Energy nexus最新文献

{"title":"Multivariate time series energy forecasting using a hybrid neural-SVM ensemble model: A data-driven approach for energy management in Bangladesh","authors":"Mohammad Mynul Islam Mahin,&nbsp;Md Jawad Bin Rouf,&nbsp;Shah Murtoza Morshed,&nbsp;Sheak Salman,&nbsp;Md Shihab Shakur,&nbsp;Mohammad Morshed,&nbsp;Md. Parvez","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy forecasting of generation, demand, sources, and prices over short-time horizons is necessary for optimization of energy management. Given the increased use of developing technologies and reliance on renewable energy sources, strategic planning, management, and operational decision-making depend on accuracy and reliability of forecasting system. Complex interconnections reside among energy features in modern day power systems. Developing nations such as Bangladesh encounter challenges, including insufficient advanced tools for power planning and policy development. Previous studies have often focused on forecasting a single energy variable, like load or demand, with little attention on multiple energy parameters, and the interrelations among them. This study introduces a Hybrid Neural-SVM Ensemble (HNSE) model to simultaneously forecast day-ahead daily total energy generation, non-renewable energy generation, fuel cost, and evening peak demand of national grid of Bangladesh. Utilizing the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh’s (PGCB) data, HNSE went through processing and hyperparameter optimization. Performance evaluation based on five statistical indices demonstrated the model's predictive capabilities, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9744, and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0291. Additionally, the study utilizes the Kernel-based Changepoint Detection (KernelCPD) algorithm to detect structural shifts in residuals, and two explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods, Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), for feature contribution analysis to provide local and global interpretability. The aim is to offer actionable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders in mitigating current energy crises in Bangladesh through strategic decision-making and support the development of sustainable energy policies in emerging economies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100641"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obtaining the efficiency limits of axial hydrokinetic turbines","authors":"Víctor Manuel Fernández Pacheco ,&nbsp;Ahmed Gharib Yosry ,&nbsp;Rodolfo Espina Valdés ,&nbsp;Alexandre Presas Batlló ,&nbsp;Eduardo Álvarez Álvarez ,&nbsp;Eduardo Blanco Marigorta","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a hydrokinetic turbine in an open field setting, in the absence of flow restrictions, Betz’s limit represents the maximum power coefficient possible. The efficiency of turbines is evaluated against this value, under the assumption that they are connected to the grid, and therefore continuously operating at their maximum power. However, in island model operation (disconnected to the mains) the turbines operate at points between the no load and the maximum power coefficient, being the efficiency limits different from the Betz’s limit. In the present study, a function has been found defining the power efficiency limits depending on the tip speed ratio, for axial turbines in an open channel without blockage. Mathematical deduction uses the actuator disk theory within an open channel, complemented by the Euler equation for turbomachinery. The approach assumes flow simplifications, including steady, one-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent-free conditions. Furthermore, two dimensionless parameters have been proposed relating the real coefficient curve with the limit one. These parameters enable a better definition -in the whole range of tip speed ratios- of the difference between the actual efficiency and the limits, as well as the potential for improvement. Function and parameters have been calculated for a numerically simulated turbine and three different turbines from a literature benchmark.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100635"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-energy nexus: Integrating hydrochemical characterization and life cycle assessment for a holistic profile of agricultural groundwater sustainability","authors":"Naseem Akhtar ,&nbsp;Syahidah Akmal Muhammad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir ,&nbsp;Hamza Mohamed Flafel ,&nbsp;Pahmi Husain ,&nbsp;Sulgiye Park ,&nbsp;Faisal M. Alfaisal ,&nbsp;Shamshad Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable groundwater management is critically hampered by a disconnect between water quality assessment and environmental impact (EI) of its extraction infrastructure, particularly at the micro-level. This study applied a novel micro-nexus lens to bridge this gap by developing a holistic sustainability profile for a single agricultural pumping well in Labu Kubong, Malaysia. The objectives were outlined as follows: (i) to characterize hydrochemical properties and evaluate groundwater suitability for paddy irrigation utilizing Piper, Gibbs, Wilcox, and United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagrams; (ii) to pinpoint dominant environmental hotspots from raw materials and energy consumption using a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); (iii) to validate LCA reliability with Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis; and (iv) to synthesize the hydrochemical and LCA results into a holistic sustainability balance sheet (HSBS). The Piper diagram results indicated calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate-type water, with rock weathering identified as the predominant geochemical process by the Gibbs diagram. The groundwater was classified as excellent for irrigation (C2-S1 class) by Wilcox and USSL diagrams. Counter-intuitively, LCA revealed that dominant EI originated not from operational energy consumption (1.65 %) but from the embodied footprint of the raw materials from groundwater extraction infrastructure. Raw material production, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (61.6 %), copper for the submersible pump (14.8 %), gravel packing (4.51 %), steel (3.5 %), copper wire for the electrical cable (2.05 %), polyvinyl chloride (1.12 %), and high-density polyethylene (0.0062 %), were the primary contributors. This integrated micro-nexus paradigm offers HSBS, highlighting a significant paradox whereby intrinsic groundwater suitability for paddy agriculture and unsuitability for drinking without treatment due to elevated concentrations of iron (1.71 mg/L), manganese (0.173 mg/L), and arsenic (0.04 mg/L) occur alongside significant extrinsic EI resulting from its extraction infrastructure. This HSBS provides policymakers a crucial tool for integrated management decisions, enabling balanced consideration of usability, operational risk, and life cycle impacts to support truly sustainable groundwater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100616"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating year-round solar energy harvesting in semi-transparent PV-integrated greenhouses with roof and wall installation in an even-span design","authors":"Mohammadreza Gholami ,&nbsp;Sobhan Dorahaki ,&nbsp;Mohammad Habib Reza ,&nbsp;Lazhar Ben-Brahim ,&nbsp;S M Muyeen","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the global drive toward sustainable agricultural practices, semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) technology offers a dual benefit of generating renewable energy while still permitting a portion of sunlight essential for plant growth. Unlike traditional photovoltaic installations limited to roof surfaces, this work investigates the innovative use of STPV panels on vertical wall surfaces to maximize solar harvesting. By conducting an hourly irradiance analysis for a full calendar year, we evaluated the solar energy potential of different greenhouse sections (roof and walls) in Qatar's climatic conditions. The results reveal a significant contribution from wall-mounted STPV installations, which generated 83.77 % of the total annual energy compared to roof-mounted systems. Among the walls, the East Wall (EW) contributed consistently, achieving an annual average of 0.35 kWh/m², while the South Wall (SW) and West Wall (WW) also provided meaningful outputs of 0.19 kWh/m² and 0.22 kWh/m² respectively. In contrast, the North Roof (NR) and North Wall (NW) sections demonstrated the lowest energy outputs, with annual averages of 0.01 kWh/m² and 0.05 kWh/m², underscoring limited solar access due to their orientation. Sensitivity analysis further indicated that panel efficiency plays a crucial role in energy generation, with potential production reaching 18,904 kWh annually at a 20 % efficiency rate, significantly higher than the baseline 7 % efficiency considered in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100617"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing energy efficiency and legionella control in hot water circulation systems: laboratory validation and field assessment in Swedish multifamily buildings","authors":"Jesper Knutsson ,&nbsp;Jörgen Wallin","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot water circulation (HWC) systems in multifamily buildings face a fundamental trade-off: maintaining temperatures sufficient to suppress <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> (≥50 °C) while minimizing the 2.5–4.3 TWh annual energy loss these systems represent in Sweden alone. This study employed a novel dual approach combining controlled laboratory experiments with real-world validation to address this challenge. We constructed a full-scale test rig simulating a 20-apartment building to quantify thermal losses and microbial dynamics under varying flow rates and temperatures. This was complemented by a field validation encompassing 56 water samples from 31 multifamily buildings. The results demonstrate that when optimizing the system to maintain a regulatory required return temperature of 50  °C, thermal heat losses were nearly identical between low-flow (0.2 m/s) and high-flow (0.5 m/s) operation. The decisive factor was pump energy, where high-flow operation required 3.4 times more power than low-flow operation (108 W vs. 32 W). This resulted in a total annual energy saving of approximately 12% for the low-flow strategy, entirely attributable to reduced electricity consumption for the pump. Periodic thermal shocks at 60–65 °C effectively reduced L. <em>pneumophila</em> concentrations, indicating that continuous high-temperature operation is not required for microbial control. Field sampling revealed that 23% of samples tested positive for legionella, with problematic cases strongly linked to design flaws like towel warmers connected to the HWC loop. These findings indicate that a risk-based strategy combining low-flow circulation (0.2 m/s), a baseline return temperature of 50 °C, and periodic thermal shocks can significantly reduce system energy consumption while maintaining legionella safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance electrochemical sensing of tetracycline via functionalised reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites","authors":"Opeyemi A. Iresemowo,&nbsp;Vincent O. Nyamori,&nbsp;Olatunde S. Olatunji","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection of antibiotic residues, particularly tetracyclines (TC), is crucial due to their potential risks to public health and environmental safety. This study reports the development of a selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide functionalized with emeraldine salt and palladium nanoparticles (rGO-ES-Pd) for the detection of TC in simulated samples, urine, surface water, and wastewater. The rGO-ES-Pd nanocomposite was synthesised via a wet chemical method and drop-cast onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the rGO-ES-Pd/GCE sensor. To evaluate the impact of different polyaniline oxidation states, three additional nanocomposites, rGO-EB-Pd (emeraldine base), rGO-PG-Pd (pernigraniline), and rGO-LE-Pd (leucoemeraldine), were also prepared and tested. Comprehensive characterisation was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Among the tested nanocomposites, the rGO-ES-Pd/GCE sensor exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity for TC detection, with a pH-dependent peak current response in the potential range of 0.1–0.4 V. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range (0.01–5.0 × 10⁻⁶ M) and a low detection limit (1.51 × 10⁻⁷ M). Selectivity studies in the presence of common interfering substances, ibuprofen, erythromycin, and amoxicillin, revealed minimal interference and a low relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.29 %, confirming the robustness of the sensor. The developed electrochemical method was successfully applied to detect TC in real environmental (river water, wastewater influent) and biological (urine) samples, showing excellent reproducibility and long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100619"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying and benchmarking drinking water treatment facilities in 5 geographical regions in New Jersey, USA using energy and carbon intensity metrics","authors":"Amna A.M. Bashir,&nbsp;William T. Riddell,&nbsp;Jagadish Torlapati","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy use in drinking water systems varies significantly across utilities due to differences in operating conditions, and system configuration, posing challenges for consistent energy benchmarking. In this study, we present data collection, alignment and benchmarking approach based on a long-term operational data set from a water utility company operated in five geographical regions in New Jersey. The framework enabled quantification and comparison of total energy consumption and water production, across raw water, treatment and finished water facilities. The total energy and carbon intensity metrics were calculated using the aligned dataset supporting the comparative benchmarking approach. Energy and carbon intensities were calculated for all regions combined, by region, and by specific function of drinking water facilities, resulting in overall averages of 0.7 kWh/m³ and 0.24 kg CO₂e/m³, respectively. Additionally, this study highlights that factors such as topography, applied treatment technologies and the spatial distribution of water consumers are positively correlated with energy requirements for pumping and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100645"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in large floodplain inundation mapping: Integrated computational modeling and remote sensing techniques","authors":"Ali R. Alruzuq ,&nbsp;Joann Mossa","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The devastating impacts of flooding can be mitigated by strengthening the integration between hydrodynamic modeling and remote sensing, thereby improving floodplain management and the accuracy of inundation mapping. However, the relationship between river discharge and floodplain response remains insufficiently quantified in many large river systems, limiting reliable estimation of inundation extent, flood volumes, and floodplain connectivity. This study evaluates the hydraulic behavior of the Lower Apalachicola River and its associated floodplain within the Wewahitchka-Sumatra reaches using a two-dimensional HEC-RAS modeling framework. A high-resolution LiDAR-Sonar integrated digital elevation model (DEM) and terrain surfaces generated using the Relative Elevation Model (REM) approach were implemented to simulate floodplain inundation depth and extent under representative low-flow (175.3 m³/s) and high-flow (4360.8 m³/s) conditions observed during the 2015-2016 flood event. The REM centerline method was applied to smooth channel elevations, resulting in systematically deeper channel representation relative to the LiDAR-Sonar DEM. Model performance was evaluated using inundation extents derived from Landsat-8, MODIS, and Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. Results indicate that differences in inundation extent between DEM-based and REM-based simulations increase with flow magnitude, with areal differences of 9.93% and 4.02% under low- and high-flow conditions, respectively. DEM-based HEC-RAS simulations consistently produced larger flood extents than REM-based simulations, primarily due to differences in the representation of main-channel elevation. Maximum flood-water depth differences of 0.78 m and 0.76 m were observed for DEM and REM simulations under low- and high-flow conditions, respectively. Overall, the findings confirm the robustness of the HEC-RAS 2D framework for simulating floodplain inundation in large, low-gradient river systems and demonstrate the value of integrating high-resolution topographic data with complementary modeling approaches. The proposed framework offers a transferable methodology for floodplain management, restoration assessment, and improved understanding of river-floodplain connectivity under varying hydrologic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100650"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of drought on electricity production, fossil carbon emissions, and air pollution in Europe","authors":"Xiangping Hu ,&nbsp;Vedant Ballal ,&nbsp;Gabriele Martinelli ,&nbsp;Geir-Arne Fuglstad ,&nbsp;Alessandro Nocente ,&nbsp;Roberto Iacono ,&nbsp;Bo Huang ,&nbsp;Francesco Cherubini","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Europe has experienced severe droughts that impacted electricity generation from both renewable and fossil sources. Yet, the response of national electricity systems to drought and the resulting impacts on emissions of CO₂ and air pollutants remain insufficiently understood. This study combines monthly historical electricity generation data (2017–2023) with runoff anomalies, used as a proxy for drought conditions, across 25 European countries. A regression-based counterfactual analysis is applied to quantify the country-level response of electricity systems to drier-than-average conditions. Estimated drought-induced changes in fossil-based generation are subsequently translated into emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants using fuel- and country-specific emission factors. We find that electricity generation from hydropower and other renewables is reduced during dry periods, while reliance on fossil fuels and imports increases. Drought induced 141±35 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions between 2017 and 2023, corresponding to 31 % of the emissions that Europe could release by 2040 under its most ambitious climate goals. Emissions are mainly driven by increased use of natural gas (48 %), coal (22 %), lignite (21 %), and imports (8 %). In France and Portugal, drought-induced emissions account for around 10 % of total fossil-based electricity emissions. The estimated monetized social cost of these emissions is 26 billion USD. Emissions of air pollutants show an average increase of about 2.5 %, though they widely vary across countries. These findings underscore the need for targeted adaptation strategies to reduce the power sector’s vulnerability to drought and to maintain progress toward energy security and decarbonization targets</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on degradation mechanisms of proton exchange membrane fuel cell under CO poisoning","authors":"Zhiquan Yao,&nbsp;Zhengkai Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a key technology for hydrogen energy utilization, yet their reliance on high-purity hydrogen restricts further advancement. While hydrogen-rich reforming gas can reduce costs, the CO present in such gas poisons the catalyst. A novel treatment method involves creating a mild hydrogen-deficient environment to enable rapid recovery from high-CO poisoning states. This approach utilizes dual-cell cycling to maintain stable operation in CO-containing environments, though research on this method remains limited. This study quantitatively analyzed the effects of CO concentration, back pressure, humidity, and temperature through multifactor experiments. A 100-h endurance test under periodic purging conditions revealed fundamentally different degradation pathways: CO exposure caused irreversible damage—a 14.29% loss in electrochemically active surface area, a 34.4% increase in charge transfer resistance, severe catalyst agglomeration, platinum particle growth reaching 55.6%, and oxidation significantly concentrated at the anode inlet due to CO concentration gradients. In contrast, hydrogen operation induced only minor degradation primarily attributable to cathode flooding. This study identified the dual effects of operating parameters, elucidated two distinct failure mechanisms, and provided critical insights for developing mitigation strategies, enabling PEMFC to operate continuously using impure hydrogen fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93548,"journal":{"name":"Energy nexus","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100678"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}