates repeatable phases for each device reboot with standard deviation less than 2 degrees, which translates to 0.9 mm ranging accuracy for 1.8 GHz carrier frequency. This method can also be flexibly extended to accommodate a broad range of practical network scenarios with more channels, various network topologies, and a wider bandwidth.
{"title":"Phase Offset Calibration in Multi-Channel Radio-Frequency Transceivers","authors":"Guoyi Xu;Edwin C. Kan","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3335349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3335349","url":null,"abstract":"Phase measurements by the quadrature scheme in radio transceivers can be applied to phase-sensitive applications like precision multi-static 3D localization. However, measurements at different channels with individual local oscillators suffer from random phase offsets due to non-repeatable initial phases of phase-locked loops in frequency synthesizers. In this paper, a novel phase calibration method is proposed to cancel out both the random and systematic time-invariant phase offsets at the superheterodyne receiver frontends. Direct phase offset measurements and on-site calibration are made possible by additional hardware connections, achieving simple implementation and accurate differential phase measurements without relying on bandwidth resources. The proposed calibration method generates repeatable phases for each device reboot with standard deviation less than 2 degrees, which translates to 0.9 mm ranging accuracy for 1.8 GHz carrier frequency. This method can also be flexibly extended to accommodate a broad range of practical network scenarios with more channels, various network topologies, and a wider bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10345778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2023.3327521
Yagmur Ceren Alatas;Uzay Tefek;Burak Sari;Mehmet Selim Hanay
In electrical sensing applications, achieving a uniform electric field at the sensing region is required to eliminate the compounding effect of particle location on the signal magnitude. To generate a uniform electric field in a microfluidic platform, 3D electrodes based on conductive electrolyte liquids have been developed before, where the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte was sufficient for impedance measurements at low frequencies (typically lower than 50 MHz). However, electrolyte liquids cannot be used as electrodes at microwave frequencies (>1 GHz) due to the low mobility of ions. Here, we used Galinstan, a room-temperature liquid metal, to microfabricate 3D liquid electrodes connected to a microwave resonator — and all integrated within a microfluidic system. By generating a highly uniform electric field, a mixture of 20 μm and 30 μm diameter polystyrene particles were measured and analyzed without any calibration for particle position. The results demonstrate the utility of liquid electrodes in enhancing the electrical characteristics of microwave resonant sensors.
{"title":"Microwave Resonators Enhanced With 3D Liquid-Metal Electrodes for Microparticle Sensing in Microfluidic Applications","authors":"Yagmur Ceren Alatas;Uzay Tefek;Burak Sari;Mehmet Selim Hanay","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2023.3327521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2023.3327521","url":null,"abstract":"In electrical sensing applications, achieving a uniform electric field at the sensing region is required to eliminate the compounding effect of particle location on the signal magnitude. To generate a uniform electric field in a microfluidic platform, 3D electrodes based on conductive electrolyte liquids have been developed before, where the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte was sufficient for impedance measurements at low frequencies (typically lower than 50 MHz). However, electrolyte liquids cannot be used as electrodes at microwave frequencies (>1 GHz) due to the low mobility of ions. Here, we used Galinstan, a room-temperature liquid metal, to microfabricate 3D liquid electrodes connected to a microwave resonator — and all integrated within a microfluidic system. By generating a highly uniform electric field, a mixture of 20 μm and 30 μm diameter polystyrene particles were measured and analyzed without any calibration for particle position. The results demonstrate the utility of liquid electrodes in enhancing the electrical characteristics of microwave resonant sensors.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 1","pages":"139-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10325676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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