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Contesting border artificial intelligence: Applying the guidance-ethics approach as a responsible design lens 竞争边界人工智能:应用指导伦理方法作为负责任的设计视角
Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.28
Karolina La Fors, F. Meissner
Abstract Border artificial intelligence (AI)—biometrics-based AI systems used in border control contexts—proliferates as common tools in border securitization projects. Such systems classify some migrants as posing risks like identity fraud, other forms of criminality, or terrorism. From a human rights perspective, using such risk framings for algorithmically facilitated evaluations of migrants’ biometrics systematically calls into question whether these kinds of systems can be built to be trustworthy for migrants. This article provides a thought experiment; we use a bottom-up responsible design lens—the guidance-ethics approach—to evaluate if responsible, trustworthy Border AI might constitute an oxymoron. The proposed European AI Act only limits the use of Border AI systems by classifying such systems as high risk. In parallel with these AI regulatory developments, large-scale civic movements have emerged throughout Europe to ban the use of facial recognition technologies in public spaces to defend EU citizens’ privacy. The fact that such systems remain acceptable for states’ usage to evaluate migrants, we argue, insufficiently protects migrants’ lives. In part, we argue that this is due to regulations and ethical frameworks being top-down and technology driven by focusing more on the safety of AI systems than on the safety of migrants. We conclude that bordering technologies developed from a responsible design angle would entail the development of entirely different technologies. These would refrain from harmful sorting based on biometric identifications but would start from the premise that migration is not a societal problem.
摘要边境人工智能(AI)——用于边境控制环境的基于生物特征的人工智能系统——作为边境证券化项目中的常见工具激增。这些系统将一些移民归类为具有身份欺诈、其他形式的犯罪或恐怖主义等风险。从人权的角度来看,使用这种风险框架对移民的生物特征进行算法化的评估,系统地让人怀疑这些系统是否能够为移民建立值得信赖的系统。本文提供了一个思想实验;我们使用自下而上的负责任设计视角——指导伦理方法——来评估负责任、值得信赖的Border AI是否可能构成矛盾修辞法。拟议中的《欧洲人工智能法案》只是通过将边境人工智能系统归类为高风险来限制这些系统的使用。在这些人工智能监管发展的同时,欧洲各地也出现了大规模的公民运动,禁止在公共场所使用面部识别技术,以保护欧盟公民的隐私。我们认为,这样的系统仍然可以被各州用来评估移民,这一事实并不能充分保护移民的生命。在某种程度上,我们认为这是由于法规和道德框架是自上而下的,技术驱动的原因是更多地关注人工智能系统的安全,而不是移民的安全。我们得出的结论是,从负责任的设计角度开发的边缘技术将需要开发完全不同的技术。这些措施将避免基于生物特征识别的有害分类,但将从移民不是社会问题的前提出发。
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引用次数: 0
Socio-spatial aspects of creativity and their role in the planning and design of university campuses’ public spaces: A practitioners’ perspective 创造力的社会空间方面及其在大学校园公共空间规划和设计中的作用:从业者的视角
Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.27
Isabelle Soares, Thai N. Van Quoc, C. Yamu, Gerd Weitkamp
Abstract This paper investigates how socio-spatial aspects of creativity, operationalized as the causal relations between the built environment and perceived creativity in university campuses’ public spaces, are currently applied in practice. Moreover, it discusses practitioners’ perceptions regarding research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity according to three effectiveness aspects: credibility, relevance, and applicability. The “research-generated evidence” is herein derived from data-driven knowledge generated by multi-disciplinary methodologies (e.g., self-reported perceptions, participatory tools, geospatial analysis, observations). Through a thematic analysis of interviews with practitioners involved in the (re)development of campuses public spaces of inner-city campuses and science parks in Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Groningen. We concluded that socio-spatial aspects of creativity concepts were addressed only at the decision-making level for Utrecht Science Park. Correspondingly, while presented evidence was considered by most practitioners as relevant for practice, perceptions of credibility and applicability vary according to institutional goals, practitioners’ habits in practice, and their involvement in projects’ roles and phases. The newfound interrelationships between the three effectiveness aspects highlighted (a) the institutional fragmentation issues in campuses and public spaces projects, (b) the research-practice gap related to such projects, which occur beyond the university campuses’ context, and (c) insights on the relationship between evidence generated through research-based data-driven knowledge and urban planning practice, policy, and governance related to knowledge environments. We concluded that if research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity is to be integrated into the evidence-based practice of campuses’ public spaces, an alignment between researchers, multiple actors involved, policy framing, and goal achievements are fundamental.
摘要本文研究了创造力的社会空间方面,作为大学校园公共空间中建筑环境和感知创造力之间的因果关系,目前是如何在实践中应用的。此外,它还根据三个有效性方面:可信度、相关性和适用性,讨论了从业者对研究产生的创造力社会空间方面证据的看法。“研究生成的证据”来源于多学科方法(如自我报告的感知、参与性工具、地理空间分析、观测)生成的数据驱动知识。通过对参与阿姆斯特丹、乌得勒支和格罗宁根市中心校园和科技园校园公共空间(再)开发的从业者的采访进行主题分析。我们得出的结论是,创造力概念的社会空间方面只在乌得勒支科技园的决策层得到了解决。相应地,虽然大多数从业者认为所提供的证据与实践相关,但对可信度和适用性的看法因机构目标、从业者的实践习惯以及他们对项目角色和阶段的参与程度而异。新发现的三个有效性方面之间的相互关系突出了(a)校园和公共空间项目中的制度碎片化问题,(b)与此类项目相关的研究实践差距,这些差距发生在大学校园之外,以及(c)深入了解通过基于研究的数据驱动知识产生的证据与知识环境相关的城市规划实践、政策和治理之间的关系。我们得出的结论是,如果研究产生的关于创造力的社会空间方面的证据要融入校园公共空间的循证实践,那么研究人员、多个参与者、政策制定和目标实现之间的一致性是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 1
Food security analysis and forecasting: A machine learning case study in southern Malawi 粮食安全分析和预测:马拉维南部的机器学习案例研究
Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.25
Shahrzad Gholami, Erwin Knippenberg, James Campbell, Daniel Andriantsimba, Anusheel Kamle, Pavitraa Parthasarathy, Ria Sankar, Cameron Birge, J. L. Lavista Ferres
Abstract Chronic food insecurity remains a challenge globally, exacerbated by climate change-driven shocks such as droughts and floods. Forecasting food insecurity levels and targeting vulnerable households is apriority for humanitarian programming to ensure timely delivery of assistance. In this study, we propose to harness a machine learning approach trained on high-frequency household survey data to infer the predictors of food insecurity and forecast household level outcomes in near real-time. Our empirical analyses leverage the Measurement Indicators for Resilience Analysis (MIRA) data collection protocol implemented by Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in southern Malawi, a series of sentinel sites collecting household data monthly. When focusing on predictors of community-level vulnerability, we show that a random forest model outperforms other algorithms and that location and self-reported welfare are the best predictors of food insecurity. We also show performance results across several neural networks and classical models for various data modeling scenarios to forecast food security. We pose that problem as binary classification via dichotomization of the food security score based on two different thresholds, which results in two different positive class to negative class ratios. Our best performing model has an F1 of 81% and an accuracy of 83% in predicting food security outcomes when the outcome is dichotomized based on threshold 16 and predictor features consist of historical food security score along with 20 variables selected by artificial intelligence explainability frameworks. These results showcase the value of combining high-frequency sentinel site data with machine learning algorithms to predict future food insecurity outcomes.
摘要长期粮食不安全仍然是全球面临的挑战,干旱和洪水等气候变化引发的冲击加剧了这一挑战。预测粮食不安全程度并以弱势家庭为目标,是制定人道主义方案以确保及时提供援助的先决条件。在这项研究中,我们建议利用基于高频家庭调查数据的机器学习方法来推断粮食不安全的预测因素,并近乎实时地预测家庭层面的结果。我们的实证分析利用了马拉维南部天主教救济服务机构(CRS)实施的韧性分析测量指标(MIRA)数据收集协议,该协议是一系列每月收集家庭数据的哨点。在关注社区层面脆弱性的预测因素时,我们发现随机森林模型优于其他算法,位置和自我报告的福利是粮食不安全的最佳预测因素。我们还展示了几种神经网络和各种数据建模场景的经典模型的性能结果,以预测粮食安全。我们通过基于两个不同阈值的粮食安全评分的二分法将该问题提出为二元分类,这导致了两个不同的正类与负类比率。当基于阈值16对结果进行二分时,我们的最佳表现模型在预测粮食安全结果方面的F1为81%,准确率为83%,预测特征包括历史粮食安全得分以及人工智能可解释性框架选择的20个变量。这些结果展示了将高频哨点数据与机器学习算法相结合来预测未来粮食不安全结果的价值。
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引用次数: 2
Lesson (un)replicated: Predicting levels of political violence in Afghan administrative units per month using ARFIMA and ICEWS data 经验(未复制):使用ARFIMA和ICEWS数据预测阿富汗行政单位每月的政治暴力程度
Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.26
Tamir Libel
Abstract The aim of the present article is to evaluate the use of the Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) model in predicting spatially and temporally localized political violent events using the Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (ICEWS). The performance of the ARFIMA model is compared to that of a naïve model in reference to two common relevant hypotheses: the ARFIMA model would outperform a naïve model and the rate of outperformance would deteriorate the higher the level of spatial aggregation. This analytical strategy is used to predict political violent events in Afghanistan. The analysis consists of three parts. The first is a replication of Yonamine’s study for the period beginning in April 2010 and ending in March 2012. The second part compares the results to those of Yonamine. The comparison was used to assess the validity of the conclusions drawn in the original study, which was based on the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, for the implementation of this approach to ICEWS data. Building on the conclusions of this comparison, the third part uses Yonamine’s approach to predict violent events in Afghanistan over a significantly longer period of time (January 1995–August 2021). The conclusions provide an assessment of the utility of short-term localized forecasting.
摘要本文的目的是评估自回归分数积分移动平均(ARFIMA)模型在使用综合危机预警系统(ICEWS)预测时空局部政治暴力事件中的应用。参考两个常见的相关假设,将ARFIMA模型的性能与naïve模型的性能进行比较:ARFIMA模型将优于naïve模型,并且优于率会随着空间聚集水平的提高而恶化。这种分析策略被用来预测阿富汗的政治暴力事件。分析由三个部分组成。第一项研究复制了Yonamine的研究,研究时间从2010年4月开始,到2012年3月结束。第二部分将结果与Yonamine进行比较。该比较用于评估原始研究中得出的结论的有效性,该研究基于全球事件、语言和语调数据库,用于对ICEWS数据实施该方法。基于这一比较的结论,第三部分使用Yonamine的方法来预测阿富汗在更长的一段时间内(1995年1月至2021年8月)发生的暴力事件。这些结论提供了短期局部预报效用的评估。
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引用次数: 0
A journey toward an open data culture through transformation of shared data into a data resource 通过将共享数据转化为数据资源,走向开放数据文化的旅程
Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.22
Scott D. Kahn, A. Koralova
Abstract The transition to open data practices is straightforward albeit surprisingly challenging to implement largely due to cultural and policy issues. A general data sharing framework is presented along with two case studies that highlight these challenges and offer practical solutions that can be adjusted depending on the type of data collected, the country in which the study is initiated, and the prevailing research culture. Embracing the constraints imposed by data privacy considerations, especially for biomedical data, must be emphasized for data outside of the United States until data privacy law(s) are established at the Federal and/or State level.
向开放数据实践的过渡是直截了当的,尽管在很大程度上由于文化和政策问题而令人惊讶地具有挑战性。本文提出了一个通用的数据共享框架,以及两个案例研究,突出了这些挑战,并提供了切实可行的解决方案,这些解决方案可以根据收集的数据类型、开展研究的国家和流行的研究文化进行调整。在联邦和/或州一级制定数据隐私法之前,必须强调美国以外的数据必须接受数据隐私考虑所施加的限制,特别是对生物医学数据。
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引用次数: 0
Building better global data governance – CORRIGENDUM 建立更好的全球数据治理-勘误表
Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.20
J. Kuzio, Mohammad Ahmadi, Kyoung-Cheol Kim, Michael R. Migaud, Yi-Fan Wang, Justin B. Bullock
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引用次数: 0
Crisis as driver of digital transformation? Scottish local governments’ response to COVID-19 危机是数字化转型的驱动力?苏格兰地方政府应对新冠肺炎
Pub Date : 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.18
Justine Gangneux, Simon Joss
Abstract The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has, from the outset, been characterized by a strong focus on real-time data intelligence and the use of data-driven technologies. Against this backdrop, this article investigates the impacts of the pandemic on Scottish local government’s data practices and, in turn, whether the crisis acted as a driver for digital transformation. Mobilizing the literatures on digital government transformation, and on the impacts of crises on public administrations, the article provides insights into the dynamics of digital transformation during a heightened period of acute demands on the public sector. The research evidences an intensification of public sector data use and sharing in Scottish local authorities, with focus on health-related data and the integration of existing datasets to gather local intelligence. The research reveals significant changes related to the technical and social systems of local government organizations. These include the repurposing and adoption of information systems, the acceleration of inter and intraorganizational data sharing processes, as well as changes in ways of working and in attitudes toward data sharing and collaborations. Drawing on these findings, the article highlights the importance of identifying and articulating specific data needs in relation to concrete policy questions in order to render digital transformation relevant and effective. The article also points to the need of addressing the persistent systemic challenges underlying public sector data engagement through, on one hand, sustained investment in data capabilities and infrastructures and, on the other, support for cross-organizational collaborative spaces and networks.
摘要应对新冠肺炎大流行从一开始就以高度重视实时数据智能和使用数据驱动技术为特点。在这种背景下,本文调查了疫情对苏格兰地方政府数据实践的影响,以及这场危机是否推动了数字化转型。这篇文章汇集了关于数字政府转型和危机对公共行政影响的文献,深入了解了在公共部门需求急剧增长的时期,数字转型的动态。这项研究证明,苏格兰地方当局加强了公共部门数据的使用和共享,重点关注与健康相关的数据,并整合现有数据集以收集当地情报。这项研究揭示了与地方政府组织的技术和社会制度有关的重大变化。其中包括信息系统的重新利用和采用,组织间和组织内数据共享过程的加速,以及工作方式和对数据共享和合作态度的改变。根据这些发现,文章强调了识别和阐明与具体政策问题相关的具体数据需求的重要性,以使数字化转型具有相关性和有效性。文章还指出,需要通过一方面对数据能力和基础设施的持续投资,另一方面支持跨组织的协作空间和网络,来应对公共部门数据参与背后持续存在的系统性挑战。
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引用次数: 1
Building better global data governance 构建更好的全球数据治理
Pub Date : 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.17
J. Kuzio, Mohammad Ahmadi, Kyoung-Cheol Kim, Michael R. Migaud, Yi-Fan Wang, Justin B. Bullock
Abstract In this article, we explore the challenges of global governance and the particular challenge presented by global data governance. We discuss a range of challenges to developing meaningful global governance institutions for regulating how companies and governments around the world manage and utilize consumer data. These challenges are compounded by their global nature and the complexities of Internet-based technologies. We argue that the following gaps exist for effective global data governance: (a) there is no overarching global framework for protecting consumer data, and it is partial and incomplete; (b) there is a lack of data protection for international data transfers, as much of the regulation that is being developed is not global in scale; and (c) new areas of data collection and use compound concerns to effective data governance in a globalized digital world. Moreover, we highlight important needs in terms of both global governance and impending challenges related to current and new uses of data. Any global governance framework should recognize the need for an iterative process where communication is ongoing between the necessary stakeholders. Agreements should incorporate common goals to maximize the potential development of global data governance norms. However, goals must remain flexible to the different data environments across nation-states while maintaining a global scope to ensure data protection. In addition, any agreement should consider the emerging challenges in this area. These challenges include new methods of data collection and use, as well as protecting individuals from manipulation and undue influence based on how their data are being used, processed, and collected.
摘要在本文中,我们探讨了全球治理的挑战以及全球数据治理带来的特殊挑战。我们讨论了发展有意义的全球治理机构以监管世界各地的公司和政府如何管理和利用消费者数据所面临的一系列挑战。这些挑战因其全球性和基于互联网的技术的复杂性而更加复杂。我们认为,在有效的全球数据治理方面存在以下差距:(a)没有保护消费者数据的总体全球框架,而且是部分和不完整的;(b) 国际数据传输缺乏数据保护,因为正在制定的许多法规并不是全球性的;以及(c)在全球化的数字世界中,数据收集和利用复合关切的新领域,以实现有效的数据治理。此外,我们强调了全球治理方面的重要需求,以及与当前和新的数据使用相关的迫在眉睫的挑战。任何全球治理框架都应该认识到需要一个迭代过程,在这个过程中,必要的利益相关者之间正在进行沟通。协议应包含共同目标,以最大限度地发挥全球数据治理规范的潜力。然而,目标必须对不同国家的不同数据环境保持灵活性,同时保持全球范围以确保数据保护。此外,任何协议都应考虑到这一领域正在出现的挑战。这些挑战包括数据收集和使用的新方法,以及根据个人数据的使用、处理和收集方式保护个人免受操纵和不当影响。
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引用次数: 1
The changing roles of frontline bureaucrats in the digital welfare state: The case of a data dashboard in Rotterdam’s Work and Income department 数字化福利国家中一线官僚角色的变化:以鹿特丹工作与收入部门的数据仪表板为例
Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.16
Margot Kersing, L. van Zoonen, Kim Putters, L. Oldenhof
Abstract The welfare state is currently undergoing a transition toward data-driven policies, management, and execution. This has important repercussions for frontline bureaucrats in such a “digital welfare state.” So far, impact of data-driven tools on frontline bureaucrats is primarily described in terms of curtailing or enlarging their discretionary space to make decisions. It is unclear, however, how daily work practices and role identities of frontline bureaucrats change in situ and which norms they develop to work with new data tools. In this article, we present an empirical study about the impact of a data dashboard in the Work and Income department of the municipality of Rotterdam. We answer the following research question: Which role identities, work practices, and norms of appropriate behavior of frontline bureaucrats in the social domain are reshaped by the introduction of a data dashboard? We use a multiple methods design consisting of semi-structured interviews, ethnographic observations, and document analysis. Our results reveal two role identities among frontline bureaucrats: (a) the client coach, and (b) the caseload manager. We show that the implementation of the dashboard stimulates a shift from a client coach role identity toward a caseload manager role identity. This shift is contested as it leads to role identity conflicts among frontline bureaucrats with a client coach role. Furthermore, we establish that the accommodation of the institutional void in which the introduction of the dashboard takes place, is centered around three themes of contestation: (a) data quality, (b) quality of service provision, and (c) data representations.
摘要福利国家目前正在向数据驱动的政策、管理和执行过渡。这对这样一个“数字福利国家”的一线官僚产生了重要影响。到目前为止,数据驱动工具对一线官僚的影响主要描述为减少或扩大他们的决策自由裁量空间。然而,目前尚不清楚一线官员的日常工作实践和角色身份是如何在现场发生变化的,以及他们为使用新的数据工具制定了哪些规范。在这篇文章中,我们对鹿特丹市工作和收入部门的数据仪表板的影响进行了实证研究。我们回答了以下研究问题:数据仪表板的引入重塑了社会领域一线官僚的哪些角色身份、工作实践和适当行为规范?我们采用多种方法设计,包括半结构化访谈、人种学观察和文献分析。我们的研究结果揭示了一线官员的两个角色身份:(a)客户教练和(b)工作量经理。我们展示了仪表板的实现刺激了从客户教练角色标识向案例经理角色标识的转变。这种转变引起了争议,因为它导致了一线官僚与客户教练角色之间的角色认同冲突。此外,我们确定,仪表板的引入所处的制度空白是围绕三个争论主题进行的:(a)数据质量,(b)服务提供质量,以及(c)数据表示。
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引用次数: 0
Supporting peace negotiations in the Yemen war through machine learning 通过机器学习支持也门战争中的和平谈判
Pub Date : 2022-07-23 DOI: 10.1017/dap.2022.19
M. Arana-Catania, F. V. Lier, R. Procter
Abstract Today’s conflicts are becoming increasingly complex, fluid, and fragmented, often involving a host of national and international actors with multiple and often divergent interests. This development poses significant challenges for conflict mediation, as mediators struggle to make sense of conflict dynamics, such as the range of conflict parties and the evolution of their political positions, the distinction between relevant and less relevant actors in peace-making, or the identification of key conflict issues and their interdependence. International peace efforts appear ill-equipped to successfully address these challenges. While technology is already being experimented with and used in a range of conflict related fields, such as conflict predicting or information gathering, less attention has been given to how technology can contribute to conflict mediation. This case study contributes to emerging research on the use of state-of-the-art machine learning technologies and techniques in conflict mediation processes. Using dialogue transcripts from peace negotiations in Yemen, this study shows how machine-learning can effectively support mediating teams by providing them with tools for knowledge management, extraction and conflict analysis. Apart from illustrating the potential of machine learning tools in conflict mediation, the article also emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary and participatory, cocreation methodology for the development of context-sensitive and targeted tools and to ensure meaningful and responsible implementation.
当今的冲突正变得越来越复杂、多变和碎片化,往往涉及众多利益多样且往往存在分歧的国家和国际行动者。这一发展给冲突调解带来了重大挑战,因为调解人努力理解冲突动态,例如冲突各方的范围及其政治立场的演变,在维持和平中区分相关和不太相关的行动者,或确定关键冲突问题及其相互依存关系。国际和平努力似乎不足以成功应对这些挑战。虽然技术已经在一系列与冲突有关的领域进行试验和使用,例如冲突预测或信息收集,但对技术如何有助于冲突调解的关注较少。本案例研究有助于在冲突调解过程中使用最先进的机器学习技术和技术的新兴研究。本研究利用也门和平谈判的对话记录,展示了机器学习如何通过为调解团队提供知识管理、提取和冲突分析工具,有效地支持他们。除了说明机器学习工具在冲突调解中的潜力外,文章还强调了跨学科和参与式共同创造方法的重要性,以开发上下文敏感和有针对性的工具,并确保有意义和负责任的实施。
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引用次数: 2
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