V. M. Urbano, Federico Bartolomucci, Giovanni Azzone
Abstract Data on real-time individuals’ location may provide significant opportunities for managing emergency situations. For example, in the case of outbreaks, besides informing on the proximity of people, hence supporting contact tracing activities, location data can be used to understand spatial heterogeneity in virus transmission. However, individuals’ low consent to share their data, proved by the low penetration rate of contact tracing apps in several countries during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, re-opened the scientific and practitioners’ discussion on factors and conditions triggering citizens to share their positioning data. Following the Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes (APCO) model, and based on Privacy Calculus and Reasoned Action Theories, the study investigates factors that cause university students to share their location data with public institutions during outbreaks. To this end, an explanatory survey was conducted in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19, collecting 245 questionnaire responses. Structural equations modeling was used to contemporary investigate the role of trust, perceived benefit, and perceived risk as determinants of the intention to share location data during outbreaks. Results show that respondents’ trust in public institutions, the perceived benefits, and the perceived risk are significant predictor of the intention to disclose personal tracking data with public institutions. Results indicate that the latter two factors impact university students’ willingness to share data more than trust, prompting public institutions to rethink how they launch and manage the adoption process for these technological applications.
{"title":"Determinants for university students’ location data sharing with public institutions during COVID-19: The Italian case","authors":"V. M. Urbano, Federico Bartolomucci, Giovanni Azzone","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.42","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Data on real-time individuals’ location may provide significant opportunities for managing emergency situations. For example, in the case of outbreaks, besides informing on the proximity of people, hence supporting contact tracing activities, location data can be used to understand spatial heterogeneity in virus transmission. However, individuals’ low consent to share their data, proved by the low penetration rate of contact tracing apps in several countries during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, re-opened the scientific and practitioners’ discussion on factors and conditions triggering citizens to share their positioning data. Following the Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes (APCO) model, and based on Privacy Calculus and Reasoned Action Theories, the study investigates factors that cause university students to share their location data with public institutions during outbreaks. To this end, an explanatory survey was conducted in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19, collecting 245 questionnaire responses. Structural equations modeling was used to contemporary investigate the role of trust, perceived benefit, and perceived risk as determinants of the intention to share location data during outbreaks. Results show that respondents’ trust in public institutions, the perceived benefits, and the perceived risk are significant predictor of the intention to disclose personal tracking data with public institutions. Results indicate that the latter two factors impact university students’ willingness to share data more than trust, prompting public institutions to rethink how they launch and manage the adoption process for these technological applications.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"10 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139437994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has grown fast in the last 25 years, promising low-cost, rapid implementation, and large positive impacts. Despite advances, many systems in middle- and low-income countries face operational and financial issues, particularly in Latin America. Some practitioners, researchers, and decision makers, and the media are questioning its ability to provide quality services. Is this the end of a trend? To answer this question, this paper explores the status of the BRT industry and literature on the topic, with a focus on Latin America, as well as the emblematic cases of Curitiba, Quito, Bogotá, Mexico, and Santiago. Overcrowding, lack of reliability, fare evasion, issues of safety and security, and poor maintenance are evident problems in these and other cities. They seem to be a result of institutional and financial constraints, as well as technical limitations of surface-based transit modes. BRT has been able to deliver high-capacity and fast and reliable services, but requires permanent management and investment to face growing demand and aging infrastructure and vehicles, just like rail systems do. In addition, attention needs to be provided to data, technology innovation, urban integration, and public participation to keep BRT as an integral part of multimodal high-quality sustainable mobility networks in the future.
{"title":"Bus Rapid Transit: End of trend in Latin America?","authors":"Darío Hidalgo, Ricardo Giesen, Juan Carlos Muñoz","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.44","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has grown fast in the last 25 years, promising low-cost, rapid implementation, and large positive impacts. Despite advances, many systems in middle- and low-income countries face operational and financial issues, particularly in Latin America. Some practitioners, researchers, and decision makers, and the media are questioning its ability to provide quality services. Is this the end of a trend? To answer this question, this paper explores the status of the BRT industry and literature on the topic, with a focus on Latin America, as well as the emblematic cases of Curitiba, Quito, Bogotá, Mexico, and Santiago. Overcrowding, lack of reliability, fare evasion, issues of safety and security, and poor maintenance are evident problems in these and other cities. They seem to be a result of institutional and financial constraints, as well as technical limitations of surface-based transit modes. BRT has been able to deliver high-capacity and fast and reliable services, but requires permanent management and investment to face growing demand and aging infrastructure and vehicles, just like rail systems do. In addition, attention needs to be provided to data, technology innovation, urban integration, and public participation to keep BRT as an integral part of multimodal high-quality sustainable mobility networks in the future.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"2 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There are now an estimated 114 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, some 88% of whom are in low- and middle-income countries. For governments and international organizations to design effective policies and responses, they require comparable and accessible socioeconomic data on those affected by forced displacement, including host communities. Such data is required to understand needs, as well as interactions between complex drivers of displacement and barriers to durable solutions. However, high-quality data of this kind takes time to collect and is costly. Can the ever-increasing volume of open data and evolving innovative techniques accelerate and enhance its generation? Are there applications of alternative data sources, advanced statistics, and machine-learning that could be adapted for forced displacement settings, considering their specific legal and ethical dimensions? As a catalytic bridge between the World Bank and UNHCR, the Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement convened a workshop to answer these questions. This paper summarizes the emergent messages from the workshop and recommendations for future areas of focus and ways forward for the community of practice on socioeconomic data on forced displacement. Three recommended areas of future focus are: enhancing and optimizing household survey sampling approaches; estimating forced displacement socioeconomic indicators from alternative data sources; and amplifying data accessibility and discoverability. Three key features of the recommended approach are: strong complementarity with the existing data-collection-to-use-pipeline; data responsibility built-in and tailored to forced displacement contexts; and iterative assessment of operational relevance to ensure continuous focus on improving outcomes for those affected by forced displacement.
{"title":"Accelerating and enhancing the generation of socioeconomic data to inform forced displacement policy and response","authors":"Patrick Michael Brock, Harriet Kasidi Mugera","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.47","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are now an estimated 114 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, some 88% of whom are in low- and middle-income countries. For governments and international organizations to design effective policies and responses, they require comparable and accessible socioeconomic data on those affected by forced displacement, including host communities. Such data is required to understand needs, as well as interactions between complex drivers of displacement and barriers to durable solutions. However, high-quality data of this kind takes time to collect and is costly. Can the ever-increasing volume of open data and evolving innovative techniques accelerate and enhance its generation? Are there applications of alternative data sources, advanced statistics, and machine-learning that could be adapted for forced displacement settings, considering their specific legal and ethical dimensions? As a catalytic bridge between the World Bank and UNHCR, the Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement convened a workshop to answer these questions. This paper summarizes the emergent messages from the workshop and recommendations for future areas of focus and ways forward for the community of practice on socioeconomic data on forced displacement. Three recommended areas of future focus are: enhancing and optimizing household survey sampling approaches; estimating forced displacement socioeconomic indicators from alternative data sources; and amplifying data accessibility and discoverability. Three key features of the recommended approach are: strong complementarity with the existing data-collection-to-use-pipeline; data responsibility built-in and tailored to forced displacement contexts; and iterative assessment of operational relevance to ensure continuous focus on improving outcomes for those affected by forced displacement.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"51 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A broad gap exists between “God’s eye” transit maps from above that experts draw and how domestic workers map their commutes in Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia, through a street-level approach. Based on fieldwork conducted in both cities between 2017 and 2018, including interviews, participant observation, and social cartography, this translational article brings domestic workers’ understanding of the city they traverse daily vis-à-vis how experts conceive modern and rational public transportation systems. Delving into the literature on cartography, the Right to the City (RtC), and feminist geography, the study analyzes this gap and finds how it limits an effective RtC for this massive group of female commuters. It further provides public policy recommendations to address the gap and ensure RtC for all.
{"title":"“That is why users do not understand the maps we make for them”: Cartographic gaps between experts and domestic workers and the Right to the City","authors":"Valentina Montoya-Robledo","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.34","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A broad gap exists between “God’s eye” transit maps from above that experts draw and how domestic workers map their commutes in Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia, through a street-level approach. Based on fieldwork conducted in both cities between 2017 and 2018, including interviews, participant observation, and social cartography, this translational article brings domestic workers’ understanding of the city they traverse daily vis-à-vis how experts conceive modern and rational public transportation systems. Delving into the literature on cartography, the Right to the City (RtC), and feminist geography, the study analyzes this gap and finds how it limits an effective RtC for this massive group of female commuters. It further provides public policy recommendations to address the gap and ensure RtC for all.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"36 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138949980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaio G. de Almeida Mesquita, Luan P. de Holanda Barros, Francisco Moraes de Oliveira Neto
Abstract Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of users’ travel behavior on public transport (PT) systems is essential for more assertive transit planning. With this in mind, the aim of this article is to diagnose the spatial and temporal travel patterns of users of Fortaleza’s PT network, which is a trunk-feeder network whose fares are charged by a tap-on system. To this end, 20 databases were used, including global positioning system, user registration, and PT smart card data from November 2018, prior to the pandemic. The data set was processed and organized into a database with a relational model and an Extraction, Transformation, and Loading process. A data mining approach based on Machine Learning models was applied to evaluate travel patterns. As a result, it was observed that users’ first daily use has a higher percentage of spatial and temporal patterns when compared to their last daily use. In addition, users rarely show spatial and temporal patterns at the same time.
{"title":"Analysis of spatial–temporal validation patterns in Fortaleza’s public transport systems: a data mining approach","authors":"Kaio G. de Almeida Mesquita, Luan P. de Holanda Barros, Francisco Moraes de Oliveira Neto","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of users’ travel behavior on public transport (PT) systems is essential for more assertive transit planning. With this in mind, the aim of this article is to diagnose the spatial and temporal travel patterns of users of Fortaleza’s PT network, which is a trunk-feeder network whose fares are charged by a tap-on system. To this end, 20 databases were used, including global positioning system, user registration, and PT smart card data from November 2018, prior to the pandemic. The data set was processed and organized into a database with a relational model and an Extraction, Transformation, and Loading process. A data mining approach based on Machine Learning models was applied to evaluate travel patterns. As a result, it was observed that users’ first daily use has a higher percentage of spatial and temporal patterns when compared to their last daily use. In addition, users rarely show spatial and temporal patterns at the same time.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"66 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138974915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In recent years, and with the COVID disruption, many companies have moved toward digitization, adopting digital supply chains for enhanced efficiency. This coincided with the Western Governments mandating, through modern slavery legislation, that multinational companies should mitigate human rights risks in their supply chains. In addition, the Indian government has been making major efforts to equip residents in India with digital identities; first with the Aadhaar identity system, and, on August 26, 2021, the eShram portal aimed specifically at registering informal workers recognizing them formally as part of the Indian labour force. This article shows how a full digitization of the supply chains might be problematic, and in the extreme, might threaten the livelihoods of homeworkers. For the homeworkers to survive the seemingly inevitable digitization, there is a clear need to ensure that they have a direct representation in the digital supply chains. Given the limited ability of the homeworkers to directly represent themselves, we need appropriate models of digital custodianship and policies for promoting their uptake. We discuss the shape that such solutions might take. Finally, an open acceptance by brands of homeworking as a part of their supply chains is called for, paving the way to a public acceptance of these workers’ right to a minimum/living wage. To engineer widespread acceptance is an insurmountable task. It is hoped that the eShram scheme will help to change the political balance in India as the informal workers now become “traceable.”
{"title":"Distributed data network: a case study of the Indian textile homeworkers","authors":"Martin Carpenter, S. Poon","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, and with the COVID disruption, many companies have moved toward digitization, adopting digital supply chains for enhanced efficiency. This coincided with the Western Governments mandating, through modern slavery legislation, that multinational companies should mitigate human rights risks in their supply chains. In addition, the Indian government has been making major efforts to equip residents in India with digital identities; first with the Aadhaar identity system, and, on August 26, 2021, the eShram portal aimed specifically at registering informal workers recognizing them formally as part of the Indian labour force. This article shows how a full digitization of the supply chains might be problematic, and in the extreme, might threaten the livelihoods of homeworkers. For the homeworkers to survive the seemingly inevitable digitization, there is a clear need to ensure that they have a direct representation in the digital supply chains. Given the limited ability of the homeworkers to directly represent themselves, we need appropriate models of digital custodianship and policies for promoting their uptake. We discuss the shape that such solutions might take. Finally, an open acceptance by brands of homeworking as a part of their supply chains is called for, paving the way to a public acceptance of these workers’ right to a minimum/living wage. To engineer widespread acceptance is an insurmountable task. It is hoped that the eShram scheme will help to change the political balance in India as the informal workers now become “traceable.”","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"46 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Self-sovereign identity (SSI) is an emerging and promising concept that enables users to control their identity while enhancing security and privacy compared to other identity management (IDM) approaches. Despite the recent advancements in SSI technologies, federated identity management (FIDM) systems continue to dominate the IDM market. Selecting an IDM to implement for a specific application is a complex task that requires a thorough understanding of the potential external cyber risks. However, existing research scarcely compares SSI and FIDM from the perspective of these external threats. In response to this gap, our article provides an attack surface analysis focused solely on external threats for both systems. This analysis can serve as a reference to compare the relevant security and privacy risks associated with these external threats. The threat landscapes of external attackers were systematically synthesized from the main components and functionalities of the common standards and designs. We further present a use case analysis that applies this attack surface analysis to compare the external cyber risks of the two systems in detail when managing cross-border identity between European countries. This work can be particularly useful for considering a more secure design for future IDM applications, taking into account the landscape of external threats.
{"title":"A comparative cyber risk analysis between federated and self-sovereign identity management systems","authors":"A. Le, G. Epiphaniou, Carsten Maple","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.41","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Self-sovereign identity (SSI) is an emerging and promising concept that enables users to control their identity while enhancing security and privacy compared to other identity management (IDM) approaches. Despite the recent advancements in SSI technologies, federated identity management (FIDM) systems continue to dominate the IDM market. Selecting an IDM to implement for a specific application is a complex task that requires a thorough understanding of the potential external cyber risks. However, existing research scarcely compares SSI and FIDM from the perspective of these external threats. In response to this gap, our article provides an attack surface analysis focused solely on external threats for both systems. This analysis can serve as a reference to compare the relevant security and privacy risks associated with these external threats. The threat landscapes of external attackers were systematically synthesized from the main components and functionalities of the common standards and designs. We further present a use case analysis that applies this attack surface analysis to compare the external cyber risks of the two systems in detail when managing cross-border identity between European countries. This work can be particularly useful for considering a more secure design for future IDM applications, taking into account the landscape of external threats.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138633021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since 1998, Bogotá has consistently made substantial efforts to foster the bicycle’s role as a primary mode of transportation. Recent years have witnessed a compelling aspiration for the city to ascend as the “bicycle capital of the world,” evident in its accomplishment of 6.6% of daily trips completed by bicycle in 2019. This achievement translates to 880.367 daily cycling journeys (District Secretariat of Mobility of Bogotá, 2019). These statistics surpass regional benchmarks; for instance, other capital cities such as Santiago de Chile account for 510.569 bicycle trips, Mexico City for 433.981, and Rio de Janeiro for 217.000 (Ríos et al., 2015). Despite this progress, Bogotá lacks a comprehensive evaluation of both infrastructure quality and the user experience while cycling. This translational research article aimed to explore this gap by delving into the integration of user perceptions and experiences within the policy formulation process. This strategic approach is poised to enhance cycling’s allure as a mode of transportation for prospective cyclists while simultaneously maximizing the efficiency of investments in cycling infrastructure.
自1998年以来，波哥大一直在努力促进自行车作为主要交通方式的作用。近年来，人们对这座城市上升为“世界自行车之都”的强烈愿望得到了见证，2019年，该市每天有6.6%的出行是通过自行车完成的。这一成就相当于每天骑行880.367次(波哥大地区交通秘书处，2019年)。这些统计数字超过了地区基准;例如，智利圣地亚哥等其他首都城市的自行车出行次数为510.569次，墨西哥城为433.981次，里约热内卢为217.000次(Ríos et al.， 2015)。尽管取得了这些进展，但波哥大缺乏对基础设施质量和骑行用户体验的全面评估。这篇转化研究文章旨在通过深入研究政策制定过程中用户感知和经验的整合来探索这一差距。这一战略方针旨在增强自行车作为一种交通方式的吸引力，同时最大限度地提高自行车基础设施投资的效率。
{"title":"Cycling Assessment: A tool to inform policymakers and enhance the cyclist’s travel experience, with a gender perspective","authors":"Angie Ángel, Laura Daniela Gómez, Maryfely Rincón","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.35","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since 1998, Bogotá has consistently made substantial efforts to foster the bicycle’s role as a primary mode of transportation. Recent years have witnessed a compelling aspiration for the city to ascend as the “bicycle capital of the world,” evident in its accomplishment of 6.6% of daily trips completed by bicycle in 2019. This achievement translates to 880.367 daily cycling journeys (District Secretariat of Mobility of Bogotá, 2019). These statistics surpass regional benchmarks; for instance, other capital cities such as Santiago de Chile account for 510.569 bicycle trips, Mexico City for 433.981, and Rio de Janeiro for 217.000 (Ríos et al., 2015). Despite this progress, Bogotá lacks a comprehensive evaluation of both infrastructure quality and the user experience while cycling. This translational research article aimed to explore this gap by delving into the integration of user perceptions and experiences within the policy formulation process. This strategic approach is poised to enhance cycling’s allure as a mode of transportation for prospective cyclists while simultaneously maximizing the efficiency of investments in cycling infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"8 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138584706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Several governmental organizations all over the world aim for algorithmic accountability of artificial intelligence systems. However, there are few specific proposals on how exactly to achieve it. This article provides an extensive overview of possible transparency and inspectability mechanisms that contribute to accountability for the technical components of an algorithmic decision-making system. Following the different phases of a generic software development process, we identify and discuss several such mechanisms. For each of them, we give an estimate of the cost with respect to time and money that might be associated with that measure.
{"title":"Overview of transparency and inspectability mechanisms to achieve accountability of artificial intelligence systems","authors":"Marc P. Hauer, Tobias D. Krafft, K. Zweig","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several governmental organizations all over the world aim for algorithmic accountability of artificial intelligence systems. However, there are few specific proposals on how exactly to achieve it. This article provides an extensive overview of possible transparency and inspectability mechanisms that contribute to accountability for the technical components of an algorithmic decision-making system. Following the different phases of a generic software development process, we identify and discuss several such mechanisms. For each of them, we give an estimate of the cost with respect to time and money that might be associated with that measure.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139238650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the mobility restrictions governments imposed to prevent its spread changed the cities’ ways of living. Transport systems suffered the consequences of the falling travel demand, and readjustments were made in many cities to prevent the complete shutdown of services. In Córdoba, the second largest city in Argentina, the Municipality dictated route cuts and reduced frequencies to sustain the buses and trolleys system. In 2022, Martinazzo and Falavigna assessed potential accessibility to hospitals before (2019) and during the pandemic (2021). Overall, the study indicated that average travel times increased by 20% and that the gap between less vulnerable and more vulnerable population quintiles reached almost 8 points. In this paper, potential accessibility to public hospitals in 2022 and 2023 is calculated using Martinazzo and Falavigna’s (2022) work as a baseline to compare, considering that neither cutting the services during the pandemic nor recovering the service after the pandemic the Municipality performed an accessibility assessment. The main results showed that, despite the system having almost recovered its extension by 2023, it maintained the regressive tendency between less vulnerable and more vulnerable population quintiles, as the difference in average travel time between these two groups reached up to 14 min, while the cumulative opportunities measure for the high-income groups was up to 68% higher than the most vulnerable households.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of public transport accessibility to hospitals in Córdoba (2019–2023): Where are we now?","authors":"Lucila Martinazzo","doi":"10.1017/dap.2023.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2023.32","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the mobility restrictions governments imposed to prevent its spread changed the cities’ ways of living. Transport systems suffered the consequences of the falling travel demand, and readjustments were made in many cities to prevent the complete shutdown of services. In Córdoba, the second largest city in Argentina, the Municipality dictated route cuts and reduced frequencies to sustain the buses and trolleys system. In 2022, Martinazzo and Falavigna assessed potential accessibility to hospitals before (2019) and during the pandemic (2021). Overall, the study indicated that average travel times increased by 20% and that the gap between less vulnerable and more vulnerable population quintiles reached almost 8 points. In this paper, potential accessibility to public hospitals in 2022 and 2023 is calculated using Martinazzo and Falavigna’s (2022) work as a baseline to compare, considering that neither cutting the services during the pandemic nor recovering the service after the pandemic the Municipality performed an accessibility assessment. The main results showed that, despite the system having almost recovered its extension by 2023, it maintained the regressive tendency between less vulnerable and more vulnerable population quintiles, as the difference in average travel time between these two groups reached up to 14 min, while the cumulative opportunities measure for the high-income groups was up to 68% higher than the most vulnerable households.","PeriodicalId":93427,"journal":{"name":"Data & policy","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139263409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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