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Data collaborations at a local scale: Lessons learnt in Rennes (2010–2021) 地方规模的数据合作:雷恩的经验教训(2010-2021)
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.16
Simon Chignard, Marion Glatron
Abstract Data sharing is a requisite for developing data-driven innovation and collaboration at the local scale. This paper aims to identify key lessons and recommendations for building trustworthy data governance at the local scale, including the public and private sectors. Our research is based on the experience gained in Rennes Metropole since 2010 and focuses on two thematic use cases: culture and energy. For each one, we analyzed how the power relations between actors and the local public authority shape the modalities of data sharing and exploitation. The paper will elaborate on challenges and opportunities at the local level, in perspective with the national and European frameworks.
数据共享是发展本地数据驱动创新和协作的必要条件。本文旨在确定在地方规模(包括公共和私营部门)建立可信数据治理的关键经验教训和建议。我们的研究基于雷恩大都会自2010年以来获得的经验,重点关注两个主题用例:文化和能源。对于每一个,我们分析了行为者和地方公共当局之间的权力关系如何塑造数据共享和利用的模式。该文件将从国家和欧洲框架的角度阐述地方一级的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 1
Opening industry data: The private sector’s role in addressing societal challenges 开放行业数据:私营部门在应对社会挑战中的作用
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.15
Jennifer Hansen, Yiu-Shing Pang
Abstract This commentary explores the potential of private companies to advance scientific progress and solve social challenges through opening and sharing their data. Open data can accelerate scientific discoveries, foster collaboration, and promote long-term business success. However, concerns regarding data privacy and security can hinder data sharing. Companies have options to mitigate the challenges through developing data governance mechanisms, collaborating with stakeholders, communicating the benefits, and creating incentives for data sharing, among others. Ultimately, open data has immense potential to drive positive social impact and business value, and companies can explore solutions for their specific circumstances and tailor them to their specific needs.
摘要这篇评论探讨了私营公司通过开放和共享数据来推动科学进步和解决社会挑战的潜力。开放数据可以加速科学发现,促进合作,并促进长期商业成功。然而,对数据隐私和安全的担忧可能会阻碍数据共享。公司可以选择通过开发数据治理机制、与利益相关者合作、交流利益以及为数据共享创造激励等方式来缓解挑战。最终,开放数据具有巨大的潜力,可以推动积极的社会影响和商业价值,公司可以根据自己的具体情况探索解决方案,并根据自己的特定需求进行定制。
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引用次数: 0
Fit for purpose? The patents regime, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and sustainable development 适合使用吗?专利制度、第四次工业革命与可持续发展
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.17
Allison Bostrom, Shivani Nayyar
Abstract This article uses data from several publicly available databases to show that the distribution of intellectual property for frontier technologies, including those useful for sustainable development, is very highly skewed in favor of a handful of developed countries. The intellectual property rights (IPR) regime as it exists does not optimize the global flow of technology and know-how for the attainment of the sustainable development goals and is in need of updating. Some features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution imply that the current system of patents is even more in need of reform than before. COVID-19 vaccines and therapies and the vast inequality in access to these has highlighted the costs of inaction. We recommend several policy changes for the international IPR regime. Broadly, these fall into three categories: allowing greater flexibility for developing countries, reassessing the appropriateness of patents for technologies that may be considered public goods, and closing loopholes that allow for unreasonable intellectual property protections.
摘要本文利用几个公开数据库的数据表明,前沿技术的知识产权分布,包括那些对可持续发展有用的技术,非常严重地向少数发达国家倾斜。现有的知识产权制度并没有使实现可持续发展目标所需的技术和专门知识的全球流动达到最佳,需要加以更新。第四次工业革命的一些特征意味着,当前的专利制度比以前更需要改革。COVID-19疫苗和疗法以及在获得这些疫苗和疗法方面的巨大不平等凸显了不作为的代价。我们建议对国际知识产权制度进行几项政策改革。总的来说,这些措施可分为三类:给予发展中国家更大的灵活性,重新评估可能被视为公共产品的技术专利的适当性,以及填补允许不合理的知识产权保护的漏洞。
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引用次数: 0
City data ecosystems between theory and practice: A qualitative exploratory study in seven European cities 理论与实践之间的城市数据生态系统:对七个欧洲城市的定性探索研究
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.13
Giovanni Liva, Marina Micheli, S. Schade, A. Kotsev, Matteo Gori, Cristiano Codagnone
Abstract The exponential growth of data collection opens possibilities for analyzing data to address political and societal challenges. Still, European cities are not utilizing the potential of data generated by its citizens, industries, academia, and public authorities for their public service mission. The reasons are complex and relate to an intertwined set of organizational, technological, and legal barriers, although good practices exist that could be scaled, sustained, and further developed. The article contributes to research on data-driven innovation in the public sector comparing high-level expectations on data ecosystems with actual practices of data sharing and innovation at the local and regional level. Our approach consists in triangulating the analysis of in-depth interviews with representatives of the local administrations with documents obtained from the cities. The interviews investigated the experiences and perspectives of local administrations regarding establishing a local or regional data ecosystem. The article examines experiences and obstacles to data sharing within seven administrations investigating what currently prevents the establishment of data ecosystems. The findings are summarized along three main lines. First, the limited involvement of private sector organizations as actors in local data ecosystems through emerging forms of data sharing. Second, the concern over technological aspects and the lack of attention on social or organizational issues. Third, a conceptual decision to apply a centralized and not a federated digital infrastructure.
数据收集的指数增长为分析数据以应对政治和社会挑战提供了可能性。尽管如此,欧洲城市并没有利用其公民、工业、学术界和公共当局产生的数据潜力来履行其公共服务使命。原因是复杂的,并且与组织、技术和法律障碍交织在一起,尽管存在可以扩展、持续和进一步开发的良好实践。本文对公共部门数据驱动创新的研究做出了贡献,将对数据生态系统的高水平期望与地方和区域层面的数据共享和创新的实际实践进行了比较。我们的方法是用从城市获得的文件对与地方行政部门代表的深入访谈进行三角分析。访谈调查了地方行政当局在建立地方或区域数据生态系统方面的经验和观点。本文考察了七个行政部门在数据共享方面的经验和障碍,调查了目前阻碍数据生态系统建立的因素。研究结果总结为三条主线。首先,通过新兴的数据共享形式,私营部门组织作为行动者参与地方数据生态系统的程度有限。第二,对技术方面的关注和对社会或组织问题的缺乏关注。第三,一个概念性的决定,即应用集中式而非联邦式的数字基础设施。
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引用次数: 1
Examining the value of satellite data in halting transmission of polio in Nigeria: A socioeconomic analysis 检查卫星数据在尼日利亚阻止脊髓灰质炎传播方面的价值:社会经济分析
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.12
M. Borowitz, Janet Zhou, Krystal Azelton, Isabelle Nassar
Abstract In 2014, Nigeria halted transmission of wild poliovirus for the first time in its history. A critical enabling component in this historic achievement was the use of satellite data to produce more accurate maps and population estimates used in planning and implementing vaccination campaigns. This article employs a value-of-information approach to estimate the net socioeconomic benefits associated with this use of satellite data. We calculate the increase in the likelihood of halting transmission of polio associated with the use of satellite-based information compared to traditional data sources, and we consider the benefits associated with savings to the healthcare system as well as health benefits. Using a conservative approach focused on just 1 year of benefits, we estimate net socioeconomic benefits of between $46.0 million and $153.9 million. In addition to these quantified benefits, we also recognize qualitative benefits associated with improving human health, reaching marginalized communities, and building capacity among local populations. We also explore the substantial benefits associated with follow-on projects that have made use of the satellite-based data products and methodologies originally developed for the Nigeria polio eradication effort.
2014年,尼日利亚历史上首次遏制了野生脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播。这一历史性成就的一个关键促成因素是利用卫星数据制作更准确的地图和人口估计数,用于规划和实施疫苗接种运动。本文采用信息价值方法来估计与使用卫星数据相关的净社会经济效益。我们计算了与传统数据来源相比,使用卫星信息可以增加阻止脊髓灰质炎传播的可能性,并考虑了与节省医疗保健系统和健康效益相关的好处。使用仅关注1年效益的保守方法,我们估计净社会经济效益在4600万美元至1.539亿美元之间。除了这些量化效益外,我们还认识到与改善人类健康、惠及边缘化社区和在当地人口中建立能力有关的质量效益。我们还探讨了利用最初为尼日利亚根除脊髓灰质炎工作开发的卫星数据产品和方法的后续项目所带来的实质性利益。
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引用次数: 0
The virtuous smart city: Bridging the gap between ethical principles and practices of data-driven innovation 良性智慧城市:弥合数据驱动创新的伦理原则和实践之间的差距
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.9
Viivi Lähteenoja, Kimmo Karhu
Abstract For smart cities, data-driven innovation promises societal benefits and increased well-being for residents and visitors. At the same time, the deployment of data-driven innovation poses significant ethical challenges. Although cities and other public-sector actors have increasingly adopted ethical principles, employing them in practice remains challenging. In this commentary, we use a virtue-based approach that bridges the gap between abstract principles and the daily work of practitioners who engage in and with data-driven innovation processes. Inspired by Aristotle, we describe practices of data-driven innovation in a smart city applying the concepts of virtue and phronêsis, meaning good judgment of and sensitivity to ethical issues. We use a dialogic case-study approach to study two cases of data-driven innovation in the city of Helsinki. We then describe as an illustration of how our approach can help bridge the gap between concrete practices of data-driven innovation and high-level principles. Overall, we advance a theoretically grounded, virtue-based approach, which is practice oriented and linked to the daily work of data scientists and other practitioners of data-driven innovation. Further, this approach helps understand the need for and importance of individual application of phronêsis, which is particularly important in public-sector organizations that can experience gaps between principle and practice. This importance is further intensified in cases of data-driven innovation in which, by definition, novel and unknown contexts are explored.
摘要对于智能城市来说,数据驱动的创新有望带来社会效益,并提高居民和游客的福祉。与此同时,数据驱动创新的部署带来了重大的道德挑战。尽管城市和其他公共部门行为者越来越多地采用道德原则,但在实践中采用这些原则仍然具有挑战性。在这篇评论中,我们使用了一种基于美德的方法,弥合了抽象原则与从事数据驱动创新过程的从业者日常工作之间的差距。受亚里士多德的启发,我们描述了智能城市中数据驱动创新的实践,应用了美德和phronêsis的概念,这意味着对道德问题的良好判断和敏感性。我们采用对话案例研究的方法研究了赫尔辛基市的两个数据驱动创新案例。然后,我们描述了我们的方法如何帮助弥合数据驱动创新的具体实践与高水平原则之间的差距。总的来说,我们提出了一种基于理论、基于美德的方法,这种方法以实践为导向,并与数据科学家和其他数据驱动创新从业者的日常工作相联系。此外,这种方法有助于理解个人应用phronêsis的必要性和重要性,这在可能在原则和实践之间存在差距的公共部门组织中尤为重要。这种重要性在数据驱动的创新中得到了进一步加强,根据定义,在这些创新中,探索了新颖和未知的背景。
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引用次数: 0
Open data as an anticorruption tool? Using distributed cognition to understand breakdowns in the creation of transparency data 将数据作为反腐败工具开放?使用分布式认知来理解透明度数据创建中的故障
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.10
Tatiana M. Martinez, E. Whitley
Abstract One of the drivers for pushing for open data as a form of corruption control stems from the belief that in making government operations more transparent, it would be possible to hold public officials accountable for how public resources are spent. These large datasets would then be open to the public for scrutiny and analysis, resulting in lower levels of corruption. Though data quality has been largely studied and many advancements have been made, it has not been extensively applied to open data, with some aspects of data quality receiving more attention than others. One key aspect however—accuracy—seems to have been overlooked. This gap resulted in our inquiry: how is accurate open data produced and how might breakdowns in this process introduce opportunities for corruption? We study a government agency situated within the Brazilian Federal Government in order to understand in what ways is accuracy compromised. Adopting a distributed cognition (DCog) theoretical framework, we found that the production of open data is not a neutral activity, instead it is a distributed process performed by individuals and artifacts. This distributed cognitive process creates opportunities for data to be concealed and misrepresented. Two models mapping data production were generated, the combination of which provided an insight into how cognitive processes are distributed, how data flow, are transformed, stored, and processed, and what instances provide opportunities for data inaccuracies and misrepresentations to occur. The results obtained have the potential to aid policymakers in improving data accuracy.
推动开放数据作为一种腐败控制形式的驱动力之一源于这样一种信念,即在使政府运作更加透明的情况下,有可能让公职人员对公共资源的使用负责。然后,这些大型数据集将向公众开放,以供审查和分析,从而降低腐败程度。虽然数据质量已经得到了大量的研究,并取得了许多进展,但尚未广泛应用于开放数据,数据质量的某些方面比其他方面受到更多的关注。然而,一个关键的方面——准确性——似乎被忽视了。这一差距导致了我们的调查:如何产生准确的开放数据,以及在这一过程中出现的故障会如何给腐败带来机会?我们研究了位于巴西联邦政府内的一个政府机构,以了解准确性在哪些方面受到损害。采用分布式认知(DCog)理论框架,我们发现开放数据的生产不是一个中立的活动,而是一个由个人和工件执行的分布式过程。这种分布式认知过程为数据被隐藏和歪曲创造了机会。生成了两个映射数据生产的模型,它们的组合提供了对认知过程如何分布、数据如何流动、转换、存储和处理,以及哪些实例为数据不准确和错误陈述的发生提供了机会的洞察。获得的结果有可能帮助决策者提高数据的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
What do data portals do? Tracing the politics of online devices for making data public 数据门户做什么?追踪用于公开数据的在线设备的政治
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.7
Jonathan Gray
Abstract The past decade has seen the rise of “data portals” as online devices for making data public. They have been accorded a prominent status in political speeches, policy documents, and official communications as sites of innovation, transparency, accountability, and participation. Drawing on research on data portals around the world, data portal software, and associated infrastructures, this paper explores three approaches for studying the social life of data portals as technopolitical devices: (a) interface analysis, (b) software analysis, and (c) metadata analysis. These three approaches contribute to the study of the social lives of data portals as dynamic, heterogeneous, and contested sites of public sector datafication. They are intended to contribute to critically assessing how participation around public sector datafication is invited and organized with portals, as well as to rethinking and recomposing them.
在过去的十年中,作为数据公开的在线设备,“数据门户”出现了。它们作为创新、透明、问责和参与的场所,在政治演讲、政策文件和官方交流中享有突出地位。通过对世界各地数据门户、数据门户软件和相关基础设施的研究,本文探索了三种方法来研究作为技术政治设备的数据门户的社会生活:(a)接口分析,(b)软件分析,(c)元数据分析。这三种方法有助于将数据门户的社会生活作为公共部门数据化的动态、异构和有争议的站点进行研究。它们旨在有助于批判性地评估如何通过门户邀请和组织公共部门数据化的参与,以及重新思考和重新组合它们。
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引用次数: 1
Responding to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic with innovative data use: The role of data challenges 用创新的数据使用应对2019冠状病毒病:数据挑战的作用
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.6
Jamie Danemayer, Andrew Young, Siobhan Green, Lydia Ezenwa, Michael Klein
Abstract Innovative, responsible data use is a critical need in the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet potentially impactful data are often unavailable to those who could utilize it, particularly in data-poor settings, posing a serious barrier to effective pandemic mitigation. Data challenges, a public call-to-action for innovative data use projects, can identify and address these specific barriers. To understand gaps and progress relevant to effective data use in this context, this study thematically analyses three sets of qualitative data focused on/based in low/middle-income countries: (a) a survey of innovators responding to a data challenge, (b) a survey of organizers of data challenges, and (c) a focus group discussion with professionals using COVID-19 data for evidence-based decision-making. Data quality and accessibility and human resources/institutional capacity were frequently reported limitations to effective data use among innovators. New fit-for-purpose tools and the expansion of partnerships were the most frequently noted areas of progress. Discussion participants identified building capacity for external/national actors to understand the needs of local communities can address a lack of partnerships while de-siloing information. A synthesis of themes demonstrated that gaps, progress, and needs commonly identified by these groups are relevant beyond COVID-19, highlighting the importance of a healthy data ecosystem to address emerging threats. This is supported by data holders prioritizing the availability and accessibility of their data without causing harm; funders and policymakers committed to integrating innovations with existing physical, data, and policy infrastructure; and innovators designing sustainable, multi-use solutions based on principles of good data governance.
摘要创新、负责任的数据使用是全球应对2019冠状病毒病(新冠肺炎)大流行的关键需求。然而,那些可以利用潜在影响的数据的人往往无法获得这些数据,尤其是在数据匮乏的环境中,这对有效缓解疫情构成了严重障碍。数据挑战是公众对创新数据使用项目的行动呼吁,可以识别和解决这些具体障碍。为了了解在这方面与有效使用数据相关的差距和进展,本研究主题分析了三组以中低收入国家为重点/基础的定性数据:(a)对应对数据挑战的创新者的调查,(b)对数据挑战组织者的调查,以及(c)与专业人士进行焦点小组讨论,利用新冠肺炎数据进行循证决策。据报告,数据质量和可及性以及人力资源/机构能力经常限制创新者有效使用数据。新的符合目的的工具和扩大伙伴关系是最经常注意到的进展领域。讨论参与者确定,外部/国家行为者了解当地社区需求的能力建设可以在消除信息孤立的同时解决缺乏伙伴关系的问题。主题综合表明,这些群体共同确定的差距、进展和需求与新冠肺炎之外的情况相关,突出了健康的数据生态系统对应对新出现的威胁的重要性。这得到了数据持有者的支持,他们优先考虑数据的可用性和可访问性,而不会造成伤害;资助者和决策者致力于将创新与现有的物理、数据和政策基础设施相结合;以及基于良好数据治理原则设计可持续、多用途解决方案的创新者。
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引用次数: 0
Is remote measurement a better assessment of internet censorship than expert analysis? Analyzing tradeoffs for international donors and advocacy organizations of current data and methodologies 与专家分析相比,远程测量是对互联网审查的更好评估吗?分析国际捐助者和宣传组织对当前数据和方法的权衡
Q3 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2023.5
Terry Fletcher, Andria Hayes-Birchler
Abstract Donor organizations and multilaterals require ways to measure progress toward the goals of creating an open internet, and condition assistance on recipient governments maintaining access to information online. Because the internet is increasingly becoming a leading tool for exchanging information, authoritarian governments around the world often seek methods to restrict citizens’ access. Two of the most common methods for restricting the internet are shutting down internet access entirely and filtering specific content. We conduct a systematic literature review of articles on the measurement of internet censorship and find that little work has been done comparing the tradeoffs of using different methods to measure censorship on a global scale. We compare the tradeoffs between measuring these phenomena using expert analysis (as measured by Freedom House and V-Dem) and remote measurement with manual oversight (as measured by Access Now and the OpenNet Initiative [ONI]) for donor organizations that want to incentivize and measure good internet governance. We find that remote measurement with manual oversight is less likely to include false positives, and therefore may be more preferable for donor organizations that value verifiability. We also find that expert analysis is less likely to include false negatives, particularly for very repressive regimes in the Middle East and Central Asia and therefore these data may be preferable for advocacy organizations that want to ensure very repressive regimes are not able to avoid accountability, or organizations working primarily in these areas.
摘要捐助组织和多边组织需要衡量建立开放互联网目标的进展情况,并以受援国政府保持在线信息获取为条件提供援助。由于互联网越来越成为交换信息的主要工具,世界各地的独裁政府经常寻求限制公民访问的方法。限制互联网的两种最常见的方法是完全关闭互联网访问和过滤特定内容。我们对有关衡量互联网审查的文章进行了系统的文献综述,发现很少有人对在全球范围内使用不同方法衡量审查的权衡进行比较。我们比较了使用专家分析测量这些现象(由自由之家和V-Dem测量)和远程测量与手动监督(由Access Now和OpenNet Initiative[ONI]测量)之间的权衡,供希望激励和衡量良好互联网治理的捐助组织使用。我们发现,人工监督的远程测量不太可能包括假阳性,因此对于重视可验证性的捐助组织来说可能更可取。我们还发现,专家分析不太可能包括假阴性,特别是对于中东和中亚非常专制的政权,因此,这些数据可能更适合那些希望确保非常专制的政府无法逃避问责的倡导组织,或主要在这些领域工作的组织。
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引用次数: 0
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