Energy nexus最新文献_第6页

Synergistic enhancement of the photocatalytic properties of boron nitride using nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for the degradation of perfluoroalkyl substances 利用氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯协同增强氮化硼光催化性能以降解全氟烷基物质

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100618

Mary Taiwo Akano, Bhekumuzi Prince Gumbi, Olatunde Stephen Olatunji

Advanced oxidation procedures using heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts have been regarded as one of the most promising approaches for the remediation of environmental pollution. In this study, hexagonal boron nitride (BN) was synthesized using the chemical vapor deposition method, and to further improve its photocatalytic properties, nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) was composited. This was achieved by varying the ratios via hydrothermal synthesis at 180 °C for 12 h to form BNNRGO nanocomposites, which were used for the photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). These composites were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, UV–VIS, and Raman spectroscopy to investigate their physicochemical and optical properties. The as-synthesized BNNRGO (1–3) photocatalyst ratio achieved 56% removal efficiency of PFOA and 82% of PFOS after 150 min of irradiation. The efficiency of the photocatalyst was determined by optimizing catalyst dosage and pH. Optimal degradation of 72% PFOA and 99% PFOS was achieved at a pH of 2 and a catalyst dosage of 100 mg. A decrease was observed with an increase in pH from 8 to 10, where PFOA decreased from 72% to 18% and PFOS decreased from 99% to 51%. The phytotoxicity of the degradation products shows no phytotoxic effects on Lactuca sativa. Thus, the degradation pathway for PFOA and PFOS by BNNRGO nanocomposites was attributed to the hole-initiated reaction.

利用非均相半导体光催化剂进行高级氧化已被认为是修复环境污染最有前途的方法之一。本研究采用化学气相沉积法合成了六方氮化硼（BN），为了进一步提高其光催化性能，合成了氮掺杂的还原性氧化石墨烯（NRGO）。这是通过在180°C下水热合成12小时改变比例来形成BNNRGO纳米复合材料来实现的，该复合材料用于光催化降解全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）。利用FTIR， SEM-EDX， UV-VIS和Raman光谱对复合材料进行了表征，研究了其物理化学和光学性质。经150min辐照后，合成的BNNRGO（1-3）光催化剂对PFOA的去除率达到56%，对PFOS的去除率达到82%。通过优化催化剂的投加量和pH来确定光催化剂的降解效率，在pH为2、投加量为100 mg的条件下，对72% PFOA和99% PFOS的降解效果最佳。随着pH值从8增加到10，PFOA从72%下降到18%，PFOS从99%下降到51%。降解产物的植物毒性对油菜无明显的植物毒性作用。因此，BNNRGO纳米复合材料对PFOA和PFOS的降解途径可归因于空穴引发反应。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of red and blue light treatment on water, microclimate, soil and tomato crops in California 红蓝光处理对加州水分、小气候、土壤和番茄作物的影响

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100609

Majdi Abou Najm , Andre Daccache , Matteo Camporese , Mohamed Emami

Recent advances in agrivoltaic systems (AVSs) have revived interest in understanding the effects of not only light intensity but also different light spectra on plants and overall land productivity, with research showing plant carbon assimilation being more efficient under red light, while the more energetic blue light would be more effective for producing solar electricity. AVSs are highly efficient in harvesting solar radiation for the co-generation of food and solar electricity, thus resulting in higher land productivity, compared to single-use alternatives, i.e., agriculture or utility-scale solar. This is particularly advantageous in arid and semi-arid areas with abundant sun and limited land and water. The question becomes: how much light and what particular spectra of light are more efficient for food and for energy conversion, and how can any light treatment impact water, soil, microclimate and plant productivity? This study explores the potentials of spectrally selective PV panels by testing the performance of field grown processing tomato with the focus on red and blue light treatments. The study evaluates crop productivity and water savings by monitoring microclimate, soil, and plant responses under two specific wavelength patterns (red and blue filters) compared to the full unfiltered light spectrum (control). The red and blue treatments, applied on processing tomatoes in Yolo County (California), yielded 67 % and 58 % of the control, respectively. However, changes in the microclimate — particularly the reduction in solar radiation —resulted in a significant decrease in evapotranspiration. Consequently, the potential water use efficiency (WUE) for the blue and red light treatments compared to the control was improved by 10 % and 13 %, respectively. Overall, our study suggests that benefits from renewable energy and reduced water usage could offset yield reductions, making spectrally selective AVSs a potentially viable and sustainable land-use option, especially in water-scarce regions.

农业光伏系统（AVSs）的最新进展重新唤起了人们对了解光强度以及不同光谱对植物和整体土地生产力的影响的兴趣，研究表明植物在红光下碳吸收更有效，而更有活力的蓝光则更有效地产生太阳能电力。与单一用途替代方案（即农业或公用事业规模的太阳能）相比，avs在收集太阳辐射以热电联产粮食和太阳能电力方面效率很高，从而提高了土地生产力。这在日照充足、土地和水有限的干旱和半干旱地区尤其有利。问题就变成了：对食物和能量转换来说，多少光和什么特定光谱的光更有效？任何光处理如何影响水、土壤、小气候和植物的生产力？本研究通过测试田间种植加工番茄的性能，重点研究了红光和蓝光处理，探索了光谱选择性光伏电池板的潜力。该研究通过监测小气候、土壤和植物在两种特定波长模式（红色和蓝色过滤器）下的反应，与未过滤的全光谱（对照）相比，来评估作物生产力和节水。在加州约洛县（Yolo County）的番茄加工过程中，红色和蓝色处理分别产生了对照的67%和58%。然而，小气候的变化——特别是太阳辐射的减少——导致了蒸散量的显著减少。因此，与对照相比，蓝光和红光处理的潜在水分利用效率（WUE）分别提高了10%和13%。总的来说，我们的研究表明，可再生能源和减少用水量的好处可以抵消产量的减少，使光谱选择性avs成为潜在可行和可持续的土地利用选择，特别是在缺水地区。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive analysis on feasibility and economic viability of commercial-scale MXene synthesis 工业规模合成MXene的可行性和经济可行性综合分析

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100625

M.A. Zaed , John Paul , Saima Aktar , Jeeja Jacob , K.H. Tan , Paul Thomas

MXenes, a class of two-dimensional materials, exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and rapid charge-discharge characteristics, making them highly promising for energy-related applications, such as supercapacitors, batteries, water splitting, and fuel cell catalysis. Despite extensive research on the physicochemical properties and laboratory-scale synthesis of MXenes, a critical gap remains in understanding the feasibility and economic viability of commercial-scale MXene production. This study addresses this gap by systematically evaluating precursor materials, synthesis routes, scalability constraints, and environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing of MXenes. Through a comparative analysis of synthesis parameters and process economics, critical factors influencing consistent large-scale production were identified. The results demonstrate that optimized acid etching and post-processing methods can achieve high yield and reproducible MXene synthesis, effectively addressing significant scalability challenges. Compared with previous laboratory-focused studies, these findings provide more substantial evidence that industrial-scale MXene production can be both technically feasible and economically viable. The accompanying economic assessment further indicates cost-effectiveness, while market analysis reveals increasing demand across the energy, environmental, and electronic sectors. By integrating insights from technical optimization, cost modeling, and market trends, this work establishes a practical framework for advancing the industrialization of MXene. Overall, the study bridges the gap between laboratory research and real-world application, offering actionable guidance for achieving scalable, sustainable, and commercially competitive MXene manufacturing.

MXenes是一类二维材料，具有优异的导电性、催化活性和快速充放电特性，因此在超级电容器、电池、水分解和燃料电池催化等能源相关应用中具有很高的应用前景。尽管对MXene的物理化学性质和实验室规模合成进行了广泛的研究，但在了解商业规模MXene生产的可行性和经济可行性方面仍然存在关键差距。本研究通过系统地评估前体材料、合成路线、可扩展性限制以及与MXenes制造相关的环境影响来解决这一差距。通过对合成参数和工艺经济性的对比分析，确定了影响连续大规模生产的关键因素。结果表明，优化的酸蚀和后处理方法可以实现高产率和可重复性的MXene合成，有效地解决了重大的可扩展性挑战。与之前的实验室研究相比，这些发现提供了更多的证据，证明工业规模的MXene生产在技术上和经济上都是可行的。随附的经济评估进一步表明了成本效益，而市场分析显示，能源、环境和电子部门的需求不断增加。通过整合技术优化、成本建模和市场趋势的见解，本工作为推进MXene的工业化建立了一个实用的框架。总体而言，该研究弥合了实验室研究与实际应用之间的差距，为实现可扩展，可持续和具有商业竞争力的MXene制造提供了可行的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Future prospects for Jatropha curcas L. as a bioenergy crop: Assessing land suitability under varying climate scenarios 麻疯树作为生物能源作物的未来展望：不同气候情景下的土地适宜性评估

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100628

Yongkang Zhou , Peiwei Fan , Fangyu Ding , Shuai Chen , Haonan Li , Zhenbo Wang

Intensifying greenhouse-gas emissions from prolonged reliance on conventional energy and the resulting climate change have amplified the need for scalable bioenergy solutions; within this context, Jatropha curcas L. is a promising second-generation biodiesel crop. This study aims to delineate current and future land suitability for Jatropha curcas L. cultivation to inform sustainable energy transitions. We integrated georeferenced occurrence records with climate, topographic, and soil covariates on a 0.05° global grid and applied a GIS-based Boosted Regression Trees framework (10-fold cross-validation; 50 simulations) to map suitability under baseline conditions and RCP4.5/6.0/8.5 scenarios. Temperature variables dominated model performance (85.51 % total contribution), led by Temperature Seasonality (65.45 %, 95 % CI: 59.39–71.50 %). As of 2020, an estimated 37.6421 million km² are suitable for Jatropha curcas L. cultivation, >80 % in Africa and South America, and this broad distribution persists across scenarios. Projections indicate that by 2080, highly suitable areas increase by 278.23–333.19 km²; moreover, the spatial regions where suitability increases or decreases are broadly consistent across all three RCPs, indicating that climate-driven changes in suitability are concentrating in specific regions. The decade 2020–2030 emerges as the most dynamic period, with marked expansion in central Africa and northern coastal Australia and contraction along the southern coasts of North America, southern Africa, and parts of South Asia, followed by slower net change thereafter (notably under RCP6.0). These findings underscore the potential of Jatropha curcas L. to contribute to low-carbon energy systems and highlight the need for targeted agricultural management and infrastructure planning in regions where changes in suitability are concentrated.

长期依赖传统能源导致的温室气体排放加剧以及由此导致的气候变化，加大了对可扩展的生物能源解决方案的需求；在此背景下，麻疯树是一种很有前途的第二代生物柴油作物。本研究旨在描述当前和未来麻疯树种植的土地适宜性，为可持续能源转型提供信息。我们将地理参考事件记录与气候、地形和土壤协变量整合在0.05°全球网格上，并应用基于gis的boosting Regression Trees框架（10倍交叉验证；50次模拟）来绘制基线条件和RCP4.5/6.0/8.5情景下的适用性图。温度变量主导模型性能（85.51%），其次是温度季节性（65.45%,95% CI: 59.39 ~ 71.50%）。截至2020年，估计有376421万平方公里的土地适合麻疯树的种植，其中80%在非洲和南美洲，而且这种广泛的分布在不同的情况下仍然存在。预测表明，到2080年，高度适宜区域将增加278.23-333.19 km²；此外，适宜性增加或减少的空间区域在所有三个rcp中大致一致，表明气候驱动的适宜性变化集中在特定区域。2020-2030年是最具活力的十年，中非和澳大利亚北部沿海地区显著扩张，北美、南部非洲和南亚部分地区南部沿海地区显著收缩，此后净变化放缓（特别是在RCP6.0以下）。这些发现强调了麻疯树为低碳能源系统做出贡献的潜力，并强调了在适宜性变化集中的地区进行有针对性的农业管理和基础设施规划的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cyber-resilient energy modeling in water-energy nexus: Computational intelligence techniques and optimization for promoting agricultural systems sustainability 水能关系中的网络弹性能源建模：促进农业系统可持续性的计算智能技术和优化

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100673

Daryoush Tavangar Rizi , Mohammad Hassan Nazari , Seyed Hossein Hosseinian

Smart farms, exemplified by smart water-energy nexus (WEN) system, are evolving to integrate renewable energy sources (RESs) such as biomass boilers and wind turbines (WTs) for thermal and electrical demands, alongside water desalination systems to ensure a sustainable fresh water supply. As critical nodes in the water-energy management system (WEMS), these systems face increasing risks from sophisticated cyber threats, which can compromise resource efficiency, stability, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the resilience of a WEN that incorporates battery-based storage, heat retention systems, and stored water reserves facilities, highlighting its representation of smart farms as WEN for optimized resource management. A novel undetectable false data injection (FDI) attack is simulated, targeting electricity and water demands to exploit system vulnerabilities and destabilize the WEMS. To mitigate these risks, a residual long short-term memory (LSTM)-based data modification method, leveraging a residual neural network (ResNet) approach with LSTM model and residual connections, is proposed to restore the integrity of tampered time-series data. The results reveal that FDI attacks can disrupt electricity demand by 2.32% to 21.46% and water demand by 6.29% to 21.47%, jeopardizing the stability of the WEMS. Implementing the proposed correction approach reduces the error, measured as the percentage discrepancy between reconstructed and original values, to 10.31% for power usage and 3.19% for water consumption estimates, showcasing its efficacy in stabilizing the WEMS. The research highlights the value of intelligent algorithms within energy nexus in resource optimization and sustainability. Integrating renewable technologies and data analytics enhances WEN reliability, efficiency, and cyber resilience.

智能农场，以智能水能联系（WEN）系统为例，正在发展整合可再生能源（RESs），如生物质锅炉和风力涡轮机（WTs），以满足热能和电力需求，以及海水淡化系统，以确保可持续的淡水供应。作为水能管理系统（WEMS）的关键节点，这些系统面临着来自复杂网络威胁的越来越大的风险，这些威胁可能会损害资源效率、稳定性和环境可持续性。本研究探讨了结合基于电池的存储、保温系统和储水设施的WEN的弹性，重点介绍了智能农场作为优化资源管理的WEN的代表。模拟了一种新的不可检测的虚假数据注入（FDI）攻击，目标是电力和水需求，利用系统漏洞并破坏WEMS的稳定。为了降低这些风险，提出了一种基于剩余长短期记忆（LSTM）的数据修改方法，利用LSTM模型和剩余连接的残差神经网络（ResNet）方法来恢复被篡改的时间序列数据的完整性。结果表明，FDI攻击对电力需求和水需求的影响分别为2.32% ~ 21.46%和6.29% ~ 21.47%，影响了WEMS的稳定性。采用所提出的修正方法，将电力使用估算值与原始值之间的百分比差异降低到10.31%，水消耗估算值降低到3.19%，显示了其稳定WEMS的有效性。该研究强调了能源关系中智能算法在资源优化和可持续性方面的价值。将可再生能源技术与数据分析相结合，可提高WEN的可靠性、效率和网络弹性。

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引用次数: 0

A methodological framework for the optimization of agro-energy systems within the water–energy–food nexus 在水-能源-粮食关系中优化农业能源系统的方法框架

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100653

Andrea Cusva-García, Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez, Nicanor Quijano

As pressure on water, energy, and food systems intensifies, integrated approaches such as the Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus are crucial for addressing sustainability trade-offs. This paper proposes a methodological framework for optimizing agro-energy systems within the WEF nexus by coupling land-use decisions, irrigation pumping, and hourly energy system operation at the community scale. The proposed nonlinear optimization model simultaneously minimizes total annualized cost, reduces crop-specific water consumption, and maximizes employment generation, thereby addressing economic, environmental, and social objectives within a unified formulation. A weighted-sum multi-objective approach is used to characterize trade-offs and identify balanced solutions under annual resource constraints. The framework is validated through a rural case study designed by the authors, representative of non-interconnected agricultural communities. Results show that, relative to a single-objective cost-minimization solution, the multi-objective configuration reduces crop-specific water intensity by 97% and nearly doubles employment with only a 16% increase in total annualized cost, at the expense of moderately higher CO

_{2}

emissions. These outcomes highlight explicit and quantifiable trade-offs between water efficiency, employment, and energy-related emissions. By integrating land allocation, water delivery, and energy system operation within a single optimization layer, the proposed approach extends existing WEF studies that focus on sector-specific or farm-level interactions. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of integrated, community-scale WEF optimization to support transparent and context-sensitive decision-making for sustainable rural development.

随着水、能源和粮食系统面临的压力加剧，水-能源-粮食（WEF）关系等综合方法对于解决可持续性权衡至关重要。本文提出了一个方法框架，通过将土地利用决策、灌溉抽水和社区规模的每小时能源系统运行耦合起来，在世界经济论坛联系中优化农业能源系统。提出的非线性优化模型同时使年化总成本最小化，减少作物特定用水量，并最大限度地创造就业机会，从而在统一的公式中解决经济，环境和社会目标。在年度资源约束下，采用加权和多目标方法表征权衡并确定平衡解决方案。该框架通过代表非互联农业社区的作者设计的农村案例研究得到验证。结果表明，与单目标成本最小化解决方案相比，多目标配置将作物特定水强度降低了97%，就业人数增加了近一倍，年化总成本仅增加16%，但代价是二氧化碳排放量适度增加。这些结果突出了用水效率、就业和能源相关排放之间的明确和可量化的权衡。通过将土地分配、供水和能源系统运行整合到一个优化层中，所提出的方法扩展了现有的侧重于特定部门或农场层面相互作用的世界经济论坛研究。总体而言，研究结果表明，社区规模的综合世界经济论坛优化在支持农村可持续发展的透明和环境敏感决策方面具有潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Institutionalizing the water-energy-food nexus in Jordan: A policy and governance blueprint 使约旦的水-能源-粮食关系制度化：政策和治理蓝图

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100666

Mohammad Khwaileh , Khaled Mohammad

Jordan faces severe, chronic water scarcity alongside heavy energy import dependence and growing pressures on its food systems, creating an urgent need for integrated national planning. This study develops a governance-centered Water–Energy–Food (WEF) Nexus framework tailored to Jordan’s institutional realities. Using a qualitative methodology, it systematically analyzes national strategies, sectoral laws, regulatory frameworks, UNFCCC reporting documents, and economic development plans, and benchmarks against established international governance models to identify gaps, interdependencies, and coordination challenges. The research introduces a five-pillar WEF Nexus governance blueprint encompassing institutional coordination, resource-efficiency measures, capacity development, innovative financing, and regional cooperation. This model serves as a practical tool for diagnosing fragmented mandates, supporting policy alignment, and guiding Nexus-informed interventions such as renewable-powered water systems, irrigation modernization, and cross-sector investment planning. Findings reveal that Jordan’s current strategies remain siloed, limiting their ability to meet sustainability and climate commitments. The study recommends establishing a WEF Nexus Coordination Authority, adopting measurable cross-sector indicators, and mobilizing green finance to support implementation. While designed for Jordan, the proposed framework offers a transferable, action-oriented model for other resource-constrained countries seeking to institutionalize Nexus principles and strengthen long-term resilience.

约旦长期严重缺水，严重依赖能源进口，粮食系统面临越来越大的压力，迫切需要制定综合的国家规划。本研究根据约旦的制度现实，开发了一个以治理为中心的水-能源-粮食（WEF）关系框架。报告采用定性方法，系统分析了国家战略、部门法律、监管框架、《联合国气候变化框架公约》报告文件和经济发展计划，并参照现有国际治理模式进行基准测试，以确定差距、相互依存关系和协调挑战。该研究介绍了世界经济论坛Nexus治理蓝图的五大支柱，包括机构协调、资源效率措施、能力建设、创新融资和区域合作。该模型是一种实用工具，可用于诊断分散的任务，支持政策协调，并指导基于nexus的干预措施，如可再生能源水系统、灌溉现代化和跨部门投资规划。调查结果显示，约旦目前的战略仍然是孤立的，限制了他们履行可持续性和气候承诺的能力。该研究建议建立一个世界经济论坛Nexus协调机构，采用可衡量的跨部门指标，并动员绿色金融支持实施。拟议的框架虽然是为约旦设计的，但也为其他寻求将Nexus原则制度化和加强长期复原力的资源受限国家提供了一个可转让的、以行动为导向的模式。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental, economic, and social trade-offs in biochar and biosurfactant-based soil remediation: A critical review based on mass flow analysis 生物炭和生物表面活性剂土壤修复的环境、经济和社会权衡：基于质量流分析的评述

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100644

Dilshan Sandaruwan Premathilake , Arumadura Aruna Manoj Prasad Silva , W.A.M.A.N. Illankoon , Asia Rosatelli , Fabrizio Beltrametti , Adriana Bava , Francesco Battaglia , Marco Mendola , Filippo Passaro , Alessandro Abbà , Andrea Franzetti , Mentore Vaccari

Biochar and biosurfactants are emerging bio-based materials for remediating contaminated soils. While their pollutant removal mechanisms are well studied, broader environmental, economic, and social implications remain underexplored. Existing studies often rely on a 1 kg functional unit, limiting direct comparisons. This critical review evaluates and quantifies the multidimensional sustainability trade-offs of using biochar and biosurfactants to remediate one hectare of contaminated land, based on real-world applications. Use of common functional unit (1 hectare of land treatment) enables direct, meaningful comparison.

Material flow analysis reveals biochar’s superior energy efficiency (net output for the grid ∼290 GJ/ha) and economic returns, despite higher production emissions (100 kg CH₄, 55 kg N₂O, 38 kg PM₁₀, and 1.7 kg PAHs/ha). In contrast, biosurfactants emit negligible direct pollutants but demand significantly more energy (2340 GJ/ha). Both materials offer social benefits, such as enhanced rural livelihoods and health, yet face challenges like land use conflicts and patent barriers. Policy measures are proposed to mitigate these issues. Finally, the synergistic use of biochar and biosurfactants is highlighted as a promising avenue for future research in sustainable soil remediation.

生物炭和生物表面活性剂是修复污染土壤的新兴生物基材料。虽然它们的污染物去除机制得到了很好的研究，但更广泛的环境、经济和社会影响仍未得到充分探讨。现有的研究通常依赖于1公斤的功能单位，限制了直接比较。这篇重要的综述基于现实世界的应用，评估和量化了使用生物炭和生物表面活性剂修复一公顷污染土地的多维可持续性权衡。使用共同功能单位（1公顷土地处理）可以进行直接，有意义的比较。物质流分析显示，尽管生产排放较高（100公斤CH4、55公斤N2O、38公斤PM10和1.7公斤PAHs/ha），但生物炭具有优越的能源效率（电网净输出~ 290 GJ/ha）和经济回报。相比之下，生物表面活性剂释放的直接污染物可以忽略不计，但需要更多的能量（2340吉焦/公顷）。这两种材料都提供了社会效益，如改善农村生计和健康，但也面临着土地使用冲突和专利壁垒等挑战。提出了缓解这些问题的政策措施。最后，强调了生物炭和生物表面活性剂的协同使用是未来可持续土壤修复研究的一个有前途的途径。

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引用次数: 0

A hierarchical control system for optimizing crop production in a vertical farming container and its Internet of Things architecture 用于优化垂直农业容器中作物生产的分层控制系统及其物联网架构

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100658

Francisco García-Mañas , Elia Ruipérez-Algarra , Manuel Muñoz , Francisco Rodríguez

This work presents a hierarchical control system to maximize profit for vertical farming in a shipping container. In its upper optimization layer, a model predictive control (MPC) approach was implemented to calculate the optimal crop cycle duration, the optimal duration of the artificial lighting periods, and the optimal air temperature setpoints, as variables with high impact on crop growth and directly linked to resource consumption and costs. In addition, to address commercial contract aspects, a minimum weight constraint to be met by the crop at the end of the cycle was incorporated. The MPC strategy uses a temperature model and a crop growth model, both based on first principles, which were calibrated and validated using climate data and destructive samples of lettuce crops from a real container located in southeastern Spain. For practical deployment, the hierarchical control system was conceptually implemented in a cloud platform under the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, which provides interoperability with sensors and actuators, remote supervision, and scalability to multiple containers. The responses provided by the hierarchical system are analyzed after three simulations involving the achievement of the optimal setpoints in a lower control layer, a sudden change in the minimum crop weight restriction, and a case in which the optimal setpoints are not reached during the crop cycle. In each simulation, the performance of the MPC strategy is compared against a baseline controller that operates with manually fixed setpoints. The proposed control system achieves production targets five days earlier, reducing energy consumption by 6.5% and increasing profitability by 2%. It would allow for an additional crop growth cycle each year, increasing container productivity (and therefore annual profits). Moreover, it is able to comply with variability in product demand, while the baseline controller would violate the maximum cycle duration constraint and might not yield any benefits. Regarding performance with uncertainty, the proposed control system can generate adequate setpoints to continue optimizing production, which shows that the system automates decision-making to assist farmers in achieving long-term objectives.

这项工作提出了一个层次控制系统，以最大限度地提高利润垂直农业在一个航运集装箱。在其上层优化层，采用模型预测控制（MPC）方法计算作物生长周期的最佳持续时间、人工照明周期的最佳持续时间和最佳空气温度设定点，这些变量对作物生长影响较大，与资源消耗和成本直接相关。此外，为了解决商业合同方面的问题，还纳入了作物在周期结束时应达到的最低重量限制。MPC策略使用温度模型和作物生长模型，两者都基于第一性原理，使用气候数据和来自西班牙东南部真实容器的生菜作物破坏性样本进行校准和验证。在实际部署中，分层控制系统在概念上实现在物联网（IoT）范式下的云平台上，该平台提供了与传感器和执行器的互操作性，远程监控以及对多个容器的可扩展性。在三种模拟情况下分析了分层系统提供的响应，包括在较低控制层实现最优设定值、最小作物重量限制突然变化以及在作物周期中未达到最优设定值的情况。在每次仿真中，MPC策略的性能与手动固定设定值的基线控制器进行比较。该控制系统提前5天实现了生产目标，降低了6.5%的能耗，提高了2%的盈利能力。它将允许每年额外的作物生长周期，提高集装箱生产率（从而提高年利润）。此外，它能够满足产品需求的可变性，而基线控制器将违反最大周期持续时间约束，可能不会产生任何好处。对于具有不确定性的性能，所提出的控制系统可以产生足够的设定值来继续优化生产，这表明该系统可以自动化决策以帮助农民实现长期目标。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic integration of hybrid carbon nanotube blended silver nanomaterial for energizing organic phase change material 杂化碳纳米管混合银纳米材料的协同集成为有机相变材料充能

IF 9.5 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100639

B Kalidasan , A.K. Pandey , Anas Islam , Mohammed Almeshaal , Reji Kumar Rajamony , Subramaniyan Chinnasamy

Phase change materials (PCM) are commonly applied in thermal management, but their effectiveness in new energy conversion and storage is limited by poor thermal and optical characteristics. Therefore, researchers have been exploring ways to improve the performance of organic PCM using metals, metal oxides, carbon, and conductive nanomaterials, although the potential of hybrid nanomaterials has not been thoroughly investigated. This research introduces a carbon nanotube-doped silver (SCN) nanomaterial blend that enhances the functionality of commercial organic PCM at temperatures between 49 °C and 51 °C, with an energy storage capacity of 165.5 J/g. A straightforward two-step melting-blending technique is utilized to synthesize hybrid nanocomposites with different SCN weight fractions. The presence of SCN expands the light absorption spectrum, increases surface roughness to facilitate thermal conductivity, and enhances intermolecular interactions, thereby improving heat storage capacity. The hybrid PCM nanocomposite containing 0.7 wt.% SCN achieves a melting enthalpy of 170.3 J/g, a thermal conductivity of 0.442 W/(m·K), superior solar thermal conversion efficiency with a 59.33% increase in optical absorbance, outstanding thermal stability up to 172 °C, and durability for 500 phase transition thermal cycles. Additionally, this work presents a comparative photo-thermal analysis under simulated solar irradiation showed that RT50-0.7SCN achieved faster heating (2.38 °C/min) and cooling (–2.70 °C/min) rates than pristine RT50 (1.95 °C/min and –2.52 °C/min, respectively). The insights gained from this research provide valuable guidance for the future real-time implementation of hybrid PCMs in the thermal management of both buildings and electronic gadgets.

相变材料（PCM）广泛应用于热管理，但其在新能源转换和存储方面的有效性受到其较差的热特性和光学特性的限制。因此，研究人员一直在探索使用金属、金属氧化物、碳和导电纳米材料来提高有机PCM性能的方法，尽管杂化纳米材料的潜力尚未得到彻底的研究。本研究介绍了一种碳纳米管掺杂银（SCN）纳米材料，该材料在49°C至51°C之间的温度下增强了商用有机PCM的功能，储能容量为165.5 J/g。采用一种简单的两步熔融-共混技术合成了具有不同SCN重量分数的杂化纳米复合材料。SCN的存在扩大了光吸收光谱，增加了表面粗糙度以促进导热性，并增强了分子间的相互作用，从而提高了储热能力。含有0.7 wt.% SCN的杂化PCM纳米复合材料的熔融焓为170.3 J/g，导热系数为0.442 W/(m·K)，光热转换效率提高59.33%，光学吸光度提高59.33%，在172°C下具有出色的热稳定性，并可进行500次相变热循环。此外，在模拟太阳照射下的光热对比分析表明，RT50-0.7 scn的加热（2.38°C/min）和冷却（-2.70°C/min）速率比原始RT50（分别为1.95°C/min和-2.52°C/min）更快。从这项研究中获得的见解为未来在建筑物和电子设备的热管理中实时实施混合pcm提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0